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General Physics 1 – Grade 12 (STEM)

Learning Activity Sheets
Quarter 1 – Week 5: Application of Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion and Mechanical Work

First Edition, 2021

First Edition, 2021

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Writer: John Ferry Patosa Sual, MST

Regional Editors: Kevin Hope Z. Salvana

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AR A. Ranesis
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Author: John Ferry Patosa Sual,MST

School/Station: Tigao National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
email address: johnferry.sual@deped.gov.ph
 WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
General Physics 1, Grade 12, Quarter 1, Week 5

APPLICATION OF NEWTON’S 2nd LAW of MOTION AND MECHANICAL WORK

Name: ___________________________________________ Section: ____________________

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

- Apply Newton’s 2nd law and kinematics to obtain quantitative and qualitative
conclusions about the velocity and acceleration of one or more bodies, and the contact
and noncontact forces acting on one or more bodies. (STEM_GP12N-Ie-36)
- Solve problems using Newton’s Laws of motion in contexts such as, but not limited to,
ropes and pulleys, the design of mobile sculptures, transport of loads on conveyor belts,
force needed to move stalled vehicles, determination of safe driving speeds on banked
curved roads. (STEM_GP12N-Ie-38)
- Calculate the dot or scalar product of vectors. (STEM_GP12WE-If-40)
- Determine the work done by a force acting on a system (STEM_GP12WE-If-41)

Learning Objectives:
After the lesson, the students will be able to:
1. Distinguish the forces such as frictional force, normal force, threshold angles for
sliding, acceleration, and mechanical work done by a force acting on a system.
2. Identify and draw the different forces acting on the system.
3. Apply Newton’s laws to solve problems involving the forces that act on an
accelerating body and determine work done by a force acting on a system
quantitatively.
4. Recognize the importance of understanding the application of Newton’s 2nd Law of
Motion in our daily lives.

Time Allotment: 4 hours

Key Concepts
 Weight is a force on an object due to gravity. It is a vector quantity expressed as w =
mg; where m is the mass of the object and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
(Reminder: the acceleration provided by gravity due on Earth is 9.80m/s2).
 The weight is dependent on the object’s location.
 The unit of weight is the same as the unit of force, N (newton).
If,
Fnet = ma
Weight is
w = mg
o Example: If John’s mass is 58.0kg, the magnitude of his weight is
Given: Solution:
m = 58.0kg w = mg
g = 9.80m/s2 w = (58.0kg)(9.80m/s2)
w=? w = 568.4kg. m/s2 or 568.4N

 Tension is a force on a rope, thread, string or cord. It is a pulling force and is present
only when the cord is taut or stretched. The direction of tension is always along the
string or rope and away from the object it supports.

Author: John Ferry Patosa Sual,MST

School/Station: Tigao National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
email address: johnferry.sual@deped.gov.ph
 Figure 1. A crane lifts a load
Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces
-newtons-laws/tension-tutorial/a/what-is-tension

Free-body Diagram
In physics and engineering, a free body diagram (FBD) or force diagram is
a graphical illustration used to visualize the applied forces, moments, and
resulting reactions on a body in a given condition.

T, tension

25kg w, weight

Figure 2.1. A suspended Figure 2.2. The FBD of a suspended

box through a cable wire box through a cable wire

One-dimensional equilibrium: Tension in a rope with mass as shown in figure

2.1. Using Newton’s law for this stationary object we have
Given: Solution:
m = 25kg ΣF = T – w = 0, then
g = 9.80m/s2 T = w = mg
T=? T = (25kg)(9.80m/s2)
T = 245 N

But what if the same object is raised to a certain average acceleration?

What is the tension on the rope?

