12th Physics Definition

Chap 5 Magnetism and Matter

Magnetism and Matter

A magnet is a material that has both attractive and

directive properties.
It attracts small pieces of iron, cobalt, etc.
This property of attraction is called Magnetism.

Artificial Magnet

The pieces of iron and other magnetic materials can 3. LIKE POLES REPEL AND UNLIKE POLES ATTRACT:
be made to acquire the properties of natural magnets. If two like poles (𝑁−𝑁 𝑜𝑟 𝑆−𝑆) are brought near two
Such magnets are called artificial magnets each other they repel each other and attract in the
case of unlike poles (𝑁−𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑆−𝑁).

4. MAGNETIC POLES ALWAYS EXIST IN PAIRS:

If we break a magnet from the middle, each broken
Basic Properties of Magnets part will have a pair of poles (N-S).
Magnetic monopoles do not exist.
1. ATTRACTIVE PROPERTY: Every magnet exists as a dipole.
A magnet attracts small pieces of iron, cobalt, nickel
etc. When a magnet is brought near a heap of iron
fillings, the ends of the magnet show the greatest
attraction.
These ends are called poles.
Every magnet has two poles.
5. MAGNETIC INDUCTION:
A magnet induces magnetism in a magnetic substance
near it. This phenomenon is called magnetic induction.

Some Important Definitions connected with

2. DIRECTIVE PROPERTY:
When a magnet is suspended or pivoted freely, it
aligns itself in the geographical north-south direction.
The north seeking pole is called the north pole of the
magnet, and the other one is the south pole.
Magnetism
1. MAGNETIC FIELD: The space around a magnet
within which its influence can be experienced is called
its magnetic field.

2. UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD: A magnetic field in a

region is said to be uniform if it has same magnitude
and direction at all points of that region.

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3. MAGNETIC POLES: These are the regions of
apparently concentrated magnetic strength in a
magnet where the magnetic attraction is maximum.
4. MAGNETIC AXIS: The line passing through the poles
of a magnet.
5. MAGNETIC EQUATOR: The line passing through the
centre of the magnet and at right angles to the
magnetic axis.
6. MAGNETIC LENGTH: The distance between the two
poles of a magnet is called the magnetic length of the
magnet. It is slightly less than the geometrical length
of a magnet.
Coulomb’s Law of Magnetic Force
This law states that the force of attraction or repulsion
between two magnetic poles is directly proportional to
the product of their pole strengths and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between
them.
𝜇0 𝑞𝑚1 𝑞𝑚2
𝐹= .
4𝜋 𝑟2
𝑞𝑚1 =pole strength
Hence a unit magnetic pole may be defined as that
pole which when placed in vacuum at a distance of
one metre from an identical pole repels it with a force
of 10−7newton.
Magnetic Dipole: An arrangement of two equal &
opposite magnetic poles separated by a small distance
is called a Magnetic Dipole
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Magnetic Dipole Moment: The magnetic dipole
moment of a magnetic dipole is defined as the product
of its pole strength and magnetic length. It is a vector
quantity , directed from S-pole to N-pole.
𝑚
⃗⃗ = 𝑞𝑚 × 2𝑙
Magnetic Field Lines
A magnetic line of force may be defined as the curve
the tangent to which at any point gives the direction
of the magnetic field at that point.
Properties of Lines of Force
➢ Magnetic lines of force are closed curves which
start in air from the N-pole and end at the S-pole
and then return to the N-pole through the interior
of the magnet.
➢ The lines of force never cross each other. If they do
so, that would mean there are two directions of the
magnetic field at the point of intersection, which is
impossible.
➢ They start form and end on the surface of the
magnet normally.
➢ The relative closeness of the lines of force gives a
measure of the strength of the magnetic field
which is maximum at the poles.
Plotting magnetic field of a bar magnet
The magnetic field around a magnet can be traced with
the help of a magnetic compass needle.
Definition of Magnetic Dipole Moment :
The magnetic dipole moment may be defined as the
torque acting on a magnetic dipole placed
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perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of unit of the needle are similar in the two cases. This again
strength. supports the similarity between the two fields.

Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole

Right hand thumb rule:

If we curl the fingers of the right hand in the direction
of the current in the loop, then the extended thumb
gives the direction of magnetic moment associated
with the loop.
A solenoid as an equivalent bar magnet.
𝑛ො

SI unit of magnetic dipole moment is A𝑚2 . It is defined

as the magnetic moment associated with one turn
loop of area one square metre when a current of one
ampere flows through it.

Bohr magneton . it is defined as the magnetic moment

associated with an electron due to its orbital motion in
the first orbit of hydrogen atom.
𝑒ℎ
𝜇𝐵 = (𝜇𝑙 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
4𝜋 𝑚𝑒
A bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
The magnetic moment possessed by an electron due We can explain this by Ampere's hypothesis according
to its spinning motion is called intrinsic magnetic to which all magnetic effects are produced by current-
moment or spin magnetic moment. loops

Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid

Similarities between a current carrying solenoid and a
bar magnet. When a current is passed through a
solenoid, it behaves like a bar magnet.
Some observations of similar behaviour are as follows
:
1. A current carrying solenoid suspended freely always Gauss’s Law in Magnetism
comes to rest in north-south direction.
2. Two current-carrying solenoids exhibit mutual Gauss’s law in magnetism states that the surface
attraction and repulsion when brought closer to one ⃗ over a closed surface
integral of the magnetic field 𝐵
another. This shows that their end faces act as N-and
is always zero.
S-poles like that of a bar magnet.
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑆 = 0
3. Figure shows the lines of force of a bar magnet 𝑠
while Fig. shows the lines of force of a finite solenoid.
The two patterns have a striking resemblance.

