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Products are
carbon dioxide Octane in gas tank
and water
Octane mixes
with oxygen
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Combustion of fossil fuels produces CO2.
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MOLAR
RATIOS
For example:
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Examples:
Determine each mole ratio below based on the
reaction shown:
mol O 2 13
=
mol CO 2 8
mol C4 H10 2
=
mol H 2O 10
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Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry - Allows us to predict products that
form in a reaction based on amount of reactants.
2H2 + O2 2H2O
STOICHIOMETRIC
CALCULATIONS
Stoichiometric calculations can be classified as
Mass-mass
one of the following:
calculations
MASS of Mass-mole
MASS of
Mole-mole
calculations
compound B
compound A
calculations
MM MM
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MOLE-MOLE
CALCULATIONS
Relates moles of reactants and products in a
balanced chemical equation
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Example 1:
How many moles of ammonia can be produced from
32 moles of hydrogen? (Assume excess N2 present)
2 mol NH 3
32 mol H2 x
3 mol H 2 = 21 mol NH3
Mole ratio
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Example 2:
In one experiment, 6.80 mol of ammonia are
prepared. How many moles of hydrogen were used
up in this experiment?
Mole ratio
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MASS-MOLE
CALCULATIONS
Relates moles and mass of reactants or products
in a balanced chemical equation
MASS of
compound A
MM
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Example 1:
How many moles of ammonia can be produced from
the reaction of 125 g of nitrogen?
1 mol N 2 2 mol NH 3
125 g N2 x x = 8.93 mol NH3
28.0 g N 2 1 mol N 2
MASS of MASS of
compound A compound B
MM MM
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Example 1:
What mass of carbon dioxide will be produced from
the reaction of 175 g of propane, as shown?
Mass of
carbon dioxide
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Example 1:
1 C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
1 mol C3 H 8 3 mol CO 2
175 g C3H8 x x
44.1 g C3 H 8 1 mol C3 H 8
44.0 g CO 2
x
1 mol CO 2 = 524 g CO2
Molar mass
Molar mass Mole ratio
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LIMITING
REACTANT
When 2 or more reactants are combined in non-
stoichiometric ratios, the amount of product
produced is limited by the reactant that is not in
excess.
This reactant is referred to as limiting reactant.
When doing stoichiometric problems of this
type, the limiting reactant must be determined
first before proceeding with the calculations.
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LIMITING REACTANT ANALOGY
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LIMITING REACTANT ANALOGY
The number
How many sundaes
of sundaes
can possible
be prepared
is limited
from the
by the
followingofingredients:
amount syrup, the limiting reactant.
Limiting
reactant
Excess
reactants 19
LIMITING
REACTANT
When solving
Compare limiting
your answersreactant problems,
for each assume
assumption;
each reactant
the lower is limiting
value reactant,
is the correct and calculate the
assumption.
desired quantity based on that assumption. Lower
value is
A+BC correct
Calculate
A is LR
amount of C
Calculate
B is LR
amount of C
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Example 1:
A fuel mixture used in the early days of rocketry was a mixture of
N2H4 and N2O4, as shown below. How many grams of N2 gas is
produced when 100 g of N2H4 and 200 g of N2O4 are mixed?
Limiting Mass-mass
reactant calculations
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Example 1:
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l) 3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Assume N2H4 is LR
x
1 mol N 2 H 4
x
3 mol N 2
=
100 g N2H4
32.04 g N 2 H 4 2 mol N 2 H 4
4.68 mol N2
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Example 1:
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l) 3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Assume N2O4 is LR
x
1 mol N 2O 4
x
3 mol N 2
=
200 g N2O4
92.00 g N 2O 4 1 mol N 2O 4
6.52 mol N2
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Example 1:
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l) 3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Correct
N2H4 is
amount
LR
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Example 1:
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l) 3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Calculate mass of N2
x
28.0 g N2
4.68 mol N2
1 mol N 2 = 131 g N2
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Example 2:
How many grams of AgBr can be produced when
50.0 g of MgBr2 is mixed with 100.0 g of AgNO3, as
shown below:
Limiting
Reactant
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Example 2:
MgBr2 + 2 AgNO3 2 AgBr + Mg(NO3)2
Assume MgBr2 is LR
1 mol MgBr2
x
2 mol AgBr
50.0 g MgBr2 x
184.1 g MgBr2 1 mol MgBr2
x
187.8 g AgBr
= 102 g AgBr
1 mol AgBr
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Example 2:
MgBr2 + 2 AgNO3 2 AgBr + Mg(NO3)2
Assume AgNO3 is LR
1 mol AgNO 3
x
2 mol AgBr
100.0 g AgNO3 x
169.9 g AgNO 3 2 mol AgNO 3
x
187.8 g AgBr
= 111 g AgBr
1 mol AgBr
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Example 2:
MgBr2 + 2 AgNO3 2 AgBr + Mg(NO3)2
Correct
MgBr2
amount
is LR
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PERCENT YIELD
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PERCENT YIELD
Actual yield
x100 = Percent yield
Theoretical yield
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Example 1:
In an experiment forming ethanol, the theoretical
yield is 50.0 g and the actual yield is 46.8 g. What is
the percent yield for this reaction?
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Example 2:
Silicon carbide can be formed from the reaction of
sand (SiO2) with carbon as shown below:
Actual
yield
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Example 2:
1 SiO2 (s) + 3 C (s) 1 SiC (s) + 2 CO (g)
x
1 mol SiO 2
x
1 mol SiC 40.1 g SiC
100 g SiO2 x =
60.1 g SiO 2 1 mol SiO 2 1 mol SiC
66.7 g SiC
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Example 2:
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Theoretical and Actual Yield
• In order to determine the theoretical yield, we
use reaction stoichiometry to determine the
amount of product each of our reactants
could make.
• The theoretical yield will always be the least
possible amount of product.
– The theoretical yield will always come from the
limiting reactant.
• Because of both controllable and
uncontrollable factors, the actual yield of
product will always be less than the
theoretical yield.
Chap. 8 terms you should know
1. Limiting reactant - the reactant that limits the amount of product produced in a
chemical reaction. The reactant that makes the least amount of product.
4. Percent yield - The percent of the theoretical yield that was actually obtained.
actual yield
% yield = x 100
theoretical yield
THE END
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