Bicol University

RCSMED
College of Education
College of Science
Teacher Assistance Program (TAP)

August 4, 2021
Session Objectives:

• Determine the mole and mass ratios between two

substances in chemical equations
• Calculate the amount of substances used or produced
in a chemical reaction
• Explain the concept of limiting and excess reagents
• Calculate the amount of excess reagent
• Calculate the reaction yield in a reaction
Sandwich analogy

?
Cookies analogy
We want to bake cookies!

Here’s the recipe:

2 c flour + 1 c chocolate chips + 2 eggs = 12 cookies

Given: 4 c flour, 3 c chocolate chips & 4 eggs

How Many Cookies Can I Make?

Answer: _______
Stoichiometry:
•The area of chemistry that deals with
the quantitative relationships between
reactants and products in a chemical
reaction.
• Using a balanced equation to
determine how much reactant is
consumed or produced in a reaction
Law of Conservation of Mass

mass of the reactants = mass of the products.

Stoichiometric ratio
“Chemical equation = recipe”
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l)

Stoichiometric ratio: The ratio of the coefficients of

the products and reactants in a balanced reaction.
Stoichiometric ratio
“Chemical equation = recipe”
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l)

? ?
Stoichiometric Ratio

2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l)

2 hydrogen 1 oxygen 2 molecules

molecules molecule water

2 moles H2 1 mole O2 2 moles H2O

9
Review of Mole
The mole is the amount of substance of a system which
contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in
12 grams of C-12; its symbol is “mol”.

The molar mass of an element is its atomic mass in grams.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ed5007376
Review of Mole Concept

• The molar mass of an element is its atomic mass in grams.

• It contains 6.022 x 1023 particles (Avogadro’s number) of

the element, ion, compound
• Molar Masses:
Carbon - 12.01 g
Oxygen gas (O2) - 2 (16.00 g) = 32.00 g
Water (H2O) - 2(1.008) + 16.00 = 18.02
 Review of Mole Concept

Molar Mass of H2O :18.02 g

• What is the mass of 2.50 moles of H2O?

• How many moles is 80.0 g H2O?
 Mole Ratio

• A ratio between the moles of any two substances

involved in a chemical reaction.
• The coefficients used in mole ratio expressions are
derived from the coefficients used in the balanced
equation.

2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l)

2 moles H2 1 mole O2 2 moles H2O

13
Mole Ratio

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O(g)

What mole ratios can be deduced from this equation?
Mole Calculations
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O(g)
How many moles of oxygen are needed to react
with 3.0 moles of methane, CH4?

How many moles of carbon dioxide will be produced if

4.0 moles of methane, CH4 react completely with
excess oxygen?

How many moles of water will be produced if 4.0

moles of oxygen are consumed in the complete
combustion of methane?
Mole to mole calculations

moles of desired substance in the equation

mole ratio =
moles of starting substance in the equation
Mole to mole calculations

 moles of desired substance 

 
in the equation
moles of desired substance = moles of starting substance  
 moles of starting substance 
 
 in the equation 
Mole to mole calculations
Moles of Use coefficients Moles of
substance A of A and B from substance B
balanced equation

In the combustion of methane, how many moles of oxygen are

needed to react with 3.0 moles of methane, CH4 ?

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O(g)

Mole to mole calculations
How many moles of ammonia will be produced by the complete
reaction of 4.0 moles of hydrogen with ammonia in the reaction,
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)

What is the mass ratio of bread, cheese and sandwich?

38 g
20 g

2 slices of bread + 1 slice of cheese → 1 sandwich

Mole Ratios
Should the number of moles of the reactants
be equal to the number of moles of products?
Remember the sandwich analogy
Mole and Mass Ratios
Mass ratio
What is the mass ratio of the substances involved in the
equation below? Molar masses: N=14.01, H=1.008

N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Mass to Mole Calculations

grams A → moles A → moles B

Mass to mole calculations
How many moles of hydrogen are needed to react with
30.0 g of nitrogen as shown below?

N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Mass to mole calculations
When an antacid tablet is taken, calcium hydroxide interacts with
hydrochloric acid in the stomach to form inert calcium chloride CaCl2
and water in the reaction, Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + 2H2O. How
many moles of HCl are required to fully react with 150 g of Ca(OH)2​?
Molar mass of Ca(OH)2 is 74.09.
Mass to Mole Calculations
moles A → moles B → grams B
Mole to mass calculations
Calculate the number of grams of H2 required to form 12.0
moles of NH3.

