LESSON 2.

1 (PART 1)

MAGNETISM
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
01 02 03
Identify
the Identify the
types and Define
different
classification magnetic
properties
of magnets. field.
of
magnets.
 01
What is
MAGNETISM?
What is MAGNETISM?
• Term used to refer the
ability of lodestone to
attract iron.
• Modern name for
lodestone is
magnetite.
What is MAGNETISM?
• A force exerted by
magnets when
they attract or
repel each other
What is MAGNETISM?
• Caused by the motion
of electric charges.
• Electron “spin” –
fundamental property
that gives rise to
magnetism
What is MAGNETISM?
• Legend says it comes from
the word Magnes, a
shepherd
• Others say it came from
Magnesia in Asia Minor
(now, Manisa in western
Turkey)
 02
What is a
MAGNET?
What is a MAGNET?
• An object that is capable of
producing magnetic field
• Attracts unlike poles and
repels like poles.
 MAGNETIC POLES

• The North and South Poles of a

magnet
 Composition of a Magnet
South pole
Higher attraction Attraction
S zone
If the poles are
opposite, they
Neutral line Interaction attract each
Lower attraction Two types of other

N force
Repulsion
North pole If poles are the
same, they repel
Higher attraction
each other
zone
Types of
Magnets
 Types of Magnets
PERMANENT

• Commonly used
• They do not lose their
magnetic property once
they are magnetized.
 Types of Magnets
TEMPORARY
• Can be magnetized in
the presence of a magnetic
field.
• Removal of magnetic field =
losing of magnetic properties
 Types of Magnets
ELECTROMAGNETS

• Consist of a coil wire wrapped

around a metal core.
• Magnetic field is generated if
exposed to an electric current
Classification
of Magnets
Classification of Magnets
NATURAL ARTIFICIAL
Found in Made by
nature; are human using a
called as magnetic
lodestone or substance
magnetite
 RETENTIVITY
• Ability of a magnetic material
to retain its magnetism after
it has been magnetized
• Steel has high retentivity and is
used to make permanent
magnets.
 MAGNETIZATION CAPACITY

• Capacity of a material to
remain magnetized after the
force that magnetized has
been taken away.
 03
General Properties
of Magnets
General Properties of Magnets
✓ Magnets are polarized
- It has two distinct and
opposite ends (North and
South Poles)
✓ Like poles repel; Unlike poles
attract
General Properties of Magnets
✓ Magnets always have two
opposite magnetic poles
 Certain Important Properties of
Magnets
✓ Attractive Property - magnet
attracts ferromagnetic materials
✓ Repulsive Property - like poles
repel; unlike poles attract
✓ Directive Property - a freely
suspended magnet always points
in N-S direction
 04
Types of Magnetism
 Types of Magnetism
FERROMAGNETISM
• Certain materials are strongly
attracted by an externally
applied magnetic field
• Lose their magnetic
properties in high
temperatures
 Types of Magnetism
PARAMAGNETISM
• Certain materials are weakly
attracted by an externally
applied magnetic field
• Becomes more magnetic
when cooled
 Types of Magnetism
DIAMAGNETISM
• Certain materials tend to
oppose an externally applied
magnetic field and have a
weak response to it
• They get repelled instead of
being attracted
 04
Magnetic Fields
 MAGNETIC FIELDS
• Region of space where a magnet
is capable of exerting a force on
a magnetic material.
• It is arranged in lines called the
magnetic field lines (or flux lines)
• Enters at S pole and exits at N
pole
 MAGNETIC FIELDS
• Is a vector field—that is, a vector
quantity associated with each point
in space.
• Symbol: 𝑩 - at any position, it is defined
as the direction in which the north pole
of a compass needle would point if
placed at that position
 MAGNETIC FIELDS
• A moving charge or a current
creates a magnetic field in the
surrounding space (in addition to
its electric field).
• The magnetic field exerts a force
on any other moving charge or
current that is present in the field
 MAGNETIC FIELDS
Magnetic field
lines continue
inside a
magnet and
always form
closed loops.
 QUIZ
(Part 1)
Part I. Read and answer the following. Write the letter of your
choice on a ¼ sheet of paper. Strictly no erasure.
1. What happens if you cut a bar magnet in half between the
north and south poles? (2 pts)
a. One half only has a north pole and one half only has a
south pole.
b. Each half is a stronger magnet than the original magnet.
c. Each half has both a north pole and a south pole.
d. The two halves are no longer magnetic.
2. The following defines a magnetic field except: (2 pts)
a. It is symbolized by 𝑩 c. Exerts a force on any charge
or current
b. It is a vector field d. Enters S-pole and exits at N-pole
3. One of the properties of magnet is that it is
polarized. What does this mean? (2 pts)
a. When a magnet is polarized, it has two
distinct and opposite poles.
b. It means that it cannot attract materials.
c. Magnet can be broken into pieces.
d. It does not mean nothing at all.
4. These magnets are made by humans from
magnetic substances using different techniques. (2
pts)
a. Paramagnets c. Natural
b. Artificial d. Diamagnets
5. If you stroke an iron nail with a bar magnet, the nail
becomes a(n) ___________
a. Permanent magnet
b. Temporary magnet
c. Electromagnet
d. Artificial magnet
 LESSON 2.1 (PART 2)

