J – Amount of Substance Qs

Q1.
The equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid is

Zn + 2HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2

What is the minimum mass, in mg, of zinc (Ar = 65.4) needed to react with 50.0 cm 3 of
1.68 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid?

A 2.75

B 5.49

C 2.75 × 103

D 5.49 × 103
(Total 1 mark)

Q2.
In a reaction which gave a 27.0% yield, 5.00 g of methylbenzene were converted into the
explosive 2,4,6-trinitromethylbenzene (TNT) (Mr = 227.0). The mass of TNT formed was

A 1.35 g

B 3.33 g

C 3.65 g

D 12.34 g
(Total 1 mark)

Q3.
N-phenylethanamide is used as an inhibitor in hydrogen peroxide decomposition and also
in the production of dyes.

N-phenylethanamide can be produced in a laboratory by the reaction between

phenylammonium sulfate and an excess of ethanoic anhydride:

(a) A student carried out this preparation using 1.15 g of phenylammonium sulfate (Mr =
284.1) and excess ethanoic anhydride.

(i) Calculate the maximum theoretical yield of N−phenylethanamide that could be

produced in the reaction. Record your answer to an appropriate precision.

Show your working.

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______________________________________________________________

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(3)

(ii) In the preparation, the student produced 0.89 g of N−phenylethanamide.

Calculate the percentage yield for the reaction.

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______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The student purified the crude solid product, N−phenylethanamide, by

recrystallisation.

(i) Outline the method that the student should use for this recrystallisation.

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(4)

(ii) Outline how you would carry out a simple laboratory process to show that the
recrystallised product is a pure sample of N−phenylethanamide.

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______________________________________________________________

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(3)

(iii) Assume that the reaction goes to completion.

Suggest two practical reasons why the percentage yield for this reaction may
not be 100%.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The reaction to form N−phenylethanamide would happen much more quickly if the
student used ethanoyl chloride instead of ethanoic anhydride.

Explain why the student might prefer to use ethanoic anhydride, even though it has
a slower rate of reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

Q4.
Ethanedioic acid is a weak acid.
Ethanedioic acid acts, initially, as a monoprotic acid.

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(a) Use the concept of electronegativity to justify why the acid strengths of ethanedioic
acid and ethanoic acid are different.

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___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(b) A buffer solution is made by adding 6.00 × 10 –2 mol of sodium hydroxide to a

solution containing 1.00 × 10 –1 mol of ethanedioic acid (H2C2O4).
Assume that the sodium hydroxide reacts as shown in the following equation and
that in this buffer solution, the ethanedioic acid behaves as a monoprotic acid.

H2C2O4(aq) + OH–(aq) HC2O4−(aq) + H2O(l)

The dissociation constant Ka for ethanedioic acid is 5.89 × 10 –2 mol dm–3.

Calculate a value for the pH of the buffer solution.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

pH = ____________________
(5)

(c) In a titration, the end point was reached when 25.0 cm 3 of an acidified solution
containing ethanedioic acid reacted with 20.20 cm 3 of 2.00 ×10–2 mol dm–3
potassium manganate(VII) solution.

Deduce an equation for the reaction that occurs and use it to calculate the original
concentration of the ethanedioic acid solution.

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Equation ___________________________________________________________

Calculation

Original concentration = ____________________ mol dm -3

(4)
(Total 15 marks)

Q5.
(a) Sodium hydroxide can be obtained as a monohydrate (NaOH.H 2O). When heated,
the water of crystallisation is lost, leaving anhydrous sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

A chemist weighed a clean, dry crucible. The chemist transferred 1.10 g of

NaOH.H2O to the crucible. The crucible and its contents were heated until a
constant mass had been reached. The chemist recorded this mass.

The experiment was repeated using different masses of the monohydrate.

For each experiment, the chemist recorded the original mass of NaOH.H 2O and the
mass of NaOH left after heating. The chemist’s results are shown in the table below.

Mass of NaOH.H2O / g Mass of NaOH / g

0.50 0.48

1.10 0.79

2.05 1.41

2.95 2.06

3.50 2.28

4.20 2.93

4.90 3.41

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(i) Plot a graph of mass of NaOH.H2O (y-axis) against mass of NaOH on the
grid.
Draw a straight line of best fit on the graph.

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(3)

(ii) Use your graph to determine the mass of NaOH.H 2O needed to form 1.00 g of

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NaOH

_____________ g
(1)

(iii) Use your answer from part (a) (ii) to confirm that the formula of sodium
hydroxide monohydrate is NaOH.H2O

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Sodium hydroxide is used to remove grease from metal components.

Sodium hydroxide cannot be used to clean components made of aluminium
because it reacts with this metal.

(i) Balance the equation for the reaction of aqueous sodium hydroxide with
aluminium.

...... NaOH + ...... Al + ...... H 2O ...... NaAl(OH)4 + 3H2

(1)

(ii) In 1986, a sealed aluminium tank exploded while being used by mistake for
transporting concentrated sodium hydroxide solution.