N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Mass to mass calculations

mass A → moles A → moles B → grams B

Mass to mass calculations

Calculate the number of grams of NH3 formed by the

reaction of 112 grams of H2. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Mass to mass calculations

Methanol burns in air according to the equation

2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion,
what mass of water is produced? MM: CH3OH = 32.0, H2O = 18.02
Stoichiometry:

Limiting and excess reagents

Bread and cheese accounting

+ =

How many sandwiches may be prepared from these ingredients?

What ingredient limited the number of sandwiches produced?

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sanjacinto-atdcoursereview-chemistry1-1/chapter/reaction-yields/
Limiting reactant
• The limiting reactant is the reactant used up in the
reaction. It is the reactant in the smallest
stoichiometric amount

• Limiting reagents – Substances that completely reacts

• Excess reagents – Substances not completely used up

in a reaction
What is the excess ingredient?
28 slices 11 slices

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sanjacinto-atdcoursereview-chemistry1-1/chapter/reaction-yields/
Bread and cheese accounting review

+ =

Limiting material:
Excess material:
How may sandwiches?
How many excess materials?
Which is the limiting and excess reagent?

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Given:

Required

Product:

Limiting reagent:
O2
Excess reagent:
H2
How many molecules are in excess?
Limiting and excess reagent: Mole to mole

How many moles of ammonia will be produced if 4.0 moles of N2

and 5.0 moles of hydrogen are made to react to produce
ammonia in the reaction, N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Given:

Required

Product:
Limiting reagent:
Excess reagent:

How much is the excess?

38
Limiting and excess reagent

Methanol burns in air according to the equation

2CH3OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 4H2O
How many moles of CO2 and H2O will be produced by the burning
of 4.0 moles of CH3OH in the presence of 7.0 moles of O2?

2CH3OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 4H2O

Given:

Required

Product:

39
Limiting and excess reagent

Methanol burns in air according to the equation

2CH3OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 4H2O
How many moles of CO2 and H2O will be produced by the burning
of 4.0 moles of CH3OH in the presence of 7.0 moles of O2?

Which is the limiting reagent?

Which is the excess reagent?
How many moles of substances are left after the reaction?

40
Limiting and excess reagent

2CH3OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 4H2O

Given:

Required

Product:

Limiting reagent:

Excess reagent:

How much is the excess?

41
Limiting reagent? (Mass to Mass)
In a Thermite process in the refining of iron oxide, 124 g of Al is
allowed to react with 601 g of Fe2O3. The reaction is given below.
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.

MM: Al-26.98, Al2O3-101.96, Fe2O3-159.68

Excess reagent?
In the Thermite process, 124 g of Al is allowed to react with 601 g of Fe2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe What is the mass of the excess reagent?

601g
Limiting and excess reagent

In an accident, a solution containing 2.5 kg of nitric acid was spilled. Two

kilograms of Na2CO3 was quickly spread on the area and CO2 was released by
the reaction. Was sufficient Na2CO3 used to neutralize all of the acid? The
equation is given below: 2HNO3 + Na2CO3 → CO2 + H2O + 2NaNO3

(MM: HNO3 - 65.01, Na2CO3-105.99)

Which substance is the limiting reagent?

Which substance is in excess?
How many grams of excess reagent is left?

44
Theoretical and Percent Yield

Theoretical Yield is the amount of product calculated from

the complete reaction of the limiting reagent

Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained

from a reaction.
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield

*For many chemical reactions, the actual yield is usually less than the theoretical
yield, understandably due to loss in the process or inefficiency of the chemical
reaction.
Theoretical yield, Actual yield and Percent yield

If 215 g of Al2O3 is produced in the reaction of of 124 g of Al

with 601 g of Fe2O3 in the reaction, 2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe,
calculate the percent yield of the reaction. (Refer to earlier question)
Theoretical yield, Actual yield and Percent yield

A 2.80 g sample of Al with 4.15 g sample of Cl2 produces AlCl3

according to the equation shown below:
2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3. What is the percentage yield if 4.50 g of
AlCl3 is recovered?
(MM: Al- 26.98, Cl2 – 70.90, AlCl3 - 133.34)

Actual Yield x 100

% Yield =
Theoretical Yield