Topic 1 Assessment Booklet

Marks = 123 Time Allowed 152 minutes

Q1.
The diagram shows part of a DNA molecule.

(a)     How many nucleotides are shown in the diagram above?

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(1)

(b)     Name the type of bond labelled X in the diagram.

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(1)

(c)     The enzymes DNA helicase and DNA polymerase are involved in DNA replication.

Describe the function of each of these enzymes.

DNA helicase _______________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

DNA polymerase _____________________________________________________

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(2)

(d)     Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide derivative.

Contrast the structures of ATP and a nucleotide found in DNA to give two
differences.

1. _________________________________________________________________

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2. _________________________________________________________________

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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q2.
(a)     State and explain the property of water that can help to buffer changes in
temperature.

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(2)

(b)     Water is used to hydrolyse ATP.

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 Name the two products of ATP hydrolysis.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(1)

Hydrolysis of ATP is catalysed by the enzyme ATP hydrolase.

A student investigated the effect of ATP concentration on the activity of ATP hydrolase.
She used shortening of strips of muscle tissue caused by contraction as evidence that
ATP was being hydrolysed.

•        She took four slides A, B, C and D, and added strips of muscle tissue of the same
length to each slide.
•        She then added the same volume of ATP solutions of different concentrations to the
four slides and left each slide for five minutes.
•        She then recorded the final length of each strip of muscle tissue.

Her results can be seen in the table.

 
Concentration
Final length of muscle
of ATP solution
Slide tissue after 5
added to slide /
minutes / mm
× 10 mol dm
–6 –3

A 2 36

B 4 31

C 6 29

D 8 26

(c)     Other than those given, name two variables the student should have controlled.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

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(2)

(d)     Describe and explain the pattern shown by the data in the table.

Description
__________________________________________________________

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 Explanation _________________________________________________________

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(2)

(e)     The hydrolysis of 1 dm3 of a 1 mol dm–3 solution of ATP releases 30 500 J of energy.

60% of the energy released during the hydrolysis of 1 mol dm–3 of ATP is released
as heat; the rest is used for muscle contraction.

The student added 0.05 cm3 of ATP solution to slide D.

Calculate the energy available from ATP for contraction of the muscle on this slide.

Answer = ____________________ J
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q3.
(a)     Name the monomers from which a maltose molecule is made.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Name the type of chemical bond that joins the two monomers to form maltose.

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(1)

A student wanted to produce a dilution series of a maltose solution so he could plot a

calibration curve. He had a stock solution of maltose of concentration 0.6 mol dm−3 and
distilled water. He made a series of dilutions from 0.1 to 0.6 mol dm−3.

(c)     Complete the table below by giving all headings, units and the concentration of the
maltose solution produced.
 
Concentration of Volume of 0.6 mol
maltose solution dm−3 maltose _______________
solution / cm3

Page 4 of 36
 / ____________ ______ / _______

____________ 5 10

(2)

The student performed the Benedict’s test on six maltose solutions ranging from 0.1 mol
dm−3 to 0.6 mol dm−3. He placed a sample of each solution in a colorimeter and recorded
the light absorbance.

His results are shown in the graph below.

(d)     Explain how you would use the graph to determine the maltose concentration with a
light absorbance of 0.45 arbitrary units.

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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q4.
(a)     What is a monomer?

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Page 5 of 36
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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(1)

(b)     Lactulose is a disaccharide formed from one molecule of galactose and one

molecule of fructose.

Other than both being disaccharides, give one similarity and one difference between
the structures of lactulose and lactose.

Similarity ___________________________________________________________

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Difference __________________________________________________________

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(2)

(c)     Following digestion and absorption of food, the undigested remains are processed
to form faeces in the parts of the intestine below the ileum.

The faeces of people with constipation are dry and hard. Constipation can be
treated by drinking lactulose. Lactulose is soluble, but is not digested or absorbed in
the human intestine.

Use your knowledge of water potential to suggest why lactulose can be used to help
people suffering from constipation.

___________________________________________________________________

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Page 6 of 36
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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(2)

(d)     Lactulose can also be used to treat people who have too high a concentration of
hydrogen ions (H+) in their blood.

The normal range for blood H+ concentration is 3.55 × 10–8 to 4.47 × 10–8 mol dm–3

A patient was found to have a blood H+ concentration of 2.82 × 10–7 mol dm–3

Calculate the minimum percentage decrease required to bring the patient’s blood H+
concentration into the normal range.