Suggest one reason why the tank exploded.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) A strong alkali such as potassium hydroxide is used as the electrolyte in some
alkaline batteries for household use. The electrolyte will escape if the battery casing
is broken.

Suggest one reason why a leak of this electrolyte is hazardous.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q6.
A student carried out an experiment to find the mass of FeSO 4.7H2O in an impure sample,

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X.
The student recorded the mass of X. This sample was dissolved in water and made up to
250 cm3 of solution.
The student found that, after an excess of acid had been added, 25.0 cm 3 of this solution
reacted with 21.3 cm3 of a 0.0150 mol dm–3 solution of K2Cr2O7

(a) Use this information to calculate a value for the mass of FeSO 4.7H2O in the sample
of X.

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(5)

(b) The student found that the calculated mass of FeSO4.7H2O was greater than the
actual mass of the sample that had been weighed out. The student realised that this
could be due to the nature of the impurity.

Suggest one property of an impurity that would cause the calculated mass of
FeSO4.7H2O in X to be greater than the actual mass of X.
Explain your answer.

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___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q7.

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130 cm3 of oxygen and 40 cm3 of nitrogen, each at 298 K and 100 kPa, were placed into
an evacuated flask of volume 0.50 dm 3.

What is the pressure of the gas mixture in the flask at 298 K?

A 294 kPa

B 68.0 kPa

C 34.0 kPa

D 13.7 kPa

(Total 1 mark)

Q8.
A student does an experiment to determine the percentage by mass of sodium chlorate(I),
NaClO, in a sample of bleach solution.

Method:

• Dilute a 10.0 cm3 sample of bleach solution to 100 cm 3 with distilled water.
• Transfer 25.0 cm3 of the diluted bleach solution to a conical flask and acidify using
sulfuric acid.
• Add excess potassium iodide to the conical flask to form a brown solution containing
l2(aq).
• Add 0.100 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulfate solution (Na 2S2O3) to the conical flask from a
burette until the brown solution containing l 2(aq) becomes a colourless solution
containing l–(aq).

The student uses 33.50 cm3 of sodium thiosulfate solution.

The density of the original bleach solution is 1.20 g cm –3

The equations for the reactions in this experiment are

ClO–(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 l–(aq) → Cl–(aq) + H2O(l) + l2(aq)

2 S2O32–(aq) + l2(aq) → 2 l–(aq) + S4O62–(aq)

(a) Use all the information given to calculate the percentage by mass of NaClO in the
original bleach solution.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

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Percentage by mass _______________

(7)

(b) The total uncertainty from two readings and an end point error in using a burette is
± 0.15 cm3

What is the total percentage uncertainty in using the burette in this experiment?

Tick (✓) one box.

0.45%

0.90%

1.34%

(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q9.
A 385 cm3 sample of carbon dioxide at 100 kPa and 25 °C was mixed with 2.89 × 10 −2 mol
of argon. The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

What is the mole fraction of carbon dioxide in the mixture?

A 0.35

B 0.46

C 0.54

D 0.65
(Total 1 mark)

Q10.
What is the mass, in mg, of carbon formed when 3.0 × 10 −3 mol of propene undergoes
incomplete combustion?

2C3H6 + 3O2 ⟶ 6C + 6H2O

A 9.0 × 10−3

B 3.6 × 10−2

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C 1.08 × 102

D 2.16 × 102

(Total 1 mark)

Q11.
This question is about sodium and some of its compounds.

(a) Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain why sodium bromide has a
melting point that is higher than that of sodium, and higher than that of sodium
iodide.
(6)

(b) When 250 mg of sodium were added to 500 cm3 of water at 25 °C a gas was
produced.

Give an equation for the reaction that occurs.

Calculate the volume, in cm 3, of the gas formed at 101 kPa

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Equation ___________________________________________________________

Volume ____________________ cm 3
(6)

(c) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm –3, of sodium ions in the solution produced in
the reaction in part (b).

Concentration ____________________ mol dm –3

(1)

(d) Sodium reacts with ammonia to form the compound NaNH2 that contains the NH2–
ion.

Draw the shape of the NH2– ion.

Include any lone pairs of electrons that influence the shape.

Predict the bond angle.

Justify your prediction.

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Shape

Bond angle ____________________

Justification _________________________________________________________

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(4)
(Total 17 marks)

Q12.
A student added 627 mg of hydrated sodium carbonate (Na 2CO3.xH2O) to 200 cm3 of
0.250 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid in a beaker and stirred the mixture.
After the reaction was complete, the resulting solution was transferred to a volumetric
flask, made up to 250 cm3 with deionised water and mixed thoroughly.
Several 25.0 cm3 portions of the resulting solution were titrated with 0.150 mol dm –3
aqueous sodium hydroxide. The mean titre was 26.60 cm 3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Calculate the value of x in Na2CO3.xH2O

Show your working.
Give your answer as an integer.

