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Chemical Equations
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Reactants Product
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H2 H2O
O2
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• Stoichiometric coefficients: numbers in front of the
chemical formulas give numbers of molecules or
atoms reacting (and numbers being produced).
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Law of Conservation of Mass:
All reactions must be balanced
Count atoms:
Reactants: Products:
1C 1C
4H 2H
2O 3O
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Balance reactions only by changing coefficients,
not by altering chemical formula
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Combustion is the burning of a substance in oxygen:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O(l)
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Which is correct? (Blue=A; Red=B)
a) A2 + B A2B
b) A2 + 4B 2 AB2
c) 2A + B4 2 AB2
d) A + B2 AB2
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Atomic and Molecular Weights
Percentage Composition from Formulas
% Element
Atoms of Element AW
100
FW of Compound
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Percentage Composition from Formulas
What is % O in H2SO4 (by mass)?
FW of O in H2SO4 = 4 x 16 = 64 amu
%O = 64 x 100 = 65.3%
98
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The Mole* *MSJ Ch 3 pp 100-104
• The “amu” is an “atomic mass unit.”
• O has a mass of 16 amu – but we can’t weigh out
anything in amu
• If we want to keep the number “16” for the mass of
oxygen in some real units (like grams) then we are
dealing with a whole bunch of atoms (in 16 g of oxygen).
• That bunch of atoms is called a mole.
• Experimentally,
1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 things (atoms)
• This number is called Avogadro’s number.
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The mole is defined so that one mole of a substance has a mass
equal to its AW or MW in grams
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The Mole
Experimentally, 1 mole of 12C has a mass of
exactly 12 g. (recall from Ch. 2)
Molar Mass
Molar mass: mass in grams of 1 mole of substance
Units: g/mol or g.mol-1.
Mass of 1 mole of 12C = 12 g exactly
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This photograph shows
one mole of :
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The Mole
Molar Mass
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The Mole
Interconverting Masses, Moles, and Numbers of
Particles
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Example 1: 5.00 g of P
(a) contains mol of P
(b) contains atoms of P
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Example 3: 3.5 mol CO2:
(a) has what mass?
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Empirical Formulas from Analyses
Start with mass % of elements (i.e. empirical data) and
calculate a formula.
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Empirical Formulas from Analyses*
Example: compound of N and O *MSJ Ch 3 pp 104-108
Given analysis: N: 25.9%; O: 74.1%
Assume 100g; N: 25.9 g; O: 74.1 g
Change to mol:
N: 25.9 g x mol = 1.85 mol
14 g
O: 74.1 g x mol = 4.63 mol
16 g
Preliminary emp. Formula: N1.85O4.63
Clean it up: divide both by 1.85:
Get N1O2.5; get rid of fractions, multiply both by 2:
Get N2O5 which is the empirical (simplest) formula
What are some possible molecular formulas?
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Empirical Formulas from Analyses
Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula
Once we know the empirical formula, we need the MW to
find the molecular formula.
Subscripts in the molecular formula are always whole-
number multiples of subscripts in the empirical formula.
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Quantitative Information from
Balanced Equations
Balanced chemical equation gives number of molecules
(or moles) that react to form products.
Interpretation: balanced equation gives us the ratio of
number of moles of reactant to product (or v.v.)
.These ratios are called stoichiometric ratios.
Example:
2 H2 + O2 2 H2O
Molecules: 2 1 2
Moles: 2 1 2
Ratio of O2:H2O = 1:2 (either molecules or moles)
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Quantitative Information from
Balanced Equations
The ratio of
grams of
reactant
cannot be
directly
related to the
grams of
product.
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Stoichiometry
Problem:
aluminum sulfide + water
aluminum hydroxide + hydrogen sulfide
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Stoichiometry
Problem:
2 NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3 N2(g)
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Limiting Reactants
If the reactants are not present in stoichiometric
amounts, at end of reaction some reactants are still
present (in excess).
Limiting Reactant: one reactant that is consumed.
O2
H2
O2 INXS
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RECIPE:
3 cups flour + 4 eggs + 2 cups sugar cake
--------------------------------------------------------
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RECIPE:
3 cups flour + 4 eggs + 2 cups sugar cake
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Limiting Reagent
(a)Assume a reactant (any one) is LR.
Calculate stoichiometric amount of product (any
product) formed.
(b) Pick another reactant and make it the LR.
Calculate the stoichiometric amount of same
product formed.
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Limiting Reagent
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Limiting Reagent
Problem:
4 NH3 + 5 O2 4 NO + 6 H2O
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Limiting Reactants
Theoretical Yields
The amount of product predicted from stoichiometry
taking into account limiting reagents is called the
theoretical yield.
The percent yield relates the actual yield (amount of
material recovered in the laboratory) to the
theoretical yield:
Actual yield
% Yield 100
Theoretical yield
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Theoretical Yield
Problem:
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