Answer = ____________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q5.
A student investigated the effect of lipase concentration on the hydrolysis of lipids.

He took a beaker containing a suspension of lipids. He placed a pH probe attached to a

data logger into the beaker. After 5 minutes, he added the lipase solution. The data logger
recorded the pH. The apparatus used is shown in the diagram below.

(a)     The student did not add a buffer to the lipase solution.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Give two variables the student would have controlled in this investigation.

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 1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)     Give the suitable control for this investigation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

The data logger recorded the pH. The graph below shows what happened after he added
the lipase solution.

(d)     Draw a tangent on the graph and use it to calculate the rate of change at 5 minutes.

Rate of change at 5 minutes = _________________ pH minute−1

(2)

(e)     Explain the results shown in the graph.

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(2)

(f)      The student repeated the experiment with a higher concentration of lipase solution.

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 Describe and explain the results you would expect him to get.

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(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Q6.
The diagram represents a triglyceride.

(a)     Name the molecules represented in the diagram by:

Box P _____________________________________________________________

Box Q _____________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)     Name the type of bond between P and Q in he diagram.

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(1)

(c)     Describe how you would test a liquid sample for the presence of lipid and how you
would recognise a positive result.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q7.
(a)     Draw and label a single DNA nucleotide.

 
(2)

(b)     Give two features of DNA and explain how each one is important in the semi-
conservative replication of DNA.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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2. _________________________________________________________________

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(2)

(c)     Replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is different from that of nuclear DNA.

The replication of the second strand of mtDNA only starts after two-thirds of the first
strand of mtDNA has been copied.

A piece of mtDNA is 16 500 base pairs long and is replicated at a rate of 50

nucleotides per second.

Tick (✓) the box that shows how long it would take to copy this mtDNA.
 

A 330 seconds

B 440 seconds

C 550 seconds

D 660 seconds

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q8.
Scientists measured the mean amino acid concentration in white wines made from grapes
grown organically and white wines made from grapes that were not grown organically.

(a)     Which test could the scientists have used to identify that there are amino acids in
white wine?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     All amino acids have the same general structure. The image below shows the
structure of the amino acid isoleucine.

Draw a box around the part of the molecule that would be the same in all amino
acids.

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(1)

(c)     Name the chemical element found in all amino acids that is not found in
triglycerides.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d)     The scientists used a statistical test to determine whether there was a significant
difference in the amino acid concentration in the two types of white wine. They
obtained a value for P of 0.04.

Name the statistical test the scientists used and give a reason for your answer.

Was the difference significant? Give a reason for your answer.

Name of statistical test ________________________________________________

Reason for choice ____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Explanation of test result _______________________________________________

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(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Q9.
Water and inorganic ions have important biological functions within cells.

(a)     Give two properties of water that are important in the cytoplasm of cells.
For each property of water, explain its importance in the cytoplasm.

Property 1__________________________________________________________

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 Biological importance within cells________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________

Property 2__________________________________________________________

Biological importance within cells________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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(4)

(b)     Other than sodium, name one inorganic ion and give one example of its biological
importance in a cell.

Name of inorganic ion_________________________________________________

Biological importance__________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)     Compare and contrast the processes by which water and inorganic ions enter cells.

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(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q10.
(a)     Bacteria are often used in industry as a source of enzymes. One reason is because
bacteria divide rapidly, producing a large number of them in a short time.

Describe how bacteria divide.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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 ___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)     Washing powders often contain enzymes from bacteria. These enzymes include
proteases that hydrolyse proteins in clothing stains.

The graph shows the effect of temperature on a protease that could be used in
washing powder.

Explain the shape of the curves at 50 °C and 60 °C.

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(4)

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 (c)     Some proteases are secreted as extracellular enzymes by bacteria.

Suggest one advantage to a bacterium of secreting an extracellular protease in its

natural environment.

Explain your answer.

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(2)

(d)     Mammals have some cells that produce extracellular proteases. They also have
cells with membrane-bound dipeptidases.

Describe the action of these membrane-bound dipeptidases and explain their

importance.

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(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q11.
Farmers use artificial fertilisers to maintain or increase yield from grain-producing crop
plants such as wheat.

(a)     Artificial fertiliser is used to replace mineral ions removed from the land when crops
are harvested. One of the mineral ions is nitrate.

