CHEM 1701, Week 12

Unit 7 – The Mole

Instructor: Laura Labine

Email: laura.labine@durhamcollege.ca
Office: C151
Website: www.durhamcollege.ca/connect
Resources: Practice booklet
SALS worksheets
Resources available in DC Connect
Assessment: Test 2, assignment 2, mastery quiz

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Learning Objectives

The following learning objectives are covered this week:

7.4 Apply the mole concept to convert between mass, moles and particles of a substance
7.5 Apply the mole concept to perform calculations based on the limiting-reactant principle
7.6 Use the mole concept to perform percentage-yield calculations

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Mole Math
7.4 Apply the mole concept to convert between mass, moles and particles of a substance

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Mole Math
The purpose of mole math is to perform calculations that help you learn as much as possible about
the quantities in a chemical sample. This type of math has a special name: stoichiometry.

Pronounced: stoy-key-om-e-tree
Definition: a type of math designed solely
to stress out chemistry students…

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Stoichiometry
Consider this glass of water. We can record a variety of qualitative and quantitative properties about this water.

Qualitative
Quantitative
• observable properties
• measurable properties
• the water is clear
• the water is a liquid
Particles: 7.21 x 1021 H2O molecules in the sample
Mass: 19.05 g H2O in the sample
Moles: 1.2 moles H2O in the sample

Stoichiometry is the science and

math that allows us to calculate
these quantitative properties.
Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)
 Mole Roadmap

Use this mole roadmap to help guide you when doing stoichiometry calculations. Look closely at the roadmap:
• What are the 3 quantitative properties in the roadmap?
• Each fraction contains 1 mol somewhere in the fraction. When is 1 mol in the numerator? When is 1 mol in the denominator?
• When do you use molar mass? When do you use Avogadro’s constant?

Mass Moles Particles

molar mass 1 mol

1 mol 6.02 × 1023 particles
MOLE
1 mol 6.02 × 1023 particles
molar mass 1 mol

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Mole Roadmap

Task: Recreate a simplified version of the mole roadmap for yourself. Include any special notes
to yourself on how you will know if you are using a fraction with 6.02 x 1023 or molar mass.

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 1-step Calculations

7.4 Apply the mole concept to convert between mass, moles and particles of a substance

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 1-step calculations
1-step calculation: a type of calculation that requires 1 piece of math from the mole roadmap.

Example 1 (moles  mass): If you are given 1.33 moles of titanium, what is the mass of the sample?

STEP 1: Identify the given unit and wanted unit.

STEP 2: Use the mole roadmap to figure out which fraction to multiply by. If needed, figure out molar mass.
STEP 3: Write down the given and setup the math. Follow how the units cancel. Round answer to sig digs.

Step 1: “set the stage” Step 2: use the mole roadmap Step 3: get molar mass (if needed) and solve

To convert moles to mass, we need this molar mass Ti given molar mass fraction
molar mass = 47.87 g/mol
given unit _______ piece of math: multiply by 1 mol 47.87 g
= 1.33 mol Ti ×
1 mol
wanted unit _______
= 63.6671 g Ti

= 63.7 g Ti [3 .s.d]

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 1-step calculations with molar mass
Use your mole roadmap to help identify which units to convert between. Then try these questions.

Example 2: How many moles are Example 3: What is the mass of

in a 55 g sample of titanium? 4.5 moles of glucose, C6H12O6?

given unit: ______

wanted unit: ______

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 1-step calculations with Avogadro’s constant
Example 1 (moles  particles): If you have 4.8 moles of titanium, how many atoms are in the sample?

STEP 1: Identify the given unit and wanted unit.

STEP 2: Use the mole roadmap to figure out which fraction to multiply by. If needed, figure out molar mass.
STEP 3: Write down the given and setup the math. Follow how the units cancel. Round answer to sig digs.

