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Reactions
What is a Chemical Reaction?
It is a chemical change in which one or
more substances are destroyed and one
or more new substances are created.
BEFORE AFTER
and
O2 gas
Parts of a Chemical Reaction
Reactants Products
• Synthesis (Combination)
• Decomposition
• Combustion
1) SINGLE REPLACEMENT
REACTION
A single uncombined
element replaces
another element in
an ionic compound.
There are two
reactants and two
products.
Ex: Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
Single Replacement Reactions
Single replacement reactions have the
general form, A + BC AC + B.
Cl
Br
Lowest Activity
Predicting the Products of Single
Replacement Reactions
1) Write the reactants.
Na + H+OH- Na+OH- + H
H(OH)
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
(water-forming, acid-base, neutralization)
Soluble compounds
These compounds break down when put in water.
Types of synthesis:
a)Element A + Element B Compound
Na(s) + Cl2 (g) 2NaCl(s)
a)Element + Compound A Compound B
O2(g) + 2SO2(g) 2SO3(g)
a)Compound A + Compound B Compound C
CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2 (s)
Synthesis Reactions (cont’d)
• Metallic and nonmetallic elements react to form ionic
compounds. The resultant compound should be charge
balanced by the criss-cross method.
Ex. 4Li + O2 2Li2O
• Nonmetals react with each other to form covalent
(molecular) compounds. You should be able to draw a
valid Lewis Structure for the product.
2H2 + O2 2H2O
or
H2 + O2 H2O2
But NOT
H2 + O2 2OH
4) DECOMPOSITION REACTION
A more complex substance (the
reactant) breaks down into two
or more simple parts (products).
Synthesis and decomposition
reactions are opposites.
An electrical
current can be
used to chemically
separate water into
oxygen gas and
hydrogen gas.
Notice that twice
as much hydrogen
is produced
compared to
oxygen!
2H2O 2H2 + O2
Electrolysis of Molten Sodium
Chloride Many pure metals are
obtained by using
electrolysis to
separate metallic salts
(ex. NaCl is used to
obtain pure Na).
5) COMBUSTION REACTIONS
a) All involve oxygen (O2) as a reactant,
combining with another substance
b) All combustion reactions are are
exothermic
c) Complete combustion of a
hydrocarbon always produces CO2
and H2O
d) Incomplete combustion of a
hydrocarbon will produce CO and
possibly C (black carbon soot) as
well
Ex: CH4 + 2O2 => CO2 + 2H2O (complete combustion – blue flame)
Ex: CH4 + 1.5O2 => CO + 2H2O (incomplete combustion – yellow flame)
Ex: CH4 + O2 => C + 2H2O (incomplete combustion – yellow flame, soot)
Combustion (cont’d)
• Any synthesis reaction which involves O2 as a
reactant is also considered to be a combustion
reaction!
SUBSCRIPT COEFFICIENT
Rules for Counting Atoms
1)Coefficients propagate to the right through the
entire compound, whether or not parentheses
are present.
__H2 + __ O2 __H2O
__H2 + __ O2 __H2O
Off Limits!
Rules for Balancing
Chemical Reactions
2) The coefficients must reduced to
represent the lowest possible numbers.
4H2 + 2 O2 4H2O
Rules for Balancing
Chemical Reactions
3) It is OK to use fraction coefficients, but
you must get rid of them in the end
(multiply through by denominator).
H2 + ½ O2 H2O
Rules for Balancing
Chemical Reactions
4) Often, it is helpful to save the following
elements until the end (do other
elements first):
H, C, O
Rules for Balancing
Chemical Reactions
5) Do a final balance check for each
element!
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Practice
1) K + Br KBr
2) HgO Hg + O2
3) Na + H2O NaOH + H2
Practice
5) Al + HCl AlCl3 + H2
Energy Changes Accompanying
Chemical Reactions
All chemical reactions involve a net release or absorption of
energy. Therefore, heat energy moves between the
chemical system and the surroundings. This exchange of
heat can be monitored by keeping track of changes in
temperature of the surroundings (calorimetry).
Remember, q = mcpT
where q = change in heat (in Joules)
m = mass of H2O (in grams)
cp = specific heat capacity of
H2O (J/g ◦C )
T = change in temperature
of H2O (in ◦C)
Where does the energy come from
during a chemical reaction?
• During chemical reactions, bonds are broken and new bonds
are formed.
• The heat energy that moves between the system and
surroundings during chemical reactions is basically the energy
that is used to break bonds and the energy that is released
when bonds form. (i.e. bond energy)
• The energy change that accompanies any chemical reaction is
called the enthalpy (heat) of reaction or H0rxn.
H0rxn = Hfinal – Hinitial
Chemical Potential
reactants
Energy (H)
System Surroundings Hrxn is (-)
products
Reaction progress
Reaction Progress
Endothermic Reactions
A chemical reaction is endothermic if energy is absorbed by the system
from the surroundings (the energy enters):
Chemical Potential
products
Energy (H)
System Surroundings Hrxn is (+)
reactants
Reaction progress
Reaction Progress
Do you have to actually perform and
observe a chemical reaction to know if it is
exothermic or endothermic?
• No – you can calculate H0rxn from data that has
already been measured and tabulated by
thermo-chemists (see handout).
• H0f = standard heat of formation for a compound
(in kJ/mol). It is determined by forming the
compound from its elements in their stable forms
at conditions of 298K and 1 atm of pressure
inside of a calorimeter.
• For most compounds, H0f is negative because
bond formation is exothermic!
• H0f of an element is always 0 kJ/mol by def.
H0rxn = nH0f (products) - nH0f (reactants)
• Not as hard as it looks
• Basically, you just
1) multiply the coefficient of each product times its
standard heat of formation and add together for all
products
Compound H 0f
(kcal/mol)
NH4(NO3) (s) -87.73
Ba(OH)28H2O (s) -798.8
Ba(NO3)2 (aq) -227.62
NH3 (g) -11.02
H2O (l) -68.32 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
Summarizing H0rxn
• If H0rxn is (-) the reaction is exothermic and the
bonds formed are stronger and more stable
than the bonds broken.
H0rxn = [energy used for breaking bonds] + [energy released in forming bonds]