T, tension

a a, acceleration

25kg w, weight

Figure 3.1. A suspended box is pulled Figure 3.2. FBD of a suspended box is
through a cable wire pulled through a cable wire

Author: John Ferry Patosa Sual,MST

School/Station: Tigao National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
email address: johnferry.sual@deped.gov.ph
 Then, Newton’s equation maybe written as (assume that object accelerates by
2m/s2 the moment the rope was pulled through a pulley)

Given: Solution:
m = 25kg ΣF = T – w = ma
a = 2.00m/s2 T = ma + w
g = 9.8 m/s2 T = ma + mg
T=? T = (25kg)(2.00m/s2) + (25kg)(9.8 m/s2)
T = 50 N + 245 N
T = 295 N

Two-dimensional equilibrium: Atwood machine

The Atwood machine is

commonly used in the
constructions in lifting heavy
loads, theatre stages, etc.

In this case, we ignore the

friction on the pulley and focus
on the two objects of different
masses.

Figure 4.1. Figure 4.1. FBD of two loads of

Atwood Machine different mass
Source: Coronado, G. & Boncodin, M. (c.2006). The Atwood Machine. Physics. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. p.62

Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/atwd.html

For this idealized case the tension “T” is the same on both sides of the pulley.
The acceleration “a” is the same for both masses. Solving for T gives:
T = m1g + m1a
Substituting T into the equation for m2 gives
m2g – m1g – m1a = m2a
The equation of motion for the two-mass system is then:
(𝑚2 − 𝑚1 )𝑔
(m2-m1)g = (m1+m2)a or 𝑎 =
(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )

Author: John Ferry Patosa Sual,MST

School/Station: Tigao National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
email address: johnferry.sual@deped.gov.ph
 Example:
Two masses are held while suspended on a frictionless pulley. Their
masses are 0.25kg and 0.200kg, respectively.
1. Compute for the acceleration of the masses once they are released?
2. Find the tension on the string.
f
t
Given: Solution:
h
m1 = 0.200kg a=?
m2 = 0.250kg (𝑚2 − 𝑚1 )𝑔
a=? 𝑎=
(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )
T1 = T2 = ? (0.250𝑘𝑔 − 0.200𝑘𝑔 )9.8𝑚/s2
𝑎=
(0.200𝑘𝑔 + 0.250𝑘𝑔 )
(0.05𝑘𝑔)9.8𝑚/s2
𝑎 =
(0.450𝑘𝑔 )
0.49𝑁
𝑎 =
(0.450𝑘𝑔 )
a = 1.09 m/s2

T=?
T = m1g + m1a
= 0.200kg(9.8m/s2)+(0.200kg)( 1.09 m/s2)
= 1.96N + 0.218N
= 2.178N
Example:
Curious about the topic of apparent weight that they discussed in class
recently, a 450-N physics student stands on a bathroom scale in an 850-kg
(including the student) elevator that is supported by a cable. As the elevator
starts moving, the scale reads 400N. (a) What is the acceleration of the elevator?
(b) What is the tension in the cable?

Given:
w(student) = 450 N
m(student + bathroom) = 850 N
n = 400 N
a=?
T=?

Solution:

Author: John Ferry Patosa Sual,MST

School/Station: Tigao National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
email address: johnferry.sual@deped.gov.ph
 (a) Acceleration? (b) Tension?
Since the equation to solve for “a” is The tension in the cable can be
Fnet = n – w = ma and obviously we calculated using Newton’s Second
do not have the value for the Law
m(student). So we will calculate first the Fnet = T – w = ma
mass of the student given that T – mg = ma
student’s weight is 450 N, his mass T = ma + mg
can be calculated as T = m(a+g)
𝑚 𝑚
w = mg =(850kg)(−1.1 2 + 9.80 2 )
𝑤 450 𝑁 𝑠 𝑠
m= = 𝑚 = 45.92 ≅ 46.0 kg =(850kg)(8.7𝑠2 )
𝑚
𝑔 9.80 2
𝑠 𝑚
= 7,395kg. 𝑠2
Analysing the motion of the student we = 7,395 N
have
Fnet = n – w = ma
𝑛−𝑤 400 𝑁−450 𝑁 𝒎
a= = = -1.1 𝟐
𝑚 46𝑘𝑔 𝒔

 Normal Force (N) is a kind of force exerted by the surfaces. The "normal" here refers to
perpendicular. This is because the normal force, usually represented with Fn or just N
is a force that is directed perpendicular to the two surfaces in contact.
Observe the figure below. What can you infer?

