Topic 1:

Stoichiometry and
Solution
Concentration
Stoichiometry
•Based on the law of conservation of matter

•A study of the mathematical relationships between the amounts of reactants used and amounts
of products formed in a reaction.

•Involves dimensional analysis to analyze balanced chemical reactions.

Example
2Fe(s) + 3O2 (s) --> 2Fe2O3 (s)

-The coefficients here represent the number of atoms or molecules involved in the reaction,
they can also represent the number of MOLES involved in the reaction.

How many moles of iron react in this example?

How many grams of iron is this?

Example
2Fe(s) + 3O2 (s) --> 2Fe2O3 (s)

How many moles of Oxygen react here?

How many grams is this?

Example
2Fe(s) + 3O2 (s) --> 2Fe2O3 (s)

How many moles of Iron (III) oxide are produced?

How many grams of Iron (III) oxide are produced?

Mole ratios
•Coefficients in a chemical reaction indicate the number of moles of reactants and products in a
chemical reaction.
2K(s) + Br2(l)  2KBr(s)

2 moles of solid potassium react with 1 mole of liquid bromine to form 2 moles of solid
potassium bromide.
Mole ratios
  2K(s) + Br2(l)  2KBr(s)

and

and

and
Example Problem
Determine all the possible mole ratios for these reactions

4Al(s) + 3O2(g)  2Al2O3(s)

3Fe(s) + 4H2O(l) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)

2HgO(s)  2Hg(l) +O2(g)

Using Stoichiometry
K(s) + H2O(l)  KOH(aq) +H2(g)

If you start with 500 g of potassium, how much hydrogen is produced?

Where should we begin?
Steps to solve a stoichiometric problem
Step 1: Start with a balanced chemical equation.
Step 2: Convert from grams to moles of the given substance.
Step 3: Convert from moles of the given substance to moles of the unknown substance. Make
sure you use the appropriate mole ratio.
Step 4: Convert from moles of unknown to grams of unknown using the molar mass of the
unknown.
Example Problem
  K(s) + H2O(l)  KOH(aq) +H2(g)

If you start with 500 g of potassium, how much hydrogen is produced?

Step 1: Balance the equation
2K(s) + 2H2O(l)  2KOH(aq) +H2(g)
Step 2: Determine the number of moles of what you’re given in the problem.
Example Problem
  2K(s) + 2H2O(l)  2KOH(aq) +H2(g)
Step 3: Use the mole ratio to determine how many moles of the unknown you will produce.
◦ = 6.39 mol H2

Step 4: Convert the answer to grams.

You try
How many moles of CO2 are produced when 10.0 mol of C3H8 are burned in a gas grill?
You try
How many grams of CO2 are produced when 10.0 mol of C3H8 are burned in a gas grill?
You try
How many liters of CO2 are produced when 10.0 mol of C3H8 are burned in a gas grill?
You Try
Methane (CH4) and sulfur (S8) react to produce liquid carbon disulfide and dihydrogen sulfide
gas. How many moles of CS2 are produced when 1.50 moles of S8 is used?
You try
Determine the mass of sodium chloride produced when 1.25 mol of Chlorine gas reacts with
excess sodium.
You Try
Ammonium nitrate, produces dinitrogen monoxide gas and water vapor when it decomposes.
Determine the mass of water produced from the decomposition of 25.0 g of solid ammonium
nitrate.
Limiting Reagents
Limiting Reagents
In a chemical reaction, an insufficient quantity of any of the
reactants will limit the amount of product that forms.

Limiting reagent – the reactant that is used up first,

determines the amount of product that can be formed

Excess reagent – the reactant that is left over and not

completely used up at the end of the reaction.
 1 2 3 4

Step 1: Make sure Step 2: Convert all of Step 3: Compare the moles
/ present to the mole ratios
your reaction is the reactants from
needed to complete the
balanced. mass into moles. reaction. The reagent that
will run out first in the
reaction is considered the
limiting reagent.
*Note that the reagent
that has the smallest
mass may NOT always
be the limiting reagent.
Mole ratios are very
important here.

How to determine the limiting reagent

Limiting Reagent Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7l7qd0r8rg
Example Problem
  2 Cu (s) + S(s)  Cu2S (s)

What is the limiting reagent when you have 75.0 g of Cu and 30.0 g of sulfur?

For every mole of Sulfur, you need 2 moles of Cu. So in this reaction, Copper is the limiting
reagent.
You Try
Mg(s) + HCl (aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

When 36.00 g of HCl reacts with 15.00 g of Mg what is the limiting reagent?
You Try
FeS2(s) + O2(g)  Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + SO3(g)

If 25.0 g of FeS2 reacts with 21.O g of O2 identify the limiting reagent.

Example Problem
  NH3(g) + CuO(s)  N2(g) + Cu(s) + H2O(l)

How many grams of N2 are formed when 9.1 g of NH3 is reacted with 45.2 g of CuO?

