MAGNETISM  The material becomes magnetic when

an electric current passes through.

 MAGNETISM
 PERMANENT MAGNET
 Magnetism is one of the fundamental
 Certain substances such as hard steel,
forces involved in the use of electricity.
are more difficult to magnetize than soft
 Polarizing of electrons (meaning they iron because of the internal friction
are built with an electron structure that among the molecules. If such a
can attract either positively or negatively substance is placed in a strong
charged particles) magnetic field and is struck several
 Phenomenon produced by the motion of
blows with a hammer, the molecules
electric charge, resulting in attractive
become aligned with the field. When the
and repulsive forces between objects.
substance is removed from the
 MAGNET magnetic field, it will retain its
 An object which attracts such magnetic magnetism; hence it is called a
substances as iron or steel. It produces permanent magnet
a magnetic field external to itself which  DOMAIN
reacts with magnetic substances.  There are groups of billions of atoms in
 A permanent magnet
magnetic substances, each group
- Is one which maintains an almost
having its atoms aligned to give the
constant magnetic field without the
group a polarity. These groups are
application of any magnetizing force.
called domains and are apparently
Some magnetized substances show
arranged in accordance with the
practically no loss of magnetic crystalline structure of the material.
strength over a period of several
years.
 MAGNETIC FIELD
 Assumed to consist of invisible lines of
force which leave the north pole of a
magnet and enter the south pole
 CURIE TEMPERATURE
 Temperature at which the heat will
destroy the polarization of the material
 External magnetic field is applied  MAGNETICL FIELD
 RESIDUAL MAGNETISM  The field of force existing between the
 When a piece of soft iron is placed in a poles of a magnet
magnetic field, almost all the molecules
in the iron align themselves with the field
; but as soon as the magnetizing field is
removed, most of the molecules return
to their random positions, and the  MAGNETIC FLUX
substance is no longer magnetized.  Magnetic force is said to travel from
 Because some of the molecules tend to north to south in invisible lines
remain in the aligned position, every  The external field of a magnet is
magnetic substance retains a slight distorted when any magnetic substance
amount of magnetism after having been is placed in that field because it is easier
magnetized, this produces a small for the lines of force to travel through the
amount of residual magnetism in the magnetic substance than through the air
substance.
 SOFT IRON
 Iron that has a low carbon content and
is easily magnetized and demagnetized,
used to make the cores of solenoids and
other electrical equipment
 SOLENOID

 PERMEABILITY
 The ease with which a substance
carries magnetic lines of force
 RELUCTANCE
 The opposition of a material to magnetic
flux
 ELECTROMAGNET  The law for magnetic circuits is similar to
Ohm's law for electric circuits, the force
 which causes magnetic flux to flow
through a substance is called
magnetomotive force, abbreviated
mmf, and may be compared to emf.
 Mmf is measured in gilberts and the
symbol is F.
 The intensity of the flux is represented by
the Greek letter phi (Φ).
 The law for magnetic circuits may be
stated as follows: 1 gilbert establishes
a flux of 1 line of force through a material
when the reluctance of the material is 1.
 The maxwell is the unit of magnetic flux
and represents 1 line of force. When
there is a magnetic flux of 1 maxwell per
square centimeter (cm2) of cross-
sectional area, the flux density is 1 gauss

 LEFT-HAND RULE FOR COILS

 When a coil is grasped in the left hand
with the fingers pointing in the direction
of current flow, that is, from negative to
positive, the thumb will point toward the
north pole of the coil