Give two examples of biological molecules containing nitrogen that would be

removed when a crop is harvested.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)     Scientists investigated changes in the use of artificial fertiliser in India between 1970
and 2005. They also investigated changes in the fertiliser response ratio. This
ratio shows how many kg of grain are produced for each kg of fertiliser used.

The graph shows their results in the form the scientists presented them. (A hectare

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 is a unit of area commonly used in agriculture)

Use these data to calculate the difference in the mass of grain produced per hectare
in 1970 compared with 2005.

Show your working.

Difference ____________________ kg hectare−1

(2)

(c)     Use the data in the graph above to evaluate the use of artificial fertilisers on grain-
producing crops in India.

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 ___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q12.
(a)     Glycogen and cellulose are both carbohydrates.
Describe two differences between the structure of a cellulose molecule and a
glycogen molecule.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

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(2)

(b)     Starch is a carbohydrate often stored in plant cells.

Describe and explain two features of starch that make it a good storage molecule.

1. _________________________________________________________________

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2. _________________________________________________________________

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(2)

(c)     Tick (✔) the box that identifies the test which would be used to show the presence of
starch.
 

Acid hydrolysis test

Benedict’s test

Emulsion test

Iodine/potassium iodide test

(1)

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 (d)     The diagram shows a section through a plant tissue at a magnification of ×500.

Calculate the actual diameter of the starch grain between points A and B.

Answer = ____________________ μm
(2)

(e)     What type of microscope was used to obtain the image shown in the diagram
above?

Give one piece of evidence to support your answer.

Type of microscope _______________________________________________

Evidence ________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q13.
(a)     Most human cells contain two copies of each gene. However, there might be up to
15 copies of the gene for amylase (AMY1). Scientists investigated the number of
copies of the AMY1 gene in individual people in two populations. One population
had a high-starch diet and the other population had a low-starch diet.

The graph below shows their results.

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Describe what their results show.

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(3)

(b)     Multiple copies of the AMY1 gene is an adaptation to a high-starch diet.

Use your knowledge of protein synthesis and enzyme action to explain the
advantage of this adaptation.

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 ___________________________________________________________________

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(3)

(c)     Multiple copies of the AMY1 gene is an adaptation to a high-starch diet.

Suggest how this evolved through natural selection.

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(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q14.
Scientists investigated how the concentration of protein in blood plasma changes in
people between the ages of 60 and 95.

The graph shows the scientists’ results. The bars show ±1 standard deviation.

(a)     What is the difference between males and females in the fall in mean concentration
of protein in blood plasma between 60 and 95 years?

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 Answer = ___________ g dm−3
(1)

(b)     Use the graph above to calculate the rate of change of the mean concentration of
protein in the blood plasma of males between the ages of 60 and 95.

Show your working.

Answer = ___________ g dm−3 year−1

(2)

(c)     What can you conclude from the graph above about the effect of ageing on the
mean concentration of protein in the blood plasma in males and females?

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d)     The scientists measured the absorption of each sample of blood plasma using a
colorimeter. They used a calibration curve to find the concentration of protein in
samples of blood plasma.

Describe how the scientists could obtain data to produce a calibration curve and
how they would use the calibration curve to find the concentration of protein in a
sample of blood plasma.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________

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(3)

(e)     Older people are more likely to suffer from infectious diseases.

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 Suggest how this may be linked to the decrease in the mean concentration of
protein in the blood as people get older.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q15.
In mammals, in the early stages of pregnancy, a developing embryo exchanges
substances with its mother via cells in the lining of the uterus. At this stage, there is a high
concentration of glycogen in cells lining the uterus.

(a)     Describe the structure of glycogen.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)     During early pregnancy, the glycogen in the cells lining the uterus is an important
energy source for the embryo.

Suggest how glycogen acts as a source of energy.

Do not include transport across membranes in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)     Suggest and explain two ways the cell-surface membranes of the cells lining the
uterus may be adapted to allow rapid transport of nutrients.

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 1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d)     In humans, after the gametes join at fertilisation, every cell of the developing embryo
undergoes mitotic divisions before the embryo attaches to the uterus lining.

•   The first cell division takes 24 hours.

•   The subsequent divisions each take 8 hours.

After 3 days, the embryo has a total volume of 4.2 × 10−3 mm3.

