CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

CHEMICAL REACTION
• It is a process in which a substance
or substances are changed into
one or more substances

CHEMICAL EQUATION
• It is an “expression” of a chemical
process that uses symbols and
formulas to describe the changes
that occur in a chemical reaction.
 Example of a chemical equation:

Ag𝐍𝐎𝟑(𝒂𝒒) + 𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥(𝒂𝒒) Ag𝐂𝐥(𝒔) + 𝐍𝐚𝐍𝐎𝟑(𝒂𝒒)

Law of Conservation of Matter

“ Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction.”

Law of Conservation of Mass

“The mass of the reactants is equal to the mass of
the products in a chemical reaction”
 Parts of a Chemical Equation:

➢Reactants – the substances that “combine”

in a reaction.
➢Products – the substances that are
“formed” in a reaction.
➢Coefficients – show the relative amounts of
each substance present

Ag𝐍𝐎𝟑(𝒂𝒒) + 𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥(𝒂𝒒) Ag𝐂𝐥(𝒔) + 𝐍𝐚𝐍𝐎𝟑(𝒂𝒒)

reactants products
Parts of a Chemical Equation:

➢Catalyst – indicated above or below the

arrow. It is the substance used to alter the
speed of reactions
➢Conditions – words or symbols placed
above or below the arrow to indicate
conditions used to make the reactions
occur.
 Symbols Used in a Chemical Equation:
Symbol Description
“reacts to form”;
yield(s); produce(s)
Physical
+
“reacts with” ;
states: “combines with” ;
“and”
(g) – gas Reversible reaction
(l) – liquid
(s) – solid Place after the
formula of the
(aq) – aqueous product that is a gas
(gas is liberated)
Place after the
Means heating the formula of the
mixture product that is an
reactant side – endothermic insoluble solid –
product - exothermic precipitate is formed.
 Different Ways to Represent a
Chemical Equation

Chemical Sentence Word Equation

-name the elements - name the elements
or compounds in a and compounds in a
reaction reaction plus the
symbols

Example: Example:
Hydrogen gas and Hydrogen gas +
oxygen gas oxygen gas
combines to form water
water
Chemical equation: 𝐇𝟐(𝒈) + 𝐎𝟐(𝒈) 𝐇𝟐 O
Naturally occurring diatomic elements:

𝐍𝟐
𝑶𝟐
𝑭𝟐
𝑪𝒍𝟐
𝑩𝒓𝟐
𝑰𝟐
𝐇𝟐
𝑨𝒕𝟐
 CLASSIFYING CHEMICAL REACTION
EQUATION
5 MAJOR TYPES OF A CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• SYNTHESIS / COMBINATION
• DECOMPOSITION REACTION
• COMBUSTION REACTION
• SINGLE REPLACEMENT
• DOUBLE REPLACEMENT
SYNTHESIS / COMBINATION REACTION

A synthesis reaction occurs

when two or more reactants
combine to form a single
product.

C + O2 → CO2
 DECOMPOSITION REACTION

A decomposition reaction can be

defined as a chemical reaction in
which one reactant breaks down
into two or more products.
NaCl → Na + Cl2
 COMBUSTION REACTION

A combustion reaction is a kind of chemical

reaction in which a reaction between any
combustible substance and an oxidizer
takes place in order to form an oxidized
product. Combustion reactions are often
accompanied by fires and the release of
energy in the form of heat.

C4H10 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

SINGLE REPLACEMENT REACTION

A single replacement reaction

occurs when one element
replaces another in a single
compound.
Fe + CuCl2 → Cu + FeCl2
 DOUBLE REPLACEMENT

A double replacement reaction is a

type of chemical reaction that occurs
when two reactants exchange cations
or anions to yield two new products.
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + NaCl
BALANCING CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
Balanced Equation

A balanced equation assures that

the “Law of Conservation of Matter” is
obeyed.
Principles in Balancing Equations:

1. Never touch subscripts when balancing equations since

that will change the composition and therefore the
substance itself.
2. Check to be sure that you have included all the sources
of a particular element that you are balancing on a
particular since there may be two or more compounds that
contain the same element on a given side of an equation
3. Adjust the coefficient of monoatomic elements near the
end of the balancing act since any change in their
coefficient will not affect the balance of the other elements
4. When there are group of atoms that are acting as a unit
(radicals) and they appear intact on both sides of the
equation, it is best to balance them as one.
Example/s:

𝐒𝟖 +8𝑶𝟐 8𝐒𝑶𝟐

S=8 S=1 =8
O= 2 = 16 O= 2 = 16
𝐅𝐞𝟐 (𝑺𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 + KOH 𝑲𝟐 (𝑺𝑶𝟒 )
+ 𝐅𝐞(𝐎𝐇)𝟑
𝑪𝒂 (𝑺𝑶𝟒 ) +𝐍𝐚𝐍𝑶𝟑 Ca(𝑵𝑶𝟑 )𝟐
+ 𝐍𝐚𝟐 𝐒𝐎𝟒
CALCULATIONS BASED ON
BALANCED EQUATIONS
A properly balanced chemical equation
shows the molar ratios of each of the
species present whether they are
reactants or products.
Example : Combustion of propane
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

The ratios for this equations are as follows:

1 mol of propane: 5 mol oxygen
(each mole of C3H8 requires five moles of O2 to burn completely)

