Chemical Reaction

and
Stoichiometry
Equations for chemical reactions
➢ A chemical change occurs when a substance is converted into one or more
new substances.
➢ A chemical reaction always involves chemical change because atoms of the
reacting substances form new combinations with new properties.
➢ In chemistry, a chemical equation tells us the materials we need and the
products that will form in a chemical reaction
Writing a Chemical Equation
Suppose you work in a bicycle shop assembling wheels and frames into bicycles.
You could represent this process by a simple equation:

How to write the equation for a reaction

These are the steps to follow, when writing an equation:
1. Write the equation in words.
2. Now write it using symbols. Make sure all the formulae are correct.

3. Check that the equation is balanced, for each type of atom in turn.
❖ a balanced equation, in order to have the same number of atoms for each
element in the reactants as in the products.
 ❖ In the balanced equation, there are whole numbers called coefficients in
front of the formulas.
Make sure you do not change any formulae.
Example :
➢ Hydrogen and nitrogen react to form ammonia, NH3.
The balanced equation is written as : 3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g)
a. Identify the coefficient for H2, N2, and NH3 in the balanced equation.
3H2(g) + 1N2(g) → 2NH3(g)
b. Calculate the number of atoms for each element in the reactants and
products
3H2(g) + 1N2(g) → 2NH3(g)
3x2 1x2 2x1 2x3
6H 2N = 2N 6H
Question and Problem
01. Balance each of the following chemical equations:
a. Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) → Fe(s) + CO2(g)
b. Li3N(s) → Li(s) + N2(g)
c. Al(s) + HBr(aq) → AlBr3(aq) + H2(g)
d. Ba(OH)2(aq) + Na3PO4(aq)→ Ba3(PO4)2(s) + NaOH(aq)
e. As4S6(s) + O2(g) → As4O6(s) + SO2(g)
02. Write a balanced equation using the correct formulas and include conditions
(s, l, g, or aq) for each of the following chemical reactions:
a. Lithium metal reacts with liquid water to form hydrogen gas and aqueous
lithium hydroxide.
b. Solid phosphorus reacts with chlorine gas to form solid phosphorus
pentachloride.
c. Solid iron(II) oxide reacts with carbon monoxide gas to form solid iron and
carbon dioxide gas.
d. Liquid pentene (C5H10) burns in oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide gas
and water vapor.
e. Hydrogen sulfide gas and solid iron(III) chloride react to form solid
iron(III) sulfide and hydrogen chloride gas.
f. Solid sodium carbonate decomposes to produce solid sodium oxide and
carbon dioxide gas.
g. Nitrogen oxide gas reacts with carbon monoxide gas to produce nitrogen
gas and carbon dioxide gas.
h. Iron metal reacts with solid sulfur to produce solid iron(III) sulfide.
 i. Solid calcium reacts with nitrogen gas to produce solid calcium nitride.
j. In the Apollo lunar module, hydrazine gas, N2H4, reacts with dinitrogen
tetroxide gas to produce gaseous nitrogen and water vapor

The Mole Concept

➢ 1 mole is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many
elementary particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of the 12C isotope.
➢ The mole is an SI unit, symbol rnol, defined as a fixed amount, n, of a
substance
➢ The number 6.02 x 1023 is referred to as the Avogadro constant.
It is the number of specified particles-electrons, atoms, molecules or ions in 1
mole.

number of particles = number of moles x 6.02 x 1023

Thus,
1 mol of carbon-12 contains 6.02 X 1023 carbon-12 atoms
1 mol of H20 contains 6.02 X 1023 H2O molecules
1 mol of NaCI contains 6.02 X 1023 NaCl formula units
➢ The mass of 1 mole of an element or compound is its relative atomic mass
(Ar) or relative molecular mass (Mr) expressed in grams.
An amount of substance is measured in moles.