What is the mean volume of each cell after 3 days? Express your answer in
standard form.

Show your working.

Answer = ____________________ mm3
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q16.
(a)     Give the two types of molecule from which a ribosome is made.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Describe the role of a ribosome in the production of a polypeptide. Do not include

transcription in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 23 of 36
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c)     The table below shows the base sequence of part of a pre-mRNA molecule from a
eukaryotic cell.

Complete the table with the base sequence of the DNA strand from which this pre-
mRNA was transcribed.
 
                  DNA

A C G C A U U A U pre-mRNA
(1)

(d)     In a eukaryotic cell, the base sequence of the mRNA might be different from the
sequence of the pre-mRNA.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

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Mark schemes

Q1.
(a)    8;
Accept eight
1

(b)     Phosphodiester (bond);

Accept phonetic spellings
1

(c)     1.      DNA helicase – (unwinding DNA and) breaking

hydrogen bonds / bonds between chains / bases /
strands;
2.      DNA polymerase – joins (adjacent) nucleotides OR
forms phosphodiester bond / sugar-phosphate
backbone;
1.      Accept H bonds.
1.      Accept hydrolyses for breaks
2.      Reject forms hydrogen bonds (between nucleotides /
bases)
2

(d)     1.      ATP has ribose and DNA nucleotide has deoxyribose;

2.      ATP has 3 phosphate (groups) and DNA nucleotide
has 1 phosphate (group);
3.      ATP – base always adenine and in DNA nucleotide
base can be different / varies;
Both parts of each MP needed
3.      Reject Uracil / U
3.      Accept C, T or G for different bases
Accept annotated diagram for any of the three marks
2 max
[6]

Q2.
(a)     1.      (water has a relatively) high (specific) heat capacity;
Ignore numbers relating to heat capacity

2.      Can gain / lose a lot of heat / energy without changing temperature;

OR
Takes a lot of heat / energy to change temperature;
Accept due to H bonding between water molecules
2

(b)     Adenosine diphosphate and (inorganic) phosphate;

Accept ADP for adenosine diphosphate
Accept Pi / PO43– / P in a circle for inorganic phosphate
Reject adenine diphosphate
Reject phosphorus / P for phosphate
1

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 (c)     1.      Species / organism the muscle tissue came from;
OR
Thickness / type / source of the muscle tissue;
Ignore surface area of muscle tissue

2.      Temperature of the muscle tissue / ATP solution / slides;

Need to be qualified

3.      pH of the ATP solution;

Need to be qualified
Reject concentration / volume of ATP hydrolase
2 max

(d)     Description
1. As concentration of ATP increases, length of muscle decreases;
Accept negative correlation

Explanation
2. More ATP (hydrolysed by ATP hydrolase), so more energy released, so
more muscle contraction / shortening of muscle;
Accept more ATP available for correct/named aspect of
muscle contraction
Idea of more is required once.
Reject energy produced
2

(e)     4.88 × 10–6 ;;;

If answer incorrect

EITHER

Allow 1 mark for 0.244

Allow 1 mark for 1.22 × 10–5

OR

Allow 1mark for 12200 / 1.525

Allow 1 mark for 0.61

Accept 5 × 10–6
Accept correct answer however expressed
Max 2 for incorrect final answer
3
[10]

Q3.
(a)     Glucose (and glucose);
1

(b)     (α1,4) Glycosidic;
1

(c)     1.      Headings correct – mol dm–3 and volume of water / cm3;

Page 26 of 36
 2.      Concentration correct. ie 0.2;
2

(d)     Line of best fit drawn;

Read off value at 0.45.

2
[6]

Q4.
(a)     (a monomer is a smaller / repeating) unit / molecule from which larger molecules /
polymers are made;
Reject atoms / elements / ’building blocks’ for units /
molecules
Ignore examples
1

(b)     Similarity
1.      Both contain galactose / a glycosidic bond;
Ignore references to hydrolysis and / or condensation

Difference
2.      Lactulose contains fructose, whereas lactose contains glucose;
Ignore alpha / beta prefix for glucose
Difference must be stated, not implied
2

(c)     1.      (Lactulose) lowers the water potential of faeces / intestine / contents of the

intestine;
Accept Ψ for water potential

2.      Water retained / enters (due to osmosis) and softens the faeces;

Accept descriptions of soft faeces, eg faeces is less dry /
less hard
2

(d)     (-) 84.1(%);;
Accept (-) 84.15(%)
Allow 1 mark for
84
OR

OR

2
[7]