MAGNETIC FIELD AND

MAGNETIC FORCES
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
01 02
Calculate the magnetic
Calculate the magnitude
force on a charge
and direction of
placed in a constant
magnetic force in a
magnetic field and in an
magnetic field and the
environment with both
force on a current-
electric and magnetic
carrying wire in a
field using the Lorentz
magnetic field.
Force.
Given the presence of
a magnetic field, what
force does it exert on
a moving charge or a
current?
 01
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
 MAGNETIC FIELDS
• Region of space where a magnet
is capable of exerting a force on
a magnetic material.
• It is arranged in lines called the
magnetic field lines (or flux lines)
• Enters at S pole and exits at N
pole
MAGNETIC FIELDS
➢ Are vector quantities that exist in a
region in space where a magnetic
force occurs.
 MAGNETIC FIELDS
• Is a vector field—that is, a vector
quantity associated with each point
in space.
• Symbol: 𝑩 - at any position, it is defined
as the direction in which the north pole
of a compass needle would point if
placed at that position
 MAGNETIC FIELDS
Magnetic field
lines continue
inside a
magnet and
always form
closed loops.
 02
MAGNETIC FORCES
ON MOVING CHARGES
MAGNETIC FORCES ON MOVING CHARGES
Four (4) Key Characteristics:
1. The magnitude of the force is
proportional to the magnitude of the
charge (q).
2. The magnitude of the force is also
proportional to the magnitude, or
“strength”, of the field.
MAGNETIC FORCES ON MOVING CHARGES

3. The magnetic force depends on the

particle’s velocity.
4. The magnetic force 𝐹Ԧ does not have
the same direction as magnetic field 𝐵
but instead, is always perpendicular to
both 𝐵 and the velocity 𝑣.
Ԧ
MAGNETIC FORCES ON MOVING CHARGES
➢ The direction of 𝐹Ԧ is always
perpendicular to the plane containing 𝑣Ԧ
and 𝐵. Its magnitude is given by:

𝐹Ԧ = 𝑞(𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵) F = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin 𝜃

where θ is the angle between the velocity

and the magnetic field.
MAGNETIC FORCES ON MOVING CHARGES
➢ The SI unit for magnetic field
strength B is called the tesla (T)
after Nikola Tesla (1856 – 1943)
where:
𝑁⋅𝑠 1𝑁
1𝑇 = =
𝐶⋅𝑚 1𝐴⋅𝑚
➢ Another unit used for B is the gauss
(1 G = 10-4 T)
MAGNETIC FORCES ON MOVING CHARGES

