LESSON 8.

3 PART 1

Mass relationships in
a chemical reaction
Even more stoichiometry!
 Calculating Amount of Reactants and Products

ü Mole method of solving stoichiometry problems

ü In mole method, the stoichiometric coefficients in a
balanced chemical equation is interpreted as the
number of moles of each substance.

N2 + 3H2 ® 2NH3
1 mole of N2 combines with 3 moles of H2 to form 2 moles
of NH3 gas
 Mole Ratios
● In stoichiometric calculations, the coefficients are the
considered as the molar ratios.
● The said relationships/ molar ratios can also be
written as conversion factors.

N2 + 3H2 ® 2NH3
" $%& '! ! $%& ('"
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝐻! 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁𝐻" or
! $%& ('" " $%& '!

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁! 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻!
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑁! 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻! 𝑜𝑟
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻! 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁!
 Steps in Solving Stoichiometry
Problems
The following steps is a general approach in solving
stoichiometry problems:
Mass of
Mass of
substance
substance
B
A

Molar mass of Use molar Molar mass of

A ratio of B
A&B
No. of moles No. of moles
of substance of substance
A B
 Stoichiometry Sample Problem (mole to mole)

KClO3 ® KCl + O2
a.) How many moles of O2 are produced by the decomposition of 6 moles of
potassium chlorate?

STRATEGY: Write the balanced chemical equation.

2KClO3 ® 2KCl + 3O2

Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of
oxygen produced from 6 moles of potassium chlorate.

3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂!
6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂" × = 𝟗 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐎𝟐
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂"
 Sample problem: Moles to Mass

2KClO3 ® 2KCl + 3O2

b) What is the mass of potassium chlorate needed to

produce 2.50 moles of oxygen?

2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂" 122.55 𝑔

2.50 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂! × × =
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂! 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂"
𝟐𝟎𝟒. 𝟐𝟓 𝒈 𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟑
 Sample problem: Mass to Mass

2KClO3 ® 2KCl + 3O2

C.) Calculate the mass of oxygen gas (in grams) that can be obtained from
46.0 g of KClO3

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂! 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂" 32 𝑔

46.0 𝑔 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂! × × × =
122.55 𝑔 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂! 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂! 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂"

𝟏𝟖. 𝟎 𝒈 𝑶𝟐
THEORETICAL YIELD
Amount calculated based on stoichiometry

ACTUAL YIELD
What you actually get (in the laboratory)
PERCENT YIELD
 LET’S TRY THIS!

Given the chemical equation

Fe + H2O ➞ Fe2O3 + H2

A. How many moles of H2O will react with 23.1 grams of Fe?

B. How many grams of Fe2O3 will be formed?

 LET’S TRY THIS!

Given the chemical equation

C2H2 + O2 ® CO2 + H2O

a. Write the balanced chemical equation.

b. How many moles of CO2 can be produced from 3.60 mol C2H2?
c. What is the mass of O2 needed to produce 1.10 moles of CO2?
d. How many grams of H2O is produced when 113 g of C2H2 is reacted?
GASES AT STANDARD TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE (STP)
STP: Temperature at 0o C (273.15 K)
and Pressure at 1 atm

At STP, one (1) mole of any gas

occupies a volume of 22.4 L.

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
22.4 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠
GASES AT STANDARD TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE (STP)
What volume does 4.96 mol of O2 occupy at STP?

22.4 𝐿 𝑂"
4.96 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂" × =
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂"

𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏 𝑳 𝑶𝟐
 LESSON 8.3 PART 2

Limiting and Excess

Reagent
Even more stoichiometry!
CHEMICAL REACTION
A process in which one or more substance(s) (reactants) are
converted into a one or more different substance(s)
 REACTANT
A substance that undergoes a chemical reaction and
changes in the process

REAGENT
LIMITING REAGENT
Reactants that get completely consumed in a chemical reaction
and therefore limits the amount of products
EXCESS REAGENT
Reactants that are not used up during a chemical reaction
 =
5 hotdogs 14 slices of bread 5 sandwiches
(4 slices of bread in excess)
 =
9 hotdogs 14 slices of bread 7 sandwiches
(2 hotdogs in excess)
Why do we need to determine limiting
reactant in a chemical reaction?
Knowing the limiting reagent
in a chemical reaction is very
important because the
quantity of this reactant will
determine the maximum
amount of product that can
be obtained from a chemical
reaction.
Biochemical reactions in your body
convert fats, carbohydrates, and under
extreme dietary conditions—proteins
in foods you eat into energy. These
biochemical reactions, like all chemical
reactions, require the presence of a
complete set of reactants to produce
the desired product.
 NH3 = 17.04 g/mol
Stoichiometry of LR/ER O2 = 32.0 g/mol
NO = 30.01 g/mol
NH3 + O2 ® NO + H2O H2O = 18.0 g/mol

In an experiment, 3.25 g of NH3 are allowed to react with 3.50 g of O2.

a. Which reactant is the limiting reagent?

b. Which reactant is the excess reagent?

c. How many grams (theoretical yield) of NO are formed?

d. How much of the excess reactant remains in grams after the reaction?
 1. Start by writing the balanced chemical
equation for the reaction.