If we move a small compass needle in the

neighbourhood of the bar magnet and the current Some Important Terms used to describe Magnetic
carrying finite solenoid, we shall find that deflections Properties of materials

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1. Magnetising Field: When a magnetic material is 𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻
placed in a magnetic field, a magnetism is induced in 𝜇𝑟 = 1 + 𝜒𝑚
it.
The magnetic field that exists in vacuum and induces Classification of magnetic materials
magnetism is called magnetizing field. 1. Diamagnetic substances. Diamagnetic substances
𝐵0 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 are those which develop feeble magnetisation in the
opposite direction of the magnetising field. Such
2. MAGNETIC INDUCTION: The total magnetic field substances are feebly repelled by magnets and tend to
inside a magnetic material is the sum of the external move from stronger to weaker parts of a magnetic
magnetizing field & the additional magnetic field field.
produced due to magnetization of the material & is 2. Paramagnetic substances. Paramagnetic
called magnetic induction B substances are those which develop feeble
magnetisation in the direction of the magnetising
field. Such substances are feebly attracted by magnets
and tend to move from weaker to stronger parts of a
magnetic field.
3. Ferromagnetic substances. Ferromagnetic
substances are those which develop strong
magnetisation in the direction of the magnetising
field. They are strongly attracted by magnets and tend
to move from weaker to stronger parts of a magnetic
3. MAGNETISING FIELD INTENSITY: The ability of field.
magnetizing field to magnetise a material medium is
expressed by a vector 𝐻⃗ . Its magnitude may be Curie's law
defined as the number of ampere-turns (𝑛𝐼)
𝐵0 law states that far away from saturation, the
𝐻=
𝜇0 susceptibility of a paramagnetic material is inversely
4. INTENSITY OF MAGNETISATION: The magnetic proportional to the absolute temperature.
moment developed per unit volume of a material
when placed in a magnetizing field is called intensity
of magnetization.
𝑚
⃗⃗
⃗⃗ =
𝑀
𝑉
𝐵 = 𝜇0 (𝐻 + 𝑀)
5. MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY: The magnetic
permeability of a material may be defined as the ratio
of its magnetic induction 𝐵 to the magnetic intensity
𝐻. 𝐶
𝜒𝑚 =
𝐵 𝑇
𝜇=
𝐻
6. RELATIVE PERMEABILITY: It is defined as the ratio of Origin of ferromagnetism
the permeability of the medium to the permeability of
free space. Origin of ferromagnetism. Weiss explained
𝜇 ferromagnetism on the basis of his domain theory. In
𝜇𝑟 =
𝜇0 materials like 𝐹𝑒, 𝑁𝑖, 𝐶𝑜, the individual atoms are
7. MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILTY: It is defined as the ratio associated with large magnetic moments
of intensity of magnetization 𝑀 to the magnetizing
field intensity.
𝑀
𝜒𝑚 =
𝐻
8. Relation between magnetic permeability and
magnetic susceptibility. If a linear magnetic material,
subjected to the action of a magnetising field intensity
H, develops magnetisation M and magnetic induction
B; then
𝐵 = 𝜇0 (𝐻 + 𝑀)
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 𝐵 𝐵2
The product 𝐵𝐻 = 𝐵 ( ) = , has the dimensions
1. By displacement of the boundaries of domains. 𝜇 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟

When the external field 𝐵0 is weak, the domains
aligned in the direction of 𝐵0 grow in size while those
oppositely directed decrease in size, as shown in
of energy per unit volume. Hence the area within the
B-H loop represents the energy dissipated per unit
volume in the material when it is carries through a
cycle of magnetisation. The source is the source of emf
used in magnetising the material and the sink is the
hysteretic heat loss in the magnetic material.

Practical importance of hysteresis loops:

A study of hysteresis loop provides us information
about retentivity, coercivity and hysteresis loss of a
magnetic material. This helps in proper selection of
materials for designing cores of transformers and
2. By rotation of domains. When the external field 𝐵0 electromagnets and in making permanent magnets.
is strong, the domains rotate till their magnetic
moments get aligned in the direction of 𝐵0 as shown Types of ferromagnetic materials:
in
Modified Curie's law for ferromagnetic substances 1. Soft ferromagnetic materials or soft ferro- magnets.
These are the ferromagnetic materials in which the
The temperature at which a ferromagnetic substance magnetisation disappears on the removal of the
becomes paramagnetic is called Curie temperature or external magnetising field.
Curie point 𝑇𝑐 . Examples. Soft iron, mu metal, stalloy, etc.
𝐶′
𝜒𝑚 =
𝑇 − 𝑇𝐶
Hysteresis:
The magnetic induction (= 𝑂𝐵) left behind in the
sample after the magnetising field has been removed
is called residual magnetism or retentivity or
remanence.
The value of reverse magnetising field intensity H
required for the residual magnetism of a sample to
become zero is called coercivity of the sample
2. Hard ferromagnetic materials or hard ferro-
magnets. These are the ferromagnetic materials which
retain magnetisation even after the removal of the
external magnetising field.
Examples. Steel, alnico, lodestone, ticonal, etc.

The closed curve ABCDEFA which represents a cycle of

magnetisation of a ferromagnetic sample is called its
hysteresis loop.
The phenomenon of the lagging of magnetic induction
behind the magnetising field is called hysteresis. In
fact, the word hysteresis originates from a Greek word
meaning 'delayed'.

Significance of the area of hysteresis loop:

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