MAGNETISM

Ohm's Law describes the relationship between

electric current and voltage in a conductor, stating
that the amount of electric current flowing through a
conductor is directly proportional to the voltage that
is causing the current to flow.

I is the current (measured in amperes)

V V is the voltage (measured in volts)

R is the resistance of the conductor

I R (measured in ohms)

OHM'S LAW
Divide V by R to find the current.
Divide V by I to find resistance.
WHAT IS MAGNETISM?
A force that can attract or repel certain LIKE CHARGES REPEL
materials, such as iron, and is caused by the
movement of electric charges within certain
objects, like magnets or electric currents. N S S N

S N N S

UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT

Magnets attract iron and have two poles, a negative

and a positive pole, where the magnetic force is
S N S N
strongest. All magnets share these properties.
 WHAT’S A MAGNETIC FIELD? WHAT’S A
A magnetic field is a picture we use to describe how the magnetic force MAGNETIC DOMAIN?
is distributed in the space around and within something magnetic.
A grouping of atoms that have their
magnetic fields lined up in the same
direction is called a magnetic domain.

It is the region around a magnetic material or a moving

electric charge within which the force of magnetism acts. A
The more domains that align, the
magnetic field is a vector field in the neighborhood of a stronger the overall magnetic effect.
magnet, electric current, or changing electric field in which When they're all pointing together, the
magnetic forces are observable. material becomes a magnet.
 EXPLORING THE MAGNETIC FIELD
Around permanent magnets of different shapes;
Permanent magnets are objects that produce their own persistent magnetic fields. They are
made of ferromagnetic materials, such as iron and nickel, that have been magnetized, and they
have both a north and a south pole.
 EXPLORING THE MAGNETIC FIELD
Between like and unlike poles Around the Earth
When like poles face each other, the lines of
force are in opposite directions.

Earth's magnetic field, also known as

When the unlike poles of a bar magnet face the geomagnetic field, is the
each other the magnetic lines of force are in the magnetic field that extends from
same direction. Earth's interior out into space.
 EXPLORING THE MAGNETIC FIELD
Around a straight current-carrying conductor; Around a current-carrying loop of wire;
An electric current in a circular loop
creates a magnetic field that is more
Current is generally concentrated in the center of the loop
defined as the rate of than outside the loop.
flow of charge.

Moving charges produce magnetic fields that are

proportional to the current, and hence a current-
carrying conductor produces a magnetic effect
Stacking multiple loops concentrates
around it. This magnetic field is generally attributed
the field even more into what is called
to the sub-atomic particles in the conductor, e.g.
a solenoid.
the moving electrons in the atomic orbitals.
 Particle Accelerator
APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETISM A particle accelerator is a
machine that uses
Magnetism has a wide range of applications in electromagnetic fields to
various fields. Here are some notable propel charged particles to
high speeds and energies.
applications:
Magnetic Sensors
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic Therapy
Maglev (Magnetic Levitation)
MRI Scanners use strong magnetic fields,
Transportation
magnetic field gradients, and radio waves Maglev is a system of train
to generate images of the organs in the transportation that is
body. levitated along a guideway
Electric Motors and Generators through the use of
magnetic forces.
Magnetic Locks and Door Catches
Magnetic Storage Devices
 WHAT IS A MOTOR?
The word "motor" refers to any power unit
that generates motion, that is a "prime
mover", while "electric motor" refers to a
"prime mover using electricity."
Scientifically speaking,
the electric motor is a
unit used to convert
electric power into motive
energy or electrical
energy into mechanical
energy.
PARTS OF A MOTOR
Rotor
Usually consisting of copper wire wound into a coil
around an axle
Stator
Stationary part of a motor
Most often a permanent magnet or row of magnets
lining the edge of the motor casing
Commutator
A metal ring divided into two halves
It ensures that the ends of coils do not move in
opposite directions and ensures that the axle spins
in one direction
Brushes and Terminals
Brushes sends electrical current to the commutator
Terminals are the locations where the battery
attaches to the motor and sends the current to spin
the rotor
 HOW DOES A SIMPLE ELECTRIC
MOTOR WORK
The current goes around the coil so that it points in one direction at one
end of the loop and the other direction at the other end of the loop. The
magnetic field at both of these spots points in the same direction.
Thus, the magnetic force on the wire at opposite ends of the loop
points in opposite directions, causing it to spin.

A battery is used to magnetize the coils

Creates a magnetic field traveling north to south outside the
coil
North end of the coil is attracted to the south end of the
magnet
Vice-versa for the south end of the coil
This attraction causes the axel to make half a rotation
The commutator and brushes ensure the continuous rotation
of the motor in one direction.
WHAT IS A GENERATOR?
A GENERATOR IS SIMPLY A DEVICE THAT MOVES A MAGNET NEAR A WIRE
TO CREATE A STEADY FLOW OF ELECTRONS.
A DEVICE THAT CONVERTS MECHANICAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL
ENERGY

ROTOR
STATOR
BRUSHES AND SLIP RINGS (OR
COMMUTATOR)
HANDLE
HOW DOES A SIMPLE GENERATOR WORK
When the coil (armature) rotates within the magnetic field,
it cuts through the magnetic lines of flux. According to
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, an
electromotive force (EMF) is induced in the coil when there
is a change in magnetic flux. This induced EMF creates a
flow of current in the coil. The current produced in the coil
is then transferred to an external circuit through the slip
rings and brushes. The external circuit, known as the load,
uses the electrical energy for various applications.

Basically, Rotating the Rotor (Armature), Creation of a

Magnetic Field, Electromagnetic Induction, Generates
Electrical Current
OPERATION OF A SIMPLE MOTOR AND GENERATOR
SIMPLE MOTOR
The current goes around the coil so
that it points one direction in one end
of the loop and in the other direction at
the other end of the loop. The magnetic
field at both of these spots points in
the same direction. Thus, the magnetic
force on the wire at opposite ends of
the loop points in opposite directions,
causing it to spin.
GENERATOR
A simple generator, often called a dynamo,
operates on the principle of electromagnetic
induction. When the coil (armature) rotates within
the magnetic field, it cuts through the magnetic
lines of flux. According to Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction, an electromotive force
(EMF) is induced in the coil when there is a change
in magnetic flux. This induced EMF creates a flow
of current in the coil. The current produced in the
coil is then transferred to an external circuit
through the slip rings and brushes. The external
circuit, known as the load, uses the electrical
energy for various applications.
SUMMARY 1. MAGNESTISM
2. MAGNETIC FIELD
3. MAGNETIC DOMAIN
4. EXPLORING THE MAGNETIC FIELD
- AROUND PERMANENT MAGNETS OF
DIFFERENT SHAPES
- BETWEEN LIKE AND UNLIKE POLES
- AROUND A STRAIGHT CURRENT-CARRYING
CONDUCTOR
- AROUND A CURRENT-CARRYING LOOP OF
V WIRE
- AROUND THE EARTH
I R 5. MOTOR AND GENERATOR (OPERATIONS)
THANK YOU!