4NH3 + 5O2 à 4NO + 6H2O

NH3 = 17.04 g/mol
O2 = 32.0 g/mol
NO = 30.01 g/mol
In an experiment, 3.25 g of NH3 are allowed to react with 3.50 g of O2. H2O = 18.0 g/mol
 2. Convert all GIVEN quantities of the
REACTANTS into Mole REACTANTS

NH3 = 17.04 g/mol

O2 = 32.0 g/mol
4NH3 + 5O2 à 4NO + 6H2O NO = 30.01 g/mol
In an experiment, 3.25 g of NH3 are allowed to react with 3.50 g of O2. H2O = 18.0 g/mol
 3. Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to
calculate the number of moles of product produced by
each reactant. (Mole REACTANTS -> Mole PRODUCT)

NH3 = 17.04 g/mol

O2 = 32.0 g/mol
4NH3 + 5O2 à 4NO + 6H2O NO = 30.01 g/mol
H2O = 18.0 g/mol
In an experiment, 3.25 g of NH3 are allowed to react with 3.50 g of O2.
 A.) O2 produced less product, therefore it is the:
limiting reagent.
B.) 𝑁𝐻3 produce more product and therefore it is the
excess reagent. NH3 = 17.04 g/mol
O2 = 32.0 g/mol
4NH3 + 5O2 à 4NO + 6H2O NO = 30.01 g/mol
In an experiment, 3.25 g of NH3 are allowed to react with 3.50 g of O2. H2O = 18.0 g/mol
 4. How many grams of NO are formed?
(Mole Product from LR à Gram Product)

NH3 = 17.0 g/mol

O2 = 32.0 g/mol
4NH3 + 5O2 à 4NO + 6H2O NO = 30.01 g/mol
H2O = 18.0 g/mol
In an experiment, 3.25 g of NH3 are allowed to react with 3.50 g of O2.
 5. How much of the excess reactant remains after the
reaction?

The amount of NH3 in excess can be calculated by converting Mole Product from
LR into GRAMS of ER. The amount of excess reactant left over is the difference
between the initial amount and the amount reacted.

NH3 = 17.04 g/mol

O2 = 32.0 g/mol
4NH3 + 5O2 à 4NO + 6H2O NO = 30.01 g/mol
In an experiment, 3.25 g of NH3 are allowed to react with 3.50 g of O2. H2O = 18.0 g/mol
LR/ER STOICH GUIDE
BALANCE

MOLE Reactants

MOLE RATIO

Identify LR and ER

MOLE Product LR to GRAM Product

MOLE Product LR to GRAM ER

Excess Reactant: INITIAL amt – FINAL amt
Sample Problem:
4 Al + 3 O2 à 2 Al2O3

Al = 27.0 g/mol
O2 = 32.0 g/mol
Al2O3 = 102.0 g/mol

1. In the experiment, 11.0 g of Al and 13.0 g of O2. Determine the ff:

a. Limiting reactant (LR) Al
b. Excess reactant (ER) O2
c. Theoretical yield (TY) of Al2O3 in grams 20.8 g Al2O3
d. Amount of Excess reactant in grams 3.21 g O2
Sample Problem:
2 C2H2 + 5 O2 à 4 CO2 + 2 H2O

C2H2 = 26.0 g/mol

O2 = 32.0 g/mol
CO2 = 44.0 g/mol
H2O = 18.0 g/mol

2. From the reaction of 52.0 grams of acetylene (C2H2) with 44.8 g

of oxygen gas (O2), determine the:
a. Limiting reactant (LR) O2
b. Excess reactant (ER) C2H2
c. Theoretical yield (TY) of H2O in grams 10.1 g H2O
d. Amount of Excess reactant in grams 37.44 g C2H2
Sample Problem:
3. One of the steps in producing nitric acid (HNO3) using the
Ostwald process is:
4NH3 + 5O2 à 4NO + 6H2O
If 4.398 g of NH3 is allowed to react with 13.54 g of O2,
determine:
A. Limiting reactant (LR) NH3
B. Excess reactant (ER) O2
C. Theoretical yield (TY) of NO in grams 7.76 g NO
D. Amount of Excess reactant in grams 3.19 g O2
E. The % yield if 6.632 g NO is actually obtained. 85.46 %
Sample Problem:
4. Thermite reaction is necessary to produce molten iron. This
reaction involves Fe3O4 and Al and is described by:

8Al + 3Fe3O4 à 9Fe + 4Al2O3

If 198.5 g Al and 365.5 g Fe3O4 are used, determine:

A. Limiting reactant (LR) Fe3O4
B. Excess reactant (ER) Al
C. Theoretical yield (TY) of NO in grams
D. Amount of Excess reactant in grams 85.07 g Al
Sample Problem:
5. Acrylonitrile is the starting material for the production of acrylic, a
common synthetic fiber. This compound can be prepared from the
reaction between propylene and nitric oxide based on the following
balanced chemical reaction:
4C3H6(g) + 6NO(g) à 4C3H3N(g) + 6H2O(g) + N2(g)
If 126 g of C3H6 and 175 g of NO were initially used, determine:
A. Limiting reactant (LR)
B. Excess reactant (ER)
C. Theoretical yield (TY) of NO in grams
D. Amount of Excess reactant in grams