➢ The force is zero when 𝑣Ԧ is parallel

or antiparallel to 𝐵, that is, θ = 0⁰ or
180⁰.
➢ The force is maximum when 𝑣Ԧ is
perpendicular to 𝐵, that is, θ = 90.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
A beam of protons (𝑞 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶) moves at 3.0
× 105 m/s through a uniform 2.0-T magnetic field
directed along the positive z-axis. The velocity of
each proton lies in the xz-plane and is directed at
30° to the +𝑧-axis. Find the magnitude and
direction of the force on a proton.
Given: Required:
𝑞 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶 𝜃 = 30° 𝐹𝐵 = ?
𝑣 = 3.0 × 105 m/s
𝐵 = 2.0 T
Diagram: Direction:

Magnitude of the Force:

 02
FORCE ON AN
ELECTRIC CURRENT
IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
FORCE ON AN ELECTRIC CURRENT IN A
MAGNETIC FIELD
➢ Hans Christian Oersted was the first one
who observed that a magnet exerts a
force on a current-carrying wire.
➢ The direction of the force is always
perpendicular to the direction of the
current and also perpendicular to the
direction of the magnetic field 𝑩.
 FORCE ON AN ELECTRIC CURRENT IN A
MAGNETIC FIELD
➢ The direction of the force is given by right-
hand rule.
✓ Orient your right hand until your outstretched
fingers can point in the direction of the
conventional current I and when you bend your
fingers, they point in the magnetic field lines, 𝑩.
The outstretched thumb will point in the
direction of the force 𝑭 on the wire.
 FORCE ON AN ELECTRIC CURRENT IN A
MAGNETIC FIELD
➢ The force of a wire carrying a current I with length
ℓ in a uniform magnetic field B is given by:
𝐹 = 𝐼ℓ𝐵 sin 𝜃
➢ If the current’s direction is perpendicular to the field
𝑩 (θ = 90⁰), then the force is:
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼ℓ𝐵
➢ The magnitude of 𝑩 can be defined as:
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐵=
𝐼ℓ
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
A wire carrying a steady (dc) 30.0-A current
has a length of 12.0 cm between the pole
faces of a magnet. The wire is at angle θ =
60.0⁰ to the field. The magnetic field is
approximately uniform at 0.90 T. We ignore
the field beyond the pole pieces. Determine
the magnitude and direction of the force on
the wire.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
Given:
I = 30.0 A
ℓ = 12.0 cm = 0.12 m
𝜃 = 60.0°
𝐵 = 0.90 T
Required:
Magnitude and direction of F = ?
 03
LORENTZ
FORCE
LORENTZ FORCE
• Is the force 𝐹Ԧ on a charged particle q
moving at a velocity 𝑣Ԧ through a
magnetic field 𝐵 and an electric field
𝐸.
• Used in electromagnetism and is
also known as the electromagnetic
force.
LORENTZ FORCE LAW
• Hendrik Antoon Lorentz derived the
modern formula of Lorentz force in 1985.

𝑭=𝒒 𝑬+𝒗×𝑩

Where, 𝐹Ԧ is the force acting on the particle, 𝑞 is the

electric charge of the particle, 𝑣Ԧ is the velocity, 𝐸 is
the external electric field and 𝐵 is the magnetic field.
LORENTZ FORCE
• A charged particle in an electric field will
always feel a force due to this field, of
magnitude F = qE.
• A charged particle in a magnetic field will
only feel a force due to the magnetic field
if it is moving with a component of its
velocity perpendicular to the field.
LORENTZ FORCE
• A charged particle
with speed of v
perpendicular to the
magnetic field
moves in a circular
pathway.
LORENTZ FORCE
• The magnetic force causes a centripetal
acceleration and consequently a circular motion
of the particle in the medium. In the absence of
an electric field:
Where r is the radius of
curvature of the path of a
charged particle, m is the
mass, v is the speed
perpendicular to B, and B is
the magnetic field of strength
LORENTZ FORCE
• Period - The time for the charged particle to go
around the circular path; the same as the
distance travelled (the circumference) divided
by the speed.
• Based on this and the previous equation, we
can derive the period of motion as;
LORENTZ FORCE
• Period - The time for the charged particle to go
around the circular path; the same as the
distance travelled (the circumference) divided
by the speed.
• Based on this and the previous equation, we
can derive the period of motion as;
LORENTZ FORCE
• The angular speed of the particle is given as;
𝑞𝐵
𝜔=
𝑚