1 mol of propane: 3 mole of carbon dioxide

(each mole of completely burned C3H8 produces three moles of CO2

1 mol of propane: 4 moles of water

(each mole of completely burned C3H8 produces four moles of H2O
Example : Combustion of propane
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

The ratios for this equations are as follows:

5 mol oxygen: 3 mol carbon dioxide
(for every five moles of O2 consumed, three moles of CO2 are produced

5 mol of oxygen: 4 mol water

(for every five moles of O2 consumed, four moles of H2O are produced

3 mol of carbon dioxide: 4 mol water

(for every three moles of CO2 produced, 4 moles of H2O are produced
If the number of moles of one substance
is given in the problem, the number of
moles of any other substances in a
reaction can be determined by using a
mole conversion factor based on the
coefficients of a balanced equation.
Example :
Consider the reaction between
hydrogen and oxygen to form water.

H2 + O2 H2O

How many moles of oxygen react with

hydrogen to produce 27.6 mol of H2O
?
STEP 1

• Find a balanced equation that

describes the reaction.
• Unbalanced: H2 + O2 → H2O

• Balanced: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

STEP 2

Identify the "given" information and

what the problem is asking you to
"find."
• Given: moles H2O Find: moles oxygen

List other known quantities.

• 1 mol O2 = 2 mol H2O
 STEP 3
Prepare a concept map and use the proper conversion
factor and cancel units and calculate.
Example :
Consider the reaction between
hydrogen and oxygen to form water.

2H2 + O2 2H2O

How many moles of hydrogen are

needed to react with 5.0 moles of
oxygen?
10 moles of H2 are needed to completely react
with 5.0 moles of O2
Try this …..

2H2 + O2 2H2O

1. If 3 moles of H2O are produced , how many

moles of oxygen must be consumed?

2. How many moles of hydrogen gas must be

used, given the data in problem one?
Try this …..

1. How many moles are there in 18 g of H2CrO4

(chromic acid)?

0.15 mol

2. Calculate the number of moles present in 25 g

of C6H8O6 (ascorbic acid).

0.13 mol
Steps in converting grams to moles:

1. Determine how many grams are given in a problem.

2. Calculate the molar mass of the substance.
3. Divide step one by step two.

Example :
Convert 25. 0 grams of KMnO4
HOW TO COMPUTE FOR MOLAR MASS

• Step 1. Make use of the chemical formula to

determine the number of atoms of each element in
the compound.

• Step 2. Multiply the atomic weight of each element

with its number of atoms present in the compound.

• Step 3. Add up all and assign unit as grams/mole.

Steps in converting grams to moles:

1. Determine how many grams are given in a problem.

2. Calculate the molar mass of the substance.
3. Divide step one by step two.

Example :
Convert 25. 0 grams of KMnO4
EXAMPLE: MOLAR MASS KMNO4
EXAMPLE:
WHAT IS THE MOLAR MASS OF SODIUM
CARBONATE?
• Solution
• Since sodium carbonate contains two atoms sodium,
one atom of carbon and three atoms of oxygen. The
molecular weight would be
• Na : 2 x 23.0 = 46
• C : 1 x 12.0 = 12
• O : 3 x 16 = 48
• When we add up the total values
• 46 + 12 + 48 = 106
• Therefore, the molar mass of Na2CO3 is:
• 106 g/mole.
EXAMPLE:
WHAT IS THE MOLAR MASS OF SODIUM
CARBONATE ?
• Identify the molar mass of calcium
nitrate, Ca(NO3)2

• Solution: Since calcium nitrate contains one atom of

calcium, two atoms of nitrogen and six atoms of oxygen.
• Ca: 1 x 40.1 = 40.1
• N: 2 x 14.0 = 28
• O: 6 x 16.0 = 96
• If we add all, 40.1 + 14 + 16 = 164.1
• Therefore, the molar mass of Ca(NO3)2 is 164.1 g/mol.
Steps in solving for grams-grams
calculations:
1. Make sure you have a balanced equation.
2. Convert grams given in the problem to moles.
3. Construct ratios
4. Convert moles of the substance solved into grams.
Example :
During combustion, ethane (C2H6) reacts
with O2 to produce CO2 and H2O.

C2 H 6 + O 2 CO2 + H2O

How many grams of O2 are needed to

react with 35 g of ethane?
 STEP 1: BALANCE THE EQUATION

2 C2 H6 + 7 O2 4 CO2 + 6 H2O

• Note the following molar ratios

• 2 mol C2H6
• 7 mol O2
• 4 mol CO2
• 6 mol H2O
 STEP 2: MASS-MOLE CONVERSION

2 C2 H 6 + 7 O 2 4 CO2 + 6 H2O

• Given 35 g to mol
STEP 3: MOLE-MOLE CONVERSION

2 C2 H 6 + 7 O 2 4 CO2 + 6 H2O

• Given mol of C2H6 to O2 mol

 STEP 4: MOLE-MASS CONVERSION

2 C2 H 6 + 7 O 2 4 CO2 + 6 H2O

• Given mol of O2 to gram of O2

Try this …..

1. How many grams of chlorine can be

liberated from the decomposition of 64.0 g
of AuCl3 by this reaction:
2AuCl3 2Au + 3Cl2

2. Calculate the mass of AgCl that can be

prepared from 200 g of AlCl3 and sufficient
AgNO3 using this equation.
3AgNO3 + AlCl3 3AgCl + Al(NO3)3