- The part of the relay attracted by the

 SOLENOID
 Commonly used to operate switches,
valves, circuit breakers, and several
types of mechanical devices.
 The chief advantage of solenoids is that
they can be placed almost anywhere in
an airplane and can be controlled
remotely by small switches or electronic
control units
 RELAYS
 Electrically operated switches are often
called relays.
 These may be simple switches of the
single-throw type or more complex
switches of the double-throw type
electromagnet to close the contact
points is called the armature
 INDUCTION
 The transfer of electric energy from one
circuit to another without the aid of
electric connections
 When electric energy is transferred by
means of a magnetic field, it is called
electromagnetic induction
 Electromagnetic induction occurs
whenever there is a relative movement
between a conductor and a magnetic
field, provided that the conductor is
cutting across magnetic lines of force
and is not moving parallel to them.
 The relative movement may be caused
by a stationary conductor and a moving
 field or by a moving conductor with a
stationary field. A moving field may be
provided by a moving magnet or by
changing the value of the current in an
electromagnet
 2 types of electromagnetic induction
- Generator action – As the conductor
is moved through the field, a voltage is
induced in it
- Transformer action – The coil which
produces the magnetic field and the
coil in which the voltage is induced are
both stationary. The movement of the
magnetic field is produced by varying
the strength of the current in the coil  2 types of capacitor
which produces the field. - Fixed Capacitor – Constructed with
the plates and dielectric placed firmly
together and covered with a protecting
material such as waxed paper, plastic,
ceramic material, or an insulated
metal case. Because of its
construction, the capacitance of a
fixed capacitor cannot be changed.

 SELF-INDUCTANCE
 The magnetic property of a coil or wire
which causes it to induce an opposing
emf within the same circuit
 SPARK COIL - Variable Capacitor – normally have
 Also known as induction coil
fixed plates and movable plates
 Used extensively to produce spark
arranged in such a manner that the
necessary for the ignition of fuel dielectric effect between the plates
may be changed by varying the
 INDUCTION COIL distance between the plates or by
 Special type of Transformer moving one set of plates into or out of
 The low voltage of a battery is stepped the other set. - Capacitance value can
up to several thousand volts so that it be altered either electrically or
will jump the gap of a spark plug and mechanically
create a spark.

 CONDUCTOR
 Allows the flow of charge known as
current
 Mostly metals
 MAGNETO
 Magnetic field is provided by a
permanent magnet

ELECTRICAL MATERIALS,  INSULATOR

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT  Material that does not allow electric
current to pass through
 CAPACITOR
 A capacitor consists of two conductors
separated by an insulating medium
which is capable of holding an electric
charge.
 Air, or other insulating material is called
dielectric.  SEMICONDUCTOR
  Conductivity value between a conductor
and an insulator.
 Resistance of a semiconductor falls as
sits temperature rises
 Most common are silicon, germanium,
selenium
 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES DC EQUIPMENT, AC EQUIPMENT
 Electronic components that exploit the  MOTOR VS GENERATOR
electronic properties of semiconductor  GENERATOR
materials - Generator converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy
 MOTOR
- Any class of rotary electrical motor
that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy
 ELECTRIC MEASURING - AC and DC
INSTRUMENTS o DC Motors – Described in part by
 Most common electric measuring the type of internal winding they
instruments are ammeter, voltmeter, have
ohmmeter and wattmeter
 Ammeter
- Instrument for measuring either direct
current or alternating current in
amperes
Field Winding
- Usually connected in series
 The insulated current-carrying
coils on a field magnet that
produce the magnetic field
needed to excite a generator or
 Voltmeter motor
- Used for measuring potential  Electromagnet.
difference between two points
- Connected in parallel

Armature Winding
 Ohmmeter  Armature is the winding of an
- Measure electrical resistance electric machine which carries
alternating current.
 The armature windings conduct
AC even on DC machines, due
to the commutator action (which
periodically reverses current
direction) or due to electronic
 Wattmeter commutation, as in brushless
- Measuring the electric active power in DC motors.
watts of any given circuit o DC MOTOR
 Series-wound, Shunt-wound,
Compound wound motors
 Named according to the
relationship between the field coil
connections and the armature
winding.
 Multimeter Series-wound – it has the field
- Also called multitester winding and armature winding
- Measure various electrical parameters connected in series.
such as voltage, current, and
resistance.