Q5.
(a)     Student was measuring change in pH

Page 27 of 36
 OR
Buffer would maintain a constant pH.
1 max

(b)     1.      Volume of suspension of lipids;

2.      Concentration of suspension of lipids;

3.      Volume of lipase solution;

4.      Temperature;
2 max

(c)     Boiled lipase solution;

1

(d)     –0.34 = 2 marks

0.34 = 1 mark
2

(e)     1.      Fatty acids produced;

2.      Curve levels off as all substrate used up.

accept the lower pH inactivates / denatures the enzyme
2

(f)      1.      Faster fall in pH and levels off at same point;

2.      More enzyme = substrate complexes formed;

3.      Same amount of fatty acids produced / product

3
[11]

Q6.
(a)     P – glycerol
Q – fatty acid (chains)
Accept phonetic spelling
2

(b)     Ester (bond);
1

(c)     1.      (Mix / shake sample) with ethanol, then water;

Sequence is important

2.      White / milky (emulsion);

Ignore cloudy
Reject precipitate
2
[5]

Q7.
(a)     1.      Phosphate, deoxyribose and base correctly labelled;

Page 28 of 36
 Accept P in a circle / Pi / PO43– for phosphate.
Do not accept phosphorus for phosphate.
Do not accept only pentose for deoxyribose.
Ignore references to sugar.
Accept a named base, (eg adenine, thymine, guanine,
cytosine).
Do not accept uracil or only letters (eg A, T, G or C).
Ignore labelled bonds

2.      Correct shapes and bonds in the correct positions (as shown below);

 
Accept correct shapes with incorrect labels
Accept any orientation of diagram, eg inverted / mirror image
Accept any pentagon for deoxyribose
2

(b)     1.      Weak / easily broken hydrogen bonds between bases allow two strands to
separate / unzip;
may appear in the same feature

2.      Two strands, so both can act as templates;

may appear in the same feature

3.      Complementary base pairing allows accurate replication;

Allow description of complementary base pairing and
accurate replication.
2 max

(c)     C. 550 seconds;

1
[5]

Q8.
(a)    Biuret;
Ignore any other detail
Accept
•   Copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide
•   CuSO4 + NaOH
•   Alkaline copper sulfate
•   Copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide
•   Alkaline copper sulphate
•   Biurette

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 •   Buiret
•   Biruet
•   Bieuret
Reject burette or Beirut
1

(b)     Draw around
1

(c)     Nitrogen;
Ignore N
1

(d)     Choice: (Student’s) t-test;

Reason for choice: Looking for differences between two means;
Reason: Allow comparing contrasting two means

Explanation: Difference is significant / not due to chance because the P value

is 0.04 / is less than 0.05;
Explanation: Assume ‘it’ means difference
Explanation: Reject result / data is significant / not due to
chance
Explanation: do not accept P value is less than 0.04
3
[6]

Q9.
(a)     1.      Polar molecule;

2.      Acts as a (universal) solvent;

OR

3.      (Universal) solvent;

4.      (Metabolic) reactions occur faster in solution;

OR

5.      Reactive;

6.      Takes place in hydrolysis / condensation / named reaction;

Polar molecule so acts as (universal) solvent so (metabolic
reactions are faster = 3 marks
4

(b)     Name of ion;

Correct function within cell;

Ions other than sodium in specification are H+, Fe2+ and PO43–
but accept any correct ion (other than sodium) plus relevant
function = 2.

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 Allow ion to be named in words but not as element, e.g, iron
ion but not iron.
2

(c)     1.      Comparison: both move down concentration gradient;

2.      Comparison: both move through (protein) channels in membrane;

Accept aquaporins (for water) and ion channels

3.      Contrast: ions can move against a concentration gradient by active transport

3
[9]

Q10.
(a)     1.      Binary fission;
2.      Replication of (circular) DNA;
3.      Division of cytoplasm to produce 2 daughter cells;
4.      Each with single copy of (circular) DNA;
1.      Ignore reference to ‘chromosome’
2.      Ignore ‘copy’.
4.      Ignore references to number of plasmids.
2 max

(b)     1.      Both denatured (by high temperature);