Step 1: “set the stage” Step 2: use the mole roadmap Step 3: get molar mass (if needed) and solve

To convert moles to atoms, we need given Avogadro’s constant fraction

6.02×1023
given unit _______ this piece of math: multiply by 1 mol
6.02×1023 atoms
= 4.8 mol Ti ×
wanted unit _______ 1 mol

= 2.889 x 1024 atoms Ti

= 2.9 x 1024 atoms Ti [2 .s.d]

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 1-step calculations with Avogadro’s constant
Use your mole roadmap to help identify which units to convert between. Then try these questions.

Example 2: How many moles are in 2.79 x 1025 Example 3: How many molecules
molecules of titanium dioxide, TiO2? are in 2.3 moles of glucose?

given unit: ______

wanted unit: ______

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Classmate Challenge
Task: Write a 1-step question. Make it up and make it fun! Here are the required parts:

You complete this part Your partner completes these parts

Question Classification Full solution

Is it:
• mole  mass
• mass  mole
• mole  particles
• particles  mole

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 2-step Calculations

7.4 Apply the mole concept to convert between mass, moles and particles of a substance

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 2-step calculations
2-step calculations: a type of calculation that requires 2 pieces of math from the mole roadmap.

Example 1 (mass  atoms): How many lead atoms are in a 105 g sample of lead, Pb?

STEP 1: Identify the given unit and wanted unit.

STEP 2: Use the mole roadmap to figure out which fractions to multiply by. Figure out molar mass.
STEP 3: Write down the given and setup the math. Follow how the units cancel. Round answer to sig digs.

Step 1: “set the stage” Step 2: use the mole roadmap Step 3: get molar mass (if needed) and solve

To convert mass to atoms, we need 2 pieces of math:

given unit _______ 1 mol 6.02×1023 given 1st: molar mass 2nd: Avogadro’s
wanted unit _______ 1st, multiply by 2nd, multiply by
molar mas𝑠 1 mol

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 6.02×1023 atoms

= 105 g Pb × ×
207.2 𝑔 1 mol

= 3.05 x 1023 atoms Ti [3 .s.d]

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 2-step calculations
Use your mole roadmap to help identify which 2 fractions to use. Then try these questions.
Example 2: How many molecules are in
6.57 g of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2? Example 3: What is the mass of 3.5 x 1024
The molar mass of calcium nitrate is 164.10 g/mol. molecules of sodium chloride, NaCl?

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Mass-Mass Calculations

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Mass-mass calculations
Stoichiometry can be extended to study the quantities of reactants and products in
balanced chemical equations. Stoichiometry is the process and calculations applied to
determine how much “stuff” you need to make other “stuff”.

Life Example Chemistry Example

“Reaction” equation: Reaction equation:

C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

+ →
How to apply stoichiometry here:
How to apply stoichiometry here:
Question 1: How many grams of water can
Question 1: How many sandwiches can you make you make with 25 g of oxygen?
with 4 slices of bread and unlimited cheese? Question 2: How many grams of propane
Question 2: How many slices of bread does 6 (C3H8) are needed to make 80 g of CO2?
sandwiches require?

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Visualizing mass-mass calculations
Mass-mass calculations are used when you are switching between chemicals.
Example: Water is made according to the balanced reaction 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O.
How many grams of water can be made from 45 g of oxygen?

2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O
If I have 45 g of O2… …how many g of H2O
can be made?
! CAUTION !
The answer is not 2 x 45 g = 90 g (that
would be wayyy too easy). That’s not
the way the chemistry works here.

The answer takes some pretty tricky

45 g math (see next slides…)
?? g

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Mole ratios
The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation represent the moles of substance present. You can
use the coefficients to write mole ratios. Mole ratios are needed to do mass-mass calculations.

Coefficients represent amounts in moles Highlight each coefficient. Then, use the
coefficients to write any 4 mole ratios.
1 mole 3 moles 2 moles

2 CH3OH + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 4 H2O

N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3

Examples of mole ratios using coefficients:

• 1 mol N2 : 3 mol H2
• 1 mol N2 : 2 mol NH3
• 2 mol NH3 : 3 mol H2
• etc.

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Mass-mass calculations

Let’s put it all together now. Use your formula sheet for a formula to guide you with these calculations.
These questions are solved using a process called unit analysis.