Value of x ____________________
(Total 7 marks)

Q13.
Which amount of sodium hydroxide would react exactly with 7.5 g of a diprotic acid, H2A
(Mr = 150)?

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A 50 cm3 of 0.05 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)

B 100 cm3 of 0.50 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)

C 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)

D 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq)

(Total 1 mark)

Q14.
This question is about citric acid, a hydrated tricarboxylic acid. Its formula can be
represented as H3Y.xH2O

(a) A 1.50 g sample of H3Y.xH2O contains 0.913 g of oxygen by mass.

The sample burns completely in air to form 1.89 g of CO2 and 0.643 g of H2O

Show that the empirical formula of citric acid is C 3H5O4

(5)

(b) A 3.00 g sample of H3Y.xH2O (Mr = 210.0) is heated to constant mass. The
anhydrous H3Y that remains has a mass of 2.74 g

Show, using these data, that the value of x = 1

(2)

The figure shows the structure of H3Y

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(c) Complete this IUPAC name for H3Y

____________________ propane-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic acid

(1)

(d) State the number of peaks you would expect in the 13C NMR spectrum for H3Y

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q15.
Some compounds with different molecular formulas have the same relative molecular
mass to the nearest whole number.

(a) A dicarboxylic acid has a relative molecular mass of 118, to the nearest whole
number.

Deduce the molecular formula of the acid.

Molecular formula ________________________________________

(3)

(b) A student dissolved some of the dicarboxylic acid from part (a) in water and made
up the solution to 250 cm3 in a volumetric flask.
In a titration, a 25.0 cm3 sample of the acid solution needed 21.60 cm 3 of
0.109 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution for neutralisation.

Calculate the mass, in g, of the dicarboxylic acid used.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

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Mass ________________________ g
(4)

(c) Compounds with molecular formula C 6H14O2 also have a relative molecular mass of
118 to the nearest whole number. These include the diol shown.

Deduce the number of peaks in the 1H NMR spectrum of this diol.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Draw the structure of a different diol also with molecular formula C 6H14O2 that has a
1H NMR spectrum that consists of two singlet peaks.

(1)

(e) The dicarboxylic acid in part (a) and the isomers of C6H14O2 in parts (c) and (d) all
have a relative molecular mass of 118

State why the dicarboxylic acid can be distinguished from the two diols by high
resolution mass spectrometry using electrospray ionisation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q16.
(a) Explain why complexes formed from transition metal ions are coloured.

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(3)

The iron content of iron tablets can be determined by colorimetry.

Method:
• Dissolve a tablet in sulfuric acid.
• Oxidise all the iron from the tablet to Fe 3+(aq).
• Convert the Fe3+(aq) into a complex that absorbs light of wavelength 490 nm
• Make the solution up to 250 cm3
• Measure the absorbance of light at 490 nm with a colorimeter.
• Use a calibration graph to find the concentration of the iron(III) complex.

(b) Calculate the energy, in J, gained by each excited electron in the absorption at
490 nm

Speed of light, c = 3.00 x 108 m s–1

Planck constant, h = 6.63 x 10–34 J s

Energy gained by each electron _______________ J

(3)

(c) Describe how a calibration graph is produced and used to find the concentration of
the iron(III) complex.

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___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) The concentration of iron(III) in the solution is 4.66 x 10 –3 mol dm–3

Calculate the mass, in mg, of iron in the tablet used to make the 250 cm 3 of solution.

Mass of iron in the tablet ____________________ mg

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Q17.
A student does an experiment to determine the percentage of copper in an alloy.

The student
• reacts 985 mg of the alloy with concentrated nitric acid to form a solution (all of the
copper in the alloy reacts to form aqueous copper(II) ions)
• pours the solution into a volumetric flask and makes the volume up to 250 cm 3 with
distilled water
• shakes the flask thoroughly
• transfers 25.0 cm3 of the solution into a conical flask and adds an excess of
potassium iodide
• uses exactly 9.00 cm3 of 0.0800 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) solution to
react with all the iodine produced.
The equations for the reactions are

2 Cu2+ + 4 I– → 2 CuI + I2

2 S2O32– + I2 → 2 I– + S4O62–

(a) Calculate the percentage of copper by mass in the alloy.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

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% copper _____________________________
(6)

(b) Suggest two ways that the student could reduce the percentage uncertainty in the
measurement of the volume of sodium thiosulfate solution, using the same
apparatus as this experiment.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) State the role of iodine in the reaction with sodium thiosulfate.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Give the full electron configuration of a copper(II) ion.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Copper(I) iodide is a white solid.

Explain why copper(I) iodide is white.

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___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(f) Iodine vaporises easily.

Calculate the volume, in cm 3, that 5.00 g of iodine vapour occupies at 185 °C and
100 kPa

The gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

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Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Volume _______________________________ cm 3
(4)
(Total 16 marks)

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