 The series DC motors are
variable speed motors i.e. their
speed is low at high torque and
vice-versa.
 Although, at no-load or light
load, the motor attains
dangerously high speed. The
series motors have high
starting torques.
 Used where large starting
torque is required like in
elevators, electric tractions,
cranes, etc.
 Used where load is
subjected to heavy
fluctuations and the speed is
required to be automatically
regulated according to load
requirements.
 Also used in air
compressors, vacuum
cleaners, hair driers, sewing
machines etc.
Shunt-wound – it has the field
winding and armature circuits
connected in parallel.
 The shunt motors are constant
speed motors.
 Where speed is required to
remain constant form no-load
to full load.
 Used in lathes, drills, sharpers,
spinning and weaving
machines, boring mills etc.
Compound- wound motors – A
DC motor in which both the series
field and shunt field are combined
is known as compound wound DC
motor.
 Long-Shunt Compound
Motor – When the shunt field
winding is connected in
parallel with the series
combination of armature
winding and the series field
winding
 Short Shunt field winding –
is directly connected in parallel
with the armature winding
 The differentially-
compound motors are
rarely used due to their poor
torque characteristics.
However, the cumulatively-
compound motors are used
in the constant speed
applications with irregular
loads or suddenly applied
heavy loads like presses,
reciprocating machines and
shears etc.
o AC MOTOR
 An electric motor driven by an
alternating current (AC).
 Consists of a stator with a coil that
is supplied with alternating current
to convert electric current into
mechanical power.
 One of the main advantages of the
ac power system is that it provides
more power for less weight
 3 PRINCIPAL TYPES
1. Universal
 Universal motor is identical
with a d-c motor and may be
operated on either alternating
or direct current
 Motor will turn steadily in one
direction regardless of the type
of current applied
2. Induction
 Essential Parts
 Stator - stator produces a
rotating magnetic field
 Rotor - receives its power
from the stator
 Single Phase - there is a
single phase supply.
 Polyphase - can be two or
three phase and are similar
to single phase motors in
how they operate
3. Synchronous
 The rotation of the shaft is at
the same frequency as the
current supply
 The synchronous speed is
constant and at which the
 motor generates electromotive are parallel with both series field
force. and armature
 AC ADVANTAGES
1. Lower startup power demands
2. Better control over starting
current levels and acceleration
3. Broader customizability for
different configuration
requirements and changing Short Shunt Wound DC
speed and torque requirements Generator – An armature is
4. Greater durability and longevity parallel with the shunt field
 DC ADVANTAGES windings
1. Simpler installation and
maintenance requirements
2. Higher startup power and torque
3. Faster response times for
start/stop and acceleration
4. Wider variety for different
voltage requirements o AC Generator
 GENERATOR  Also called alternator
- Machine which changes mechanical  Converts mechanical energy into
energy to electrical energy alternating current electricity
- Mechanical energy may be supplied o DC generator advantage
by any one of many devices such as  Have less fluctuations in their
gasoline engines, steam engines, outputs and are suitable for big
diesel engines, steam or water machines.
turbines, wind-driven propellers, gas- o DC Generator disadvantage
turbine engines.  Cannot be used with a transformer
- On airplanes, generators are usually  May experience voltage drops.
driven by the airplane engine. o Alternator advantages
- AC and DC  The voltage of a-c power may be
o DC Generator changed at will by
 Mechanical energy into direct means of transformers. This
current electricity makes it possible to
 Three types are series, shunt, and transmit power at a high voltage
compound with low current,
 Shunt wound and compound thus reducing the size and weight
wound generators are used on of wire required.
aircraft.  Alternating current can be
Series Wound Generator – The produced in a three-
field winding is in series with phase system, thus making it
armature conductors possible to use motors
of less weight for the same amount
of power developed.
 A-c machinery, such as alternators
and motors, do not require the use
of commutators;
hence service and upkeep are
greatly reduced
Shunt Wound Generator – field
windings are connected in parallel
through the armature conductors

Compound Wound Generator –

includes both series and shunt
field wounding
Long shunt compound DC
generator – the shunt windings