(front of your formula sheet)

This formula right

here will guide you in
these challenging
calculations.

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Mass-mass calculations
How to use the limiting reactant formula: Water is made according to the balanced
reaction 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O. How many grams of water can be made from 45 g of oxygen?

STEP 1: Identify the given chemical & amount and wanted chemical.
STEP 2: Find the molar masses and mole ratios (coefficients from reaction equation) for both chemicals.
STEP 3: Setup the math so units cancel. Round answer to sig digs.

Step 1: “set the stage” Step 3: calculation with unit analysis

given chemical & amount: _____ , ____ g Equation: given x molar mass x mole ratio x molar mass
wanted chemical: _______

= 45 g O2 x __1 mol x 2 mol H2O x 18.02 g H2O

Step 2: molar masses & mole ratios 32.00 g O2 1 mol O2 1 mol
Molar Mass Mole Ratio
O2 32.00 g/mol 1 mol O2 = 50.68125 g H2O
H2O 18.02 g/mol 2 mol H2O
= 50.7 g H2O [3 s.d.] “Unit analysis” literally means
“analyzing the units” to make
Unit 7 – Mole (week 12) sure your setup is correct.
 Practice – mass-mass calculation
Example: The combustion of methanol (CH3OH) occurs according to the unbalanced equation below.
If 3.5 grams of methanol burn, how many grams of carbon dioxide are produced?
CH3OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O
STEP 1: Identify the given chemical & amount and wanted chemical.
STEP 2: Find the molar masses and mole ratios (coefficients from reaction equation) for both chemicals.
STEP 3: Setup the math so units cancel. Round answer to sig digs.

Step 1: “set the stage” Step 3: calculation with unit analysis

Step 2: molar masses & mole ratios

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Limiting Reactant

7.5 Apply the mole concept to perform calculations based on the limiting-reactant principle

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Limiting Reactant vs. Excess Reactant
In a chemical reaction, a limiting reactant is the chemical substance that runs out/gets used up first.
An excess reactant is the chemical substance that is left over.

If a sandwich requires the following… …and I have this in the fridge… …then this happens:
2 complete sandwiches excess cheese

Bread:
+  The ________ reactant.
The bread ran out first.

Cheese:
The ________ reactant.
There is cheese left over.

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Limiting reactant calculations
Sample Question: If 10.0 g of oxygen and 10.0 g of hydrogen are available for the reaction, which reactant
is the limiting reactant in the balanced reaction 2 H2 + O2  2 H2O.
The Plan: To solve real chemistry problems with limiting reactants, we need a plan of attack.
STEP 1: Perform 2 mass-mass calculations.
STEP 2: Look at your answers and ask yourself 2 questions:
Question 1: Which is the smaller amount of product?
Question 2: Which reactant made that amount of product? This is your limiting reactant.

1st calculation: 2nd calculation:

how much water could be made from 10.0 g O2? how much water could be made from 10.0 g H2?

Equation: given × molar mass × mole ratio × molar mass Equation: given × molar mass × mole ratio × molar mass

Solution: Solution:
= 10.0 g O2 × __1 mol × 2 mol H2O × 18.02 g H2O = 10.0 g H2 × __1 mol × 2 mol H2O × 18.02 g H2O
32.00 g O2 1 mol O2 1 mol 2.02 g H2 2 mol H2 1 mol

= 11.3 g H2O [3 s.d.]
Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)
This is the smaller amount of = 89.2 g H2O [3 s.d.] If you had an unlimited amount of the
product. The reactant used here
other reactants, you could make this
was oxygen. Therefore, oxygen is
much water. This is not reality.
the limiting reactant.
 Limiting reactant calculations
Example: Nitrogen and hydrogen react according to the unbalanced reaction N2 + H2  NH3. If 4.00 g H2
and 7.00 g N2 are available: a) how much ammonia (NH3) will be made and b) what is the limiting reactant?
STEP 1: Perform 2 mass-mass calculations.
STEP 2: Look at your answers and ask yourself 2 questions:
Question 1: Which is the smaller amount of product?
Question 2: Which reactant made that amount of product? This is your limiting reactant.