mass of substance
number of moles =
Mr

Moles and elements

➢ For example, the relative atomic mass (Ar) of iron is 56, so one mole of iron
is 56 g. Therefore, 56 g of iron contains 6.02 × 1023 atoms.
➢ The Ar for aluminium is 27. In 27 g of aluminium it is found that there are
6.02 × 1023 atoms. Therefore, 27 g of aluminium is one mole of aluminium
atoms.
➢ The mass of a substance present in any number of moles can be calculated
using the relationship:

mass of X (in grams) = number of moles x ArX

1 Fe atom has a mass of 55.85 amu and 1mol of Fe atoms has a mass of 55.85 g
1S atom has a mass of 32.07 amu and 1 mol of S atoms has a mass of 32.07 g
1 O atom has a mass of 16.00 amu and 1 mol of O atoms has a mass of 16.00 g
1O2 molecule has a mass of 32 amu and 1 mol of O2 molecules has a mass of 32 g
Question and Problem
01. Calculate the mass of :
a. 2 moles of iron
b. 0.25 mole of iron. (Ar Fe = 56 )
02. Calculate the number of moles of aluminum presen in :
a. 108 g of the aluminum
b. 13.5 g of the aluminum. ( Ar Al = 27)
Moles and compounds
➢ The mass of 1 mole of a compound is called its molar mass in gram.
➢ If you write the molar mass of a compound without any units then it is the
relative formula mass, often called the relative molecular mass (Mr).

mass of compound X ( grams) = number of moles x Mr X

Question and Problem
01. a. What is the mass of 1 mole of ethanol, C2H5OH
b. What is the relative formula mass (RFM) of ethanol, C2H5OH?
(Ar: H = 1; C = 12; O = 16)
02. What amount (moles) is represented by each of these samples?
a. 20.0 mg caffeine, C8H10N4O2
b. 2.72 x 1021 molecules of ethanol, C2H5OH
c. 1.50 g of dry ice, CO2
03. How many atoms of nitrogen are present in 5.00 g of each of the following?
a. glycine, C2H5O2N c. calcium nitrate
b. magnesium nitride d. dinitrogen tetroxide
04. Ascorbic acid, or vitamin C (C6H8O6), is an essential vitamin. It cannot be
stored by the body and must be present in the diet.
a. What is the molar mass of ascorbic acid?
b. Vitamin C tablets are taken as a dietary supplement. If a typical tablet
contains 500.0 mg vitamin C, what amount (moles) and what number of
molecules of vitamin C does it contain?
05. The molecular formula of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), one of the most
commonly used pain relievers, is C9H8O4.
 a. Calculate the molar mass of aspirin.
b. A typical aspirin tablet contains 500. mg C9H8O4. What amount (moles) of
C9H8O4 molecules and what number of molecules of acetylsalicylic acid
are in a 500.-mg tablet?
Moles and gases
Many substances exist as gases. If we want to find the number of moles of a gas
we can do this by measuring the volume rather than the mass.
Chemists have shown by experiment that:
➢ One mole of any gas occupies a volume of approximately 22.4 dm3 (22.4 L)
at standard temperature and pressure, STP ( 0oC, 1 atm). This quantity is
also known as the molar gas volume, Vm. Therefore, it is relatively easy to
convert volumes of gases into moles and moles of gases

V (STP) = number of moles x 22.4 L

➢ One mole of any gas occupies a volume of approximately 24 dm3 (24 litres )
at room temperature and pressure (rtp). This quantity is also known as the
molar gas volume, Vm. Therefore, it is relatively easy to convert volumes of
gases into moles and moles of gases into volumes using the following
relationship:

V (RTP) = number of moles x 24 L

Question and Problem

01. Calculate the number of moles of ammonia gas, NH3, in a volume of 72 dm3
of the gas measured at rtp.
02. Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas, CO2, occupied by
a. 5 moles of the gas measured at rtp
b. 0.5 mole of the gas measured at rtp.
03. An unknown diatomic gas has a density of 3.164 g/L at STP. What is the
identity of the gas?

