CHEMICAL BONDING

Chemical bonding results to breaking of

bonds and formation of new bonds, thus
new substances are formed.

Formation of new substances means a

chemical reaction has taken place.
ACTIVITY 4.7 Everything has changed
Q6. what happened to the mixture?
Q7. Describe what you observe in the flame.

Q8. What did you observe in the mixture?

Q9 what did you observed at the bottom of the test tube?
CHEMICAL REACTIONS

When a physical change occurs there is no

breaking and forming of bonds. A chemical
reaction is the process by which a
chemical change happens. There are certain
things that will help us identify if a
chemical reaction has taken place. We call
these evidences of chemical reactions.
Evidence for chemical
reactions

1. Production of light
2. Evolution of gas (bubbles)
3. Temperature change (container becomes very hot or cold)
4. Change in intrinsic properties (color, odor)
5. Formation of precipitate. (cloudy)
 Oxygen is vital to life. One interesting reaction which involves oxygen is the production of fire.
 The earliest theory about burning was the Phlogiston Theory. This theory by George Ernst Stahl
in the 17th century stated that when a material burns, it releases a substance known as phlogiston,
and this theory was accepted for a very long time.
ANTOINE LAVOISER

Through his careful observations from

his experiments, debunked the
phlogiston theory as he discovered
that instead of releasing a substance
(phlogiston) a material accurately
burns as it reacts (uses) with oxygen.
This is known as Theory of Oxidation,
and this is accepted up to this day.
For burning to occur, 3 factors should be
present in proper conditions and proportions.
1. Fuel
2. Oxygen
3. Heat

“An ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure”

Various materials acts as fuel to sustain fire, so various fire
prevention and control measures are later as you progress in
your lessons, you will get to learn more chemical reactions
which may bring benefit or harm as well as to the environment.
Reactants and Products
REACTANTS are substances that are
used up to form new substances in a
chemical reaction. Present at the
beginning of the reaction.
PRODUCTS are the substances formed
by the chemical reaction
NAMING IONS AND IONIC
COMPOUNDS
 Ions are atoms that have lost or gained electrons. Note that in a polyatomic ion,
the ion itself is held together by covalent bonds. Monoatomic cations (positive)
are named the same way as their element, and they come first when naming a
compound. Monoatomic anions (negative) have the suffix -ide and come at the
end of the compound's name.
 NaCl - Sodium chloride
 MgCl2 - Magnesium chloride
 Ca3N2 - Calcium nitride
 NAMING IONS AND IONIC
COMPOUNDS
 Polyatomic ions have special names. Many of them contain oxygen and are called oxyanions. When
different oxyanions are made of the same element, but have a different number of oxygen atoms, then
prefixes and suffixes are used to tell them apart. The chlorine family of ions is an excellent example.

 The -ate suffix is used on the most common oxyanion (like sulfate SO42- or nitrate NO3-). The
-ite suffix is used on the oxyanion with one oxygen atom fewer (like sulfite SO32- or nitrite NO2-).
Sometimes there can be a hypo- prefix, meaning one oxygen atom fewer than for -ite. There is also
a per- prefix, meaning one more oxygen atom than an -ate molecule has.
CHEMICAL EQUATION

A chemical equation represents the way in which

a reaction rearranges the atoms in reactants.
To write an equation, you must know the:
 reactants and products
 atomic symbols and formulas of the reactants
and products
 direction of the reaction
An arrow is used to separate the reactants and products,
and to show the direction of change.

The reactants are written on the left of the arrow while

the products on the right.

A double arrow (⇄) is sometimes used, this indicates a

reversible reaction. This means that as they are produced,
products are also converted back to reactants.
Symbols used in Chemical Equation
Key Concept
A chemical equation is a chemist’s shorthand for a
chemical reaction.
The equation differentiates between the reactants, which
are the starting materials and the products which are the
resulting substance/s.
It shows the symbols or formulas of the reactants and
products, the phases (solid, liquid, gas) of these substances,
and the ratio of the substances as they react.
WRITE AS A CHEMICAL EQUATION

1. Sodium oxide reacts with water to

produce sodium hydroxide
2. Hydrogen gas reacts with chlorine gas
to produce gaseous hydrochloric acid
3. Sodium combines with chlorine to
produce sodium chloride
Group Activity: Story Maker