2.      Denaturation faster at 60 °C due to more (kinetic) energy;
3.      Breaks hydrogen / ionic bonds (between amino acids / R groups);
4.      Change in shape of the active site / active site no longer complementary
so fewer enzyme-substrate complexes formed / substrate does not fit;
3.      Ignore references to disulphide bonds
3.      Accept (at 60 °C) Change in shape of the active site /
active site no longer complementary so no enzyme-
substrate complexes formed / substrate does not fit;
4

(c)     1.      To digest protein;

2.      (So) they can absorb amino acids for growth / reproduction / protein
synthesis / synthesis of named cell component;
OR
(So) they can destroy a toxic substance / protein;
1.      For ‘digest’ accept ‘break down’ here.
2.      Accept ‘(so) they can destroy antibodies / antibiotics /
viral antigens / bacterial antigens’
2

(d)     1.      Hydrolyse (peptide bonds) to release amino acids;

2.      Amino acids can cross (cell) membrane;
OR
Dipeptides cannot cross (cell) membrane;
OR
Maintain concentration gradient of amino acids for absorption;
OR
Ensure (nearly) maximum yield from protein breakdown;
2.      Ignore references to crossing gut membranes.
2.      Accept ‘there are carrier proteins for amino acids’

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 2.      Accept ‘no carrier proteins for dipeptides’
2
[10]

Q11.
(a)     Two suitable examples;
Examples
1.      amino acid / protein / polypeptide / peptide;
2.      nucleic acid / nucleotide / base;
3.      DNA;
4.      RNA;
5.      ATP / ADP;
6.      NAD / NADP (reduced or not);
7.      Cyclic AMP / cAMP;
8.      Chlorophyll;
List rule applies
Reject for either point nitrates / nitrites / ammonia /
ammonium / urea
4.      Accept pre-mRNA / mRNA / rRNA / tRNA
2 max

(b)     Correct answer in the range 90 to 133.2 scores 2 marks;

1 mark for answers where yield calculated correctly for 1970 OR 2005;
(1970 in range) 170.8 to 176.4
OR
(2005 in range) 266.4 to 304.0;
Accept positive or negative values
2

(c)     1.      Using more but getting less response over time;

2.      The graph shows correlation but doesn’t prove changes in yield due to
fertiliser / but there could be other factors;
3.      Becomes less cost effective with time;
Idea of over time is important
1.      accept fertiliser becomes less effective over time
1.      Accept use of figures from graph
1.      Accept the idea of less grain / crop over time
2.      Ignore whether correlation is positive or negative
2 max
[6]

Q12.
(a)     1.      Cellulose is made up of β-glucose (monomers) and glycogen is made up of α-
glucose (monomers);
2.      Cellulose molecule has straight chain and glycogen is branched;
3.      Cellulose molecule has straight chain and glycogen is coiled;
4.      glycogen has 1,4- and 1,6- glycosidic bonds and cellulose has only 1,4-
glycosidic bonds;
Ignore ref. to H bonds / microfibrils
2 max

(b)    Any two from:

1.      Insoluble (in water), so doesn’t affect water potential;

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 2.      Branched / coiled / (α-)helix, so makes molecule compact;
OR
Branched / coiled / (α-)helix so can fit many (molecules) in small area;
3.      Polymer of (α-)glucose so provides glucose for respiration;
4.      Branched / more ends for fast breakdown / enzyme action;
5.      Large (molecule), so can’t cross the cell membrane
Require feature and explanation for 1 mark
1.      Accept Ψ or WP
1.      Accept Insoluble so doesn’t affect osmosis
1.      Do not allow ref to ‘doesn’t affect water leaving cells
4.      Ignore ‘surface area’
4.      Accept ‘branched so glucose readily released’
2 max

(c)     Iodine/potassium iodide;
1

(d)     For correct answer of 40 (μm) award 2 marks;

Evidence of division by 500: award 1 mark
Allow tolerance of 0.5mm i.e. 20±0.5mm
2

(e)     1.      Scanning electron (microscope);

2.      3D (image);
Accept SE(M)
2.      Ignore any other correct features
2
[9]

Q13.
(a)     1.      Low starch, fewer copies;
2.      Ranges overlap almost completely;
OR
Ranges overlap from 2 − 13 copies;
3.      (surprisingly) very few / 2 or 3% have only 2 copies / are diploid;
4.      the mode / highest percentage for low starch is 4 copies and for high
starch is 6;
5.      the range / spread is greater with high starch;
4.      “most people” is not equivalent to mode
3 max

