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Stoichiometry
Learning Objectives:
1. Describe the types of relationships
indicated by a balanced chemical equation.
2. Calculate the following concepts in a given
reaction.
a. molecular/formula mass
b. Percent Composition
c. Empirical formula
Stoichiometry
STOICHIOMETRY - deals with the numerical
relationships of elements and compounds and
the mathematical proportions of reactants and
products in chemical transformations.
Stoichiometry
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
Stoichiometry
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
• Examples:
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g)
C3H6 (g) + Br2 (l) C3H6Br2 (l)
Stoichiometry
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2 MgO (s)
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2 MgO (s)
Stoichiometry
Decomposition Reactions
• One substance breaks down into two or more
substances
• Examples:
CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
2 KClO3 (s) 2 KCl (s) + O2 (g)
2 NaN3 (s) 2 Na (s) + 3 N2 (g)
Stoichiometry
Combustion Reactions
• Rapid reactions that have
oxygen as a reactant sometimes
produce a flame.
• Examples:
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Stoichiometry
2H2 + O2 ------- 2H2O
Formula/Molecular
Weights/Mass
Stoichiometry
The amu unit
• Because the masses of atoms and subatomic particles are so
small, a convenient unit to use is the amu.
• A unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular
weights/mass.
• A physical constant that is accepted for use in the SI
measurement system.
• 1 amu = 1.6605 x 10-24 g
• 1/12 mass of the 12C isotope.
• 12C = 12 amu
• The masses of the proton and neutron are approximately 1 amu.
Stoichiometry
Formula Mass (FM)
• Sum of the atomic mass for the atoms in a
chemical formula
• So, the formula Mass of calcium chloride,
CaCl2, would be
Ca: 1(40.1 amu)
+ Cl: 2(35.5 amu)
111.1 amu
C: 2 (12.0 amu)
+ H: 6 (1.0 amu)
30.0 amu
Stoichiometry
Percent Composition
Stoichiometry
Percent Composition
Stoichiometry
Exercise:
Stoichiometry
Review
Stoichiometry
Empirical Formulas
• Molecular Formula (MF) - shows how
many atoms are actually in a molecule.
– EXAMPLE: Glucose has the MF C6H12O6.
– EXAMPLE: Water has the MF H2O.
O
H H Stoichiometry
Empirical Formulas
• Empirical Formula (EF) - shows the
lowest whole-number ratio of atoms in a
compound.
EXAMPLE: Glucose has the EF CH2O.
EXAMPLE: Water has the EF H2O.
• Different compounds can have different MFs but
have the same EF.
–EXAMPLE: NO2 and N2O4 have different MFs
but the same EF (NO2).
Stoichiometry
Empirical Formulas
Stoichiometry
Calculating Empirical Formulas
Stoichiometry
Calculating Empirical Formulas
Stoichiometry
Calculating Empirical Formulas
Stoichiometry
Calculating Empirical Formulas
Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number
of moles:
5.105 mol
C: = 7.005 7
0.7288 mol
5.09 mol
H: = 6.984 7
0.7288 mol
0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
0.7288 mol
1.458 mol
O: = 2.001 2
0.7288 mol Stoichiometry
Calculating Empirical Formulas
C7H7NO2
Stoichiometry
Elemental Analyses
Compounds
containing other
elements are
analyzed using
methods analogous
to those used for C,
H and O
Stoichiometry
Exercise:
Answer the following problems comprehensively:
Stoichiometry
Quiz
Answer the following problems comprehensively:
1.Benzoic acid contains 68.8% carbon, 4.95% hydrogen, and
26.25% oxygen. What is Its empirical formula?
2.Determine the percent composition of Ca3(PO4)2.
3.Freons are gaseous compounds used in refrigeration. A
particular Freon contains 9.93% carbon,58.64% chlorine, and
31.43% fluorine. What is the empirical formula?
4.What is the percentage composition by mass of Fe(NO3)2?
5.A compound contains 50% magnesium, 24.0% carbon,
16.0% oxygen and 10.0% hydrogen. What is the empirical
formula of the compound?
Stoichiometry