1. Each group will be given a picture of a boy/s

and girl/s.
2. Your task is to create a story according to the
picture assigned to you.
3. Do this in 10 minutes.
Q1. In the 2nd chemical reaction, how many reactants were used? How many products is/are formed?
Q2. In the 3rd chemical reaction, how many reactants are used? How many products is are/formed?
Q3. in the first chemical reaction, what changes did copper and iron undergo during reaction?
 1.Combination Reaction
2. Decomposition Reaction

3. Single Displacement Reaction

4. Double Displacement Reaction

5. Combustion (Burning) Reaction

6. Acid-Base Reaction
COMBINATION (SYNTHESIS) REACTION

“the couple”
COMBINATION (SYNTHESIS) REACTION

A reaction when 2 or
more reactants combine
to form a single product.
The general formula for
this reaction is:
DECOMPOSITION REACTION
“The break-up”
DECOMPOSITION REACTION

 A single reactant breaks

down into simpler ones.
(2 or more products). This
is the reverse of the
combination reaction.
SINGLE DISPLACEMENT (REPLACEMENT)
REACTION
“The cheater”
SINGLE DISPLACEMENT (REPLACEMENT)
REACTION

 This is when one element replaces with another element to form a compound. The
more active element takes the place of the less active element in a compound.
DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT
REACTION “The Swap”
DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT
REACTION (METHATHESIS)
 This is when the positive ion (cations) and negative ions (anions) of different
compounds switch places forming two entirely different compounds.
COMBUSTION (BURNING) REACTION
 This is when oxygen combines with a hydrocarbon (compound containing hydrogen and carbon)
to form a water and carbon dioxide.
ACID-BASE REACTION
 This is a special kind of double displacement reaction that takes place when an
acid and base react with each other. The H+ of the acid reacts with the OH- of the
base forming water. The other product is salt.
GROUP ACTIVITY:

Give an example of
chemical reactions we
encounter everyday
Identify the type of Chemical Reaction

1. NaBr + Ca(OH)₂ CaBr₂ + NaOH

2. NH₃ + H2SO4 (NH₄)₂SO₄
3. C₅H₉O + O₂ CO₂ + H₂O
4. Pb + H₃PO₄ H₂ + Pb₃(PO₄)₂
5. Li₃N + NH₄NO₃ LiNO₃ + (NH₄)₃N
6. HBr + Al (OH)₃ H2O + AlBr₃
LAW OF
CONSERVATION
OF MASS
 Antoine-Laurant de Lavoisier did
an experiment where he heated a
metal mercury in air. He observed
that a reddish orange product was
formed which has a heavier mass
than the original metal. He
repeated the experiment, only the
next time, he placed the mercury
in a jar, sealed and recorded the
total mass of the set up. After the
mercury was heated in the jar, the
total mass of the jar and its
contents did not change.
 Lavoisier showed that the air in the jar would no longer support
burning-a candle flame was snuffed out by this air.

 He concluded that a gas in the air, which he called

oxygen, had combined with the mercury to form the new product.

 Lavoisier conducted many experiments of this type and found in all

cases that the mass of the reactants is equal to the mass of the
products
Law of Conservation of Mass
Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass is
conserved in a chemical reaction. The total mass of the
reactants is equal to the total mass of the products. No
new atoms are created or destroyed, there was only
grouping or regrouping (rearrangement) of atoms.

MASS REACTANTS = MASS PRODUCTS

 How would you draw this reaction as particles and show conservation of mass?

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

methane gas oxygen gas carbon dioxide gas water

How does this picture show that particles and therefore mass are conserved
from reactant’s side to product’s side?
What is all that really happens to the particles in a chemical reaction?
Can atoms of one type be changed into (transformed) atoms of another type
during a chemical reaction?
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

methane gas oxygen gas carbon dioxide gas water

12g/mol+4(1g/mol) + 2 (2 x 16g/mol) 12g/mol+
 (2 x 16g/mol) + 2 (2 x 1g/mol + 16g/mol)
16g + 64 g 44g + 36 g

80g 80g
Steps in computing the molar mass of the chemical reaction.

1. Get the molar mass of each reactants and products.

2. Multiply their masses by their coefficient. (Note: If there is only one set, we do not need to
write 1 anymore)
3. Get the total mass of the reactants and compare it to the total mass of the products.
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
 Chemical equations should reflect this conservation in terms
of atoms. The same number of atoms of each element must
appear on both sides of a chemical equation.