1st calculation: 2nd calculation:

how much NH3 could be made from 4.00 g H2? how much NH3 could be made from 7.00 g N2?

Equation: given × molar mass × mole ratio × molar mass Equation: given × molar mass × mole ratio × molar mass

Solution: Solution:
= 4.00 g H2 × __1 mol × 2 mol NH3 × 17.04 g NH3 = 7.00 g N2 × __1 mol × 2 mol NH3 × 17.04 g NH3
2.02 g H2 3 mol H2 1 mol 28.02 g N2 1 mol N2 1 mol

= 22.5 g NH3 [3 s.d.] = 8.51 g NH3 [3 s.d.]

If you had an unlimited amount of
the other reactants, you could make
this much water. This is not reality.
Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)
This is the smaller amount of product.
The reactant used here was nitrogen.
Therefore, nitrogen is the limiting
reactant and you will make 8.51 g NH3.
 Practice – Limiting reactant
Practice 1: In a reaction, 50.0 g of manganese (IV) oxide reacts with 25.0 g of aluminum. Identify the limiting
reactant, excess reactant and state the mass of manganese metal produced.
3 MnO2 (l) + 4 Al (l)  3 Mn (l) + 2 Al2O3 (s)

Put it all together: The limiting reactant is ________, the excess reactant is ________ and _____g of
manganese metal will be made.

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Practice – Limiting reactant
Practice 2: Determine the limiting reactant if 79.1 g Zn reacts with 163.1 g HF. How much hydrogen gas
will be produced?
Zn + 2 HF → ZnF2 + H2

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Percentage Yield

7.6 Use the mole concept to perform percentage-yield calculations

actual yield
% yield = × 100%
theoretical yield

Success tip: You have to memorize this formula.

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)
 Nothing’s perfect…
Nothing in life is perfect: not your hair, your nails or your relationships. It may look like things
are perfect, but that is not reality. The same is true in chemistry: chemistry is not perfect.

Reality Not reality

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Nothing’s perfect…
In a chemical reaction, things don’t go to exactly as planned. The amounts you calculated in the last
section are called the theoretical yield. The theoretical yield is the yield a reaction can make in a perfect
world under perfect conditions. In a real chemical reaction, you get an actual yield.

what you actually make

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
% 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
what you should make

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Percent (%) Yield

Life Example Chemistry Example

Your gross salary (before taxes, deductions etc.) The theoretical yield of water in the reaction
is $2,894. Your net salary (after taxes, deductions below is 42.6 g. The actual yield was 27.1 g.
etc.) is $2,293. What is your salary “% yield”? What is the percent yield?
2 H2 + O2  2 H2O
net salary
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
% 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100% % 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
gross salary
$2, 293 27.1 𝑔
= × 100% = × 100%
$2,894 42.6 𝑔
= 79.23% = 63.6%

You took home 79.23% of The reaction made 63.36% of

what you actually make. what it could actually make.

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Practice – percent yield
Practice: Consider the balanced reaction 2 H2 + O2  2 H2O

a) If you start with 63 g of oxygen, b) The actual yield is 59.95 g of water.

what is the theoretical yield of water? Calculate the percent yield.

Theoretical Yield Percent Yield

Do a mass-mass calculation to figure Compare the actual yield to the theoretical yield
out how much water you could make.

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)

 Week 11 Summary
Summary Homework
A lot of math this week. The way to conquer Week 12 note taking template.
knowing a lot of math is practice a lot of math. Be Jot down anything you are still
very clear about how to use the mole roadmap and unclear of or are struggling with.
how to write conversion factors.

DC Connect Assignment 2 & Test

Refer to DC Connect for links to the Now you have all of the skills in your toolbox to
videos used this week, plus additional complete the assignment. What content should
helpful resources like a practice quiz. you focus on for your test prep?

www.durhamcollege.ca/connect

Unit 7 – Mole (week 12)