Figure 5.1. A sack of dog food sets on Figure 5.2. The FBD for figure
the table 5.1.
The card table sags when the dog food is placed on it, much like a stiff trampoline.
Elastic restoring forces in the table grow as it sags until they supply a normal force
Fn or just N equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the weight of the load.
(Image Credit: Openstax College Physics)

 Since no horizontal motion is observed then ΣFx = 0.

 The vector sum of the vertical forces does not make the object rise nor
sink so, ΣFy = N – w = 0 and N = w = mg

Author: John Ferry Patosa Sual,MST

School/Station: Tigao National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
email address: johnferry.sual@deped.gov.ph
 Figure 6.1. shows an object in an
inclined plane, what would be
Note: w = mg
the FBD in this type of situation?
Figure 6.2. The FBD of figure 6.1.
Source: https://www.sarthaks.com/745825/explain-the-motion-of-a-body-on-an-inclined-plane

o However, there are instances that the normal force is not equal to the weight of
the mass, consider the example below:

 Take note in this situation we ignore the force due to friction.
 To determine the components of the forces along and perpendicular to
the plane, we have:
o wx = wsinϴ (wx is the component of weight along parallel to the surface)
o wy = wcosϴ (wy is the component perpendicular to the surface)
 Thus, the vector sum of the forces along y is zero since the object
neither rises nor sinks.
ΣFy = 0
N - wcosϴ = 0
N = wcosϴ
 However, along the x-axis, there is only one force: the x-component of
the weight. This is the force that will make the object slide itself.
ΣFx = max
ΣFx = wsinϴ
wsinϴ = mg sinϴ
max = mgsinϴ
m=m
ax = g sinϴ

Example:

In a field trip to an ice plant, you noticed a 5.00kg block of ice was
released from rest at the top of a 2.00m long frictionless ramp with an angle of
13.30. It slides downhill, reaching a speed of 3.00m/s at the bottom. (a) Draw the
free-body diagram of the block of ice. (b) What is the acceleration of a block of
ice?

Given:
m(ice)= 5.0kg
vf = 3.00m/s
ϴ = 13.30
a=?
Fig.7 A block of ice slides a ramp

Author: John Ferry Patosa Sual,MST

School/Station: Tigao National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
email address: johnferry.sual@deped.gov.ph
 Solution:
(a) FBD (b) Acceleration?
We calculate acceleration
through this equation
ΣFalong x = wx – F = max
wx – F = max
m m
𝑤𝑥 −𝐹
ax =
𝑚
𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛ϴ−𝐹
ax =
𝑚
9.8𝑚
(5.0𝑘𝑔)( 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛13.30 −10.0𝑁
ax = 𝑠
5.0𝑘𝑔
ax = 0.26 m/s2

 Friction is a resisting force. Its direction is opposite to that of the motion.

(a)
Push on the car by the
man

Friction opposing the

motion
Fig. 8 A man pushes his car
Source: https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/488084/why-a-box-moving-at-constant-velocity-isnt-doing-work

 Static Friction (fs) is the force that keeps an object “stuck” on a surface and
prevents its motion. Its magnitude is given by the equation:
fs = µsn
whereas: µs is the coefficient of static friction
n is the normal force
 Kinetic Friction (fk) is the force that “opposes the motion.” This is for the
objects that are moving relative to the point of contact. Its direction is
opposite to the direction of motion. The magnitude of the friction force is
given by:
fk = µkn
whereas: µk is the coefficient of kinetic friction
n is the normal force

Author: John Ferry Patosa Sual,MST

School/