 However, simply writing down the chemical formulas of

reactants and products does not always result in equal
number of atoms. There is a need to balance equation to
make the number of atoms equal on each side.
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Fora chemical equation to conform to the Law of

Conservation of Mass, it has to be balanced.

Chemical equations are balanced by placing the

appropriate coefficients before the symbols or
formulas of reactants and products.

Certain steps are observed in balancing reactions.

STEPS IN BALANCING EQUATION

1. Write the unbalanced chemical equation, make sure you have followed correctly the rules in
writing formulas of compounds.
2. Take note of the elements present in the reactant and product side.
STEPS IN BALANCING EQUATION

3. Count the number of atom/s of each element present in the reactant and product
side.

4. Apply the Law of Conservation of Mass to get the same number of atoms of every
element on each side of the equation.
STEPS IN BALANCING EQUATION

Balance the chemical equations by placing

the appropriate coefficients before the symbol
and formula

Do not change the subscripts of the formula

in an attempt to balance the equation as it will
change the identity of the components
Both the vehicle and the puppy are experiencing combustion reactions.

Gasoline reacts rapidly with oxygen to produce extreme amounts of heat.

Glucose in the puppy’s cells reacts slowly with oxygen from the blood to
produce small amounts of heat.
Collision theory talks
about the cause of the
chemical reaction
COLLISION THEORY:
 Collisiontheory explains how collision between reactant
molecules may or may not result in a successful chemical reaction.

 Based on this theory, not all collisions between the molecules

result in the formation of products. Effective collisions between
molecules, which result in the formation of products, only occur
when the following two conditions are met:
a. The colliding molecules should possess a minimum
kinetic energy, known as activation energy to start a
chemical reaction.
b. the reactant molecules should be in correct
orientation when they collide.

Activation energy is needed to break the bond between

reactant molecules to form new bonds leading to
formation of the products.
In order for a chemical reaction to happen,
there should be rearrangement or regrouping
of atoms.
In other words, there should be an effective
collision of atoms/molecules
There must be sufficient energy and
molecules shouldbe properly
oriented when they collide
 In1888, Svante Arrhenius suggested that particles
must possess a certain minimum amount of kinetic
energy in order to react.
 Activation energy is the
energy required to initiate
a reaction and force the
reactants to form an
activated complex. The
activated complex is
located at the peak of the
energy diagram for a
reaction.
 A catalyst lowers the
activation energy.
(decreases the
minimum energy
required )
FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

A. Surfacearea of reactants
B. Temperature
C. Presence of catalyst
D. Concentration of reactants
A. PARTICLE SIZE or SURFACE
AREA
 Smaller particles size have bigger surface area. Bigger surface
area means bigger exposed portions of a solid which are
available points of contact between reactants.

 (Breaking a large piece of a substance into smaller parts

increases the surface area. All the inner materials have no
surface when it is inside the large piece. Each time a large piece
is broken however, more surface is exposed. The amount of the
material does not change but breaking it into smaller parts
increases its surface area.)
B. TEMPERATURE

 Thehigher the temperature, the higher the rate of reaction. At higher

temperature, atoms have higher kinetic energy, making the particles
move faster and therefore increases the chance for the particles to
come in contact with each other.
C. CATALYST
The presence of catalyst
speeds up the rate of
reaction. A catalyst
provides an energy
pathway needed to start a
reaction, therefore
increasing the reaction
rate.
D. CONCENTRATION
 The higher the concentration, the faster the rate of
reaction. Concentration is a measure of the number
of particles in a given volume. A higher
concentration means greater number of possible
effective collisions among molecules resulting to
faster rate of reaction.
“Making connections”
 Lifeand industry depends on chemical reactions.
Industry uses chemical reactions to make useful
products.
 Some chemical reactions enhance quality of life.
However, other chemical reactions bring harm to life and
degradation of the quality of our ecosystem.
ACID RAIN
What effect does acid rain has on
limestone/marble statutes?
What effect does acid rain has on plant
growth?
Nitric oxide NO₂, a
product of
combustion of
gasoline in
automobiles is one
of the culprits in
the formation of
acid raid.
Who should be responsible for cleaning up
the pollution problem?
 Everybody should be responsible, since we are all
affected by the ill effects of pollution to our environment.
Our health and even our supply of food are affected by its
ill effects.
BONUS QUESTIONS
1. Give at least 2 evidences of chemical reactions.
2. (True or False) A catalyst lowers the activation energy.
3. Identify the type of chemical reaction and balance the
equation.
H₂+O₂ H₂O