Stoichiometry
➢ The fundamental principle of chemical stoichiometry is that the
amount(moles) of a reaction product that forms is proportional to the
amount of a reactant that reacts.
➢ The stoichiometric coefficients indicate the number of molecules of each
reactant that reacts and the number of molecules of each product that forms.
➢ The stoichiometric coefficients also indicate the amount (moles) of each
reactant that reacts and the amount of each product that forms.
➢ The stoichiometric coefficients in a balanced chemical equation can be used
to obtain mole ratios. A mole ratio (stoichiometric factor) is a
proportionality factor that relates the amount of one substance in the
equation to the amount of another.
➢ Mole ratios are significant because we can use them to calculate the amount
of one reactant or product from the amount of another reactant or product
➢ For example, we can calculate the amount of N2, n(N2), produced when 0.400
mol N2H4 reacts fully with N2O4. The reaction is :
N2O4 + 2N2H4 → 3N2 + 4H2O
0.400 mol ~ 32 ∙0.400 mol
= 0.600 mol
Limiting reactant
➢ A limiting reactant is a reactant that is completely converted to products.
➢ Once the limiting reactant has all been converted to products there is none of
it left to react. Thus the limiting reactant limits the amounts of products that
form. Consequently, the amount(s) of product(s) formed is(are) always
determined (limited) by the initial amount of the limiting reactant.
Calculating Percentage Yield
➢ The amount of product made duringan experiment is called the experimental
yield.
➢ The amount you expect to make from your mathematical calculatations is
theoretocal yield
➢ Experimental yield is often significantly less than the theorerical yield.

exp erimental yield

Percentage yield = x100 %
theoretical yield

Question and Problem

01. An iron ore named hematite, Fe2O3, reacts with carbon monoxide, CO, to
form iron and carbon dioxide. Calculate the amount (mol) and the mass (g) of
iron that are produced when 45.0 g hematite reacts with sufficient CO.
02. The alcohol component of gasohol burns according to the equation
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
a. what mass of alcohol is needed to produce 5.45 mol of H2O
b. How many moles of CO2 are produced along with 155g of H2O
c.What mass of CO2 is produced from 146 g of C2H5OH ?
d. What mass of C2H5OH reacts with 0.898 g of O2 ?
e. What mass of H2O is produced from 5.85 x 1024 molecules of O2 ?
03. The fermentation of sugar to produce ethyl alcohol is represented by the
equation : C6H12O6(s) → 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g)
what mass of alcohol is produced from 25.0 mol of sugar ?
04. A balloon, which can hold a maximum of 1000 cm3 of nitrogen before
bursting, contains 955 cm3 of nitrogen at 5 °C.
a. Determine whether the balloon will burst if the temperature is increased to
30 °C.
b. Use the kinetic theory to explain what happens to the molecules of
nitrogen inside the balloon as the temperature is increased to 30 °C.
05. Consider the equation
2AgNO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq) → 2AgCl(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
If a solution containing 20.0 g of AgNO3 is mixed with a solution containing
10.0 g of AgNO3, which compound is the limiting reactant ? what mass of
AgCl forms ? What mass of one of the reactants remains ?
06. Hydrated sodium carbonate has the formula Na2CO3.nH2O. An experiment
was performed to determine n, the amount of water of crystallization. A
sample of 50.00 grams of hydrated sodium carbonate was dissolved in 250
cm3 of water. 20.00 cm3 of this solution reacted completely with 13.95 cm3 of
2.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.
Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
a. Calculate the amount of hydrochloric acid reacted.
b. Calculate the amount of sodium carbonate in the 20 cm3 of the solution
used in the reaction.
c. Calculate the concentration of sodium carbonate in the sample.
d. Calculate the molar mass of the hydrated sodium carbonate.
e. Calculate the value of n.
07. a. Aqueous XO43– ions form a precipitate with aqueous silver ions. Write a
balanced equation for the reaction, including state symbols.
b. When 41.18 cm3 of a solution of aqueous silver ions with a concentration
of 0.2040 mol dm–3 is added to a solution of ions, 1.172 g of the
precipitate is formed.
i. Calculate the amount (in moles) of Ag+ ions used in the reaction.
ii. Calculate the amount (in moles) of the precipitate formed.
iii. Calculate the molar mass of the precipitate.
iv. Determine the relative atomic mass of X and identify the element.
08. Hydrazine, N2H4, is used as rocket fuel. Calculate the volume of oxygen,
measured at stp, which would be required for the complete combustion of
1.00 kg of hydrazine. (N 89/ I / 2 )
09. a. Define the term mole.
Why is the phrase “the mass of one mole of oxygen” ambiguous ?
c. A meteorologial ballon of 2 m diameter has a volume of 4.19 m3. It floats
since it is given an uptrust equal to the mass of air displaces. Calculate
(i) the mass the hydrogen in the ballon
(ii) the mass of air it displaces
(iii) the load the ballon can carry for it just lift off from the ground
[average Mr of air = 29. Under the conditions of inflation, 1 mol of
hydrogen occupies a volume of 23 dm3] [N90/III/2 ]
10. a. Write an equation for the formation of zinc iodide from zinc and iodine.
b. 100.0 g of zinc is allowed to react with 100.0 g of iodine producing zinc
iodide. Calculate the amount (in moles) of zinc and iodine, and hence
determine which reactant is in excess.
 c. Calculate the mass of zinc iodide that will be produced.
11. A student (student 1) decided to carry out a precipitation reaction in which a
solution containing 1.00 g of silver nitrate was mixed with another solution
containing 1.00 g of sodium chloride. The student expected a precipitate of
silver chloride.
a. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction, including states.
b. Calculate the mass of precipitate that will be theoretically obtained.
12. Another student (student 2) in the class was also carrying out an investigation
on precipitation reactions in which two solutions, each of which contained
only 0.50 g of solid, were mixed. A solution of lead(II) nitrate was mixed
with a solution of sodium chloride and a precipitate of lead(II) chloride was
expected.
a Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction, including states.
b Calculate the mass of precipitate that will theoretically be obtained
13. a. Student 1 (question 11) fi ltered the silver chloride precipitate and allowed
it to dry. The mass of the precipitate that had been collected was 0.732 g.
Calculate the percentage yield obtained.
b. Student 2 (question 12) followed the same procedure to collect the
precipitate and collected 0.413 g of lead(II) chloride. Calculate the
percentage yield obtained.
c. Which student had been more careful in their experimental technique to
minimize loss of precipitate?
14. A student weighed a 3.20 g strip of magnesium ribbon, placed it in a crucible
and ignited it. At the end of the reaction a white powder of magnesium oxide
remained. The equation for the reaction that occurred is:
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
a. Calculate the theoretical mass of magnesium oxide to be formed.
b. The student dropped the crucible when removing it from the clay triangle
that was being used during the heating. The crucible did not break, but the
magnesium oxide fell out of the crucible. It was swept back into the
crucible and found to have a mass of 4.43 g. Calculate the percentage
yield obtained.
c. Explain the percentage yield obtained in part b
15. A sample of a substance with the empirical formula XBr2 weighs 0.5000 g.
When it is dissolved in water and all its bromine is converted to insoluble
AgBr by addition of an excess of silver nitrate, the mass of the resulting
AgBr is found to be 1.0198 g. The chemical reaction is
 XBr2 + 2 AgNO3 → 2 AgBr + X(NO3)2
(a) Calculate the molecular mass (that is, formula mass) of XBr2.
(b) Calculate the atomic mass of X and give its name and symbol
16. An ionic compound MX3 is prepared according to the following unbalanced
chemical equation: M + X2 → MX3
A 0.105-g sample of X2 contains 8.92 x 1020 molecules. The compound MX3
consists of 54.47% X by mass. What are the identities of M and X, and what
is the correct name for MX3? Starting with 1.00 g each of M and X2,what
mass of MX3 can be prepared?
17. A 0.755-g sample of hydrated copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4 xH2O) was heated
carefully until it had changed completely to anhydrous copper(II) sulfate
(CuSO4) with a mass of 0.483 g. Determine the value of x. [This number is
called the “number of waters of hydration” of copper(II) sulfate. It specifies
the number of water molecules per formula unit of CuSO4 in the hydrated
crystal.]
Exercise
01. In some fireworks there is a reaction between powdered aluminium and
powdered barium nitrate in which heat is evolved and an unreactive gas is
produced. What is the equation for this reaction?
A. 2Al + Ba(NO3)2 → Al2O3 + BaO + 2NO
B. 4Al + 4Ba(NO3)2 → 2Al2O3 + 4Ba(NO2)2 + O2
C. 10Al + 3Ba(NO3)2 → 5Al2O3 + 3BaO + 3N2
D. 10Al + 18Ba(NO3)2 → 10Al(NO3)3 + 18BaO + 3N2
02. For the reaction CH4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g), how many molecules of
oxygen are produced from the combustion of 100. g of methane? BALANCE
EQUATION FIRST!
a. 3.75 x 1024 molecules c. 7.50 x 1024 molecules
b. 6.50 x 1024 molecules d. 1.51 x 1025 molecules
03. For the reaction Cl2(g) + KBr(s) → KCl(s) + Br2(g), how many grams of
potassium chloride can be produced from 300.grams of potassium bromide?
BALANCE EQUATION FIRST!
a. 98.7 g b. 188 g c. 111 g d. 451 g
04. Chlorine is produced by the reaction HCl(g) → H2(g) + Cl2(g). How many grams
of HCl must be used to produce 10.0 L of chlorine at STP? BALANCE
EQUATION FIRST!
a. 15.8 g b. 32.6 g c. 30.2 g d. 36.5 g
05. When the limiting reactant in a chemical reaction is completely used, the
 a. excess reactants begin combining. c. reaction speeds up.
b. reaction slows down. d. reaction stops.
06. For the reaction Zn + O2 → ZnO, how many moles of zinc oxide can be
produced from 100. g each of zinc and oxygen? BALANCE EQUATION
FIRST!
a. 1.23 mol b. 2.32 mol c. 1.53 mol d. 6.25 mol
07. At stp (i.e. 0 °C and 1 atm pressure (101 kPa)), it was found that 1.15 dm3 of
a gas weighed 3.96 g. What is its molar mass?
A 77 g mol–1 B. 47 g mol–1 C. 39 g mol–1 D 4 g mol–1
08. Calcium carbonate decomposes on heating as shown below.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
When 50 g of calcium carbonate are decomposed, 7 g of calcium oxide are
formed. What is the percentage yield of calcium oxide?
A. 7% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75%
© IBO 2006, Nov P1 Q2
09. Which contains the same number of ions as the value of Avogadro’s
constant?
A. 0.5 mol NaCl B. 0.5 mol MgCl2
C. 1.0 mol Na2O D. 1.0 mol MgO
© IBO 2006, May P1 Q1
10. A cylinder of gas is at a pressure of 40 kPa. The volume and temperature (in
K) are both doubled. What is the pressure of the gas after these changes?
A.10 kPa B. 20 kPa C. 40 kPa D. 80 kPa
© IBO 2006, May P1 Q14
11. Which change will have the greatest effect on the pressure of a fixed mass of
an ideal gas?
Volume Temperature (K)
A. Doubles Halves
B. Doubles Doubles
C. Halves Halves
D. Halves Remains constant
© IBO 2001, May P1 Q15
12. The temperature (in K) is doubled for a sample of gas in a fl exible container
while the pressure on it is doubled. The fi nal volume of the gas compared
with the initial volume will be:
A. the same. B. twice as large. C. four times as large. D. half as large.
© IBO 1999, May P1 Q15