• The frequency or number of revolutions per unit

time is:

• or
SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
A magnetron in a microwave oven
emits electromagnetic waves with
frequency f = 2450.0 MHz. What
magnetic field strength is required
for electrons to move in circular
paths with this frequency?
SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
Given:
f = 2450.0 MHz = 2.45 x 109 Hz
𝑞𝑒 − = 1.90 × 10−19 C
𝑚𝑒 − = 9.11 × 10−31 kg

Required:
Magnetic field strength (B) = ?
SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
Solution:
𝑞𝐵
𝑓= 𝑓 2𝜋𝑚 = 𝑞𝐵
2𝜋𝑚
𝑓 2𝜋𝑚 𝑞𝐵
=
𝑞 𝑞
new formula
to solve for B
𝑓 2𝜋𝑚
𝐵=
𝑞
SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
Solution:
(𝑓) 2𝜋𝑚
𝐵=
𝑞
(2.45 × 109 𝐻𝑧) 2𝜋)(9.11 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔
=
1.60 × 10−19 C

𝐵 = 0.0876 T or 8.76 × 10−2 T

SAMPLE PROBLEM #4
A cyclotron used to accelerate α-
particles (m = 6.64×10−27 kg, q =
3.20×10−19 C) has a radius of 0.50
m and a magnetic field of 1.80 T.
What is the period of revolution of
the α-particles?
SAMPLE PROBLEM #4
Given:
𝑞𝛼 = 3.20 × 10−19 C
𝑚𝛼 = 6.64 × 10−27 kg
r = 0.50 m
B = 1.80 T
Required:
Period of revolution (𝑇𝛼 ) = ?
SAMPLE PROBLEM #4
Solution:
2𝜋𝑚
𝑇=
𝑞𝐵
2𝜋(6.64 × 10−28 kg)
=
3.20 × 10−19 C (1.80 T)

𝑇 = 7.24 × 10−8 𝑠
 QUIZ
(Part 2)
Instructions:
There are 4 problems that you needed to solve
for this quiz/assignment. Write your
solutions/answers neatly and systematically.
Box your final answers and don’t forget to
include the proper unit/s. Follow the number of
significant figures when writing your final
answer. Do this on a 1 whole sheet of paper
and submit it on May 2, 2023 during our
schedule. Thank you!
PROBLEM #1
An electron traveling at 3.2 x 106
m/s passes through a 4.0 T uniform
magnetic field. The electron is
moving at right angles to the
magnetic field. What force acts on
the electron?
PROBLEM #2
Consider an electron moving in an electric field of
−6 V
strength 𝐸 = 3.5 × 10 and a magnetic field of
m
strength 𝐵 = 7.9 × 10−6 T. The magnetic field is at
an angle of 35⁰ to the path of the electron.
Furthermore, the velocity of the electron is 7.1 ×
5m
10 . What is the magnitude of the Lorentz force
s
exerted on the electron due to the interaction with
the electromagnetic fields?
PROBLEM #3
A straight wire carries a 15.0 𝐴 current
from left to right in a region between the
poles of large electromagnet where a
horizontal magnetic field directed at
northeast with a magnitude of 2.50 𝑇.
What is the magnitude and direction of the
force on a 2.0 𝑚 section of a wire? (𝜃 =
45.0°)
PROBLEM #4
A particle with a charge of −1.24 ×
10−8 C is moving with instantaneous
4𝑚 Ƹ
velocity 𝒗 = 4.19 × 10 𝒊 + ቀ−3.85 ×
𝑠
4𝑚 Ƹ
10 ቁ 𝒋. What is the force exerted on this
𝑠
particle by a magnetic field (a) 𝑩 =
෡
(1.40 T)𝒊Ƹ and (b) 𝑩 = (1.40 𝑇)𝒌?