(b)     1.      More mRNA / more transcription;

2.      More translation / enzyme;
3.      So reaction faster;
The idea of “more” must be stated at least once.
2.      Accept ‘amylase’ for enzyme
3.      “More starch digested” is insufficient
3

(c)     1.      Mutation(s) produce extra copies of (AMY1) gene;

2.      Those with more copies / this adaptation/mutation reproduce / survive
better on high starch diet;
2.      And pass on multiple copies / this adaptation/mutation (to offspring);

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 Ignore ref. to single allele/gene
3
[9]

Q14.
(a)     6 (g dm−3);
1

(b)     Correct answer of (−)0.14;

1 mark for correct difference in concentration (5) divided by 35 / (69 − 64) ÷ 35
/1÷7
Ignore +/- sign
Ignore additional d.p.
Accept 0.31(4) for 1 mark if female data used
2

(c)     1.      Protein content decreases with age and decreases more in females;

2.      Difference (between sexes) only significant at 95 years because SDs do
not overlap;
OR
Differences not significant because 2 × SD would overlap;
2

(d)     1.      Produce known concentrations of protein;

2.      Measure absorbance of each concentration
OR
Measure each concentration with colorimeter;
3.      Plot a graph of absorbance on y-axis against concentration (on x-axis)
and draw curve;
4.      Use absorbance of sample to find protein concentration from curve;
1.      Idea of known concentrations required.
Accept % transmission / absorption for absorbance
3 max

(e)     1.      (Lower plasma protein concentration suggests) fewer antibodies;

Ignore ref. to other proteins.
Reject answers which refer to white blood cells as proteins.
1
[9]

Q15.
(a)     1.      Polysaccharide of α-glucose;
OR
polymer of α-glucose;
2.      (Joined by) glycosidic bonds
OR
Branched structure;
2

(b)     1.      Hydrolysed (to glucose);

2.      Glucose used in respiration;
1.      Ignore ‘Broken down’
2.      ‘Energy produced’ disqualifies mp2
2

Page 34 of 36
 (c)     1.      Membrane folded so increased / large surface area;
OR
Membrane has increased / large surface area for (fast) diffusion /
facilitated diffusion / active transport / co-transport;
2.      Large number of protein channels / carriers (in membrane) for facilitated
diffusion;
3.      Large number of protein carriers (in membrane) for active transport;
4.      Large number of protein (channels / carriers in membrane) for co-
transport;
1.      Accept ‘microvilli to increase surface area’
1.      Reject reference to villi.
Note feature and function required for each marking point
and reference to large / many / more.
List rule applies.
2 max

(d)     3.3 × 10−5 OR 3.28 × 10−5 OR 3.281 × 10−5;

1 mark for
Evidence of 128 (cells)
Correct numerical calculation but not in standard form gains 1 mark
(0.00003281 OR 0.0000328 OR 0.000033);
Accept any number of significant figures as long as rounding
correct (3.28125 × 10 −5 scores 2 marks)
2
[8]

Q16.
(a)     1.      One of RNA / ribonucleic acid(s) / nucleotide(s)/nucleic acid(s) / rRNA /
ribosomal RNA / ribosomal ribonucleic acid
and
one of protein(s) / polypeptide(s) / amino acid(s) / peptide(s) / ribosomal
protein;
Reject DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, tRNA, transfer RNA,
transfer ribonucleic acid, mRNA, messenger RNA,
messenger ribonucleic acid.
Ignore enzyme(s), base(s).
1

(b)     1.      mRNA binds to ribosome;

2.      Idea of two codons / binding sites;
3.      (Allows) tRNA with anticodons to bind / associate;
4.      (Catalyses) formation of peptide bond between amino acids (held by
tRNA molecules);
5.      Moves along (mRNA to the next codon) / translocation described;
Assume ‘it’ refers to ribosome.
3 max

(c)     TGCGTAATA;
Any errors = 0 marks
1

(d)     1.      Introns (in pre-mRNA);

2.      Removal of sections of (pre-mRNA) / splicing;
Introns removed’ scores 2 marks.

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Reference to ‘introns present in mRNA’ disqualifies mp1 but
allow ECF for mp2.
Accept for 1 mark mRNA contains only exons.
2
[7]

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