Step 1: Balance the Equation

2NH3(g) + 3CuO  N2(g) + 3Cu(s) + 3H20(g)

Step 2: Convert the masses to moles

Example Problem
  2NH3(g) + 3CuO(s)  N2(g) + 3Cu(s) + 3H2O(l)

How many grams of N2 are formed when 9.1 g of NH3 is reacted with 45.2 g of CuO?

Step 3: Determine the limiting reagent.

In this case, the CuO is the limiting reagent. So we will use this number to calculate how much
N2 will be formed.
Step 4: Use the limiting reagent to determine the outcome.
You Try
C2H4(g) + O2(g)  CO(g) + H2O(g)
If 75 g of C2H4 is reacted with 200 g of O2, how many grams of water are produced?
You Try
Mg(s) + HCl (aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

When 36.00 g of HCl reats with 15.00 g of HCl, how much MgCl2 is produced?
Percent Yield
Actual Yield and Theoretical Yield
Theoretical yield – the maximum amount of
product that could possibly be made from a
given amount of reactants.

Actual yield – the amount of product that

actually forms.
Percent Yield
 

Percent yield is a measure of how efficient a reaction you

actually carry out is.
No reaction is perfect. Some product is always lost in the
process because of error in measurements or lab
processes.
Example Problem
  CaCO3(s) --> CaO(s) + CO2(g)

What is the percent yield if 12.1 g of CaO is produced from 24.9 g of CaCO3?

Step 1: Determine the theoretical yield. (Hint: The reaction is already balanced)

Step 2: Use the percent yield formula to determine the % yield.

You Try
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)  2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

If you start with 42.8 g of Iron(III) Oxide, what is the theoretical yield of carbon dioxide?
You Try
SiO2(s) + 3C(s)  SiC(s) + 2CO(g)

If 25.0 g of silicon dioxide is heated with extra carbon 5.0 g of carbon monoxide is produced.
Calculate the percent yield.
You try:
N2(g) + H2(g)  NH3(g)

If 20.0 g of nitrogen reacts with 20.0 g of hydrogen, 15.2 g of ammonia is produced. What is the
percent yield?
(Hint: You’re going to need to balance the reaction and determine the limiting reagent before you can answer this
question)
 Solutions
Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
◦ The dissolved substance is completely dispersed
throughout the solution
◦ Concentration is the SAME throughout
◦ Usually a solid is dissolved in a liquid
◦ Some liquids can dissolve in one another
◦ Some gases can be dissolved in liquids
Solution Process
Step 1. The solute molecules
separate. This process requires
energy.
Step 2: The solvent molecules
must separate. This process
requires energy
Step 3: The solute and solvent
attract. This process releases
energy.
Solution Concentration
The amount of solute in a given amount of solvent
MOLARITY (M) – most common form of
concentration expression
MOLALITY (m) – also used for concentration
expression
Parts Per Million (ppm) – another form of
concentration expression
Molarity
Equation for Molarity:
M = moles of solute
Liters of total solution
Ex: A 4g sugar cube is dissolved in a tea cup that holds 350mL of water. What is the molarity of
the solution?
◦ Sugar – sucrose (C6H22O11)

First step: find the moles of solute

Step 2: Convert the solvent to L
Step 3: Plug into the formula for M
Molarity
What is the concentration (in M) of a solution formed by mixing 10.0g of H2SO4 with enough
water to make 100mL of solution?
Molarity
How many liters of a 3.4M isopropanol solution can be made with 78g of isopropanol? (C3H8O)
Molarity
How many grams of potassium phosphate would be needed to make a 1.32M solution in a
container holding 4.2L?
Molality
Equation for molality (m):
m = moles of solute
kg of solvent
Review of kg
1kg = 1000g
For WATER: density = 1g/mL
◦ So 10mL = 10g = .01okg of WATER
◦ Other liquids have specific densities
Molality
If you have 18 grams of sodium phosphate and 1302g of water, what is the concentration (in m)
of the solution?
◦ Step 1: convert the solute to moles
◦ Step 2: convert the solvent to kg
◦ Step 3: plug into the molality equation
Molality
What is the concentration (in m) of a solution that contains 16.1g of nitrate and 5000g of water?
Molality
If 41g of salt is dissolved 2.7L of ethyl alcohol (density =.789g/mL), what is the concentration of
the solution (in m)?
◦ Step 1: convert solute to moles
◦ Step 2: convert solvent to kg – use density equation (D=m/V)
◦ Must first convert L to mL to use in density equation!
◦ Step 3: plug into molality equation
Molality
If you need a 2.1m solution of lithium sulfate, and you have a container holding 1.3L of hexane,
how many grams of lithium sulfate should you add to the solvent? (Density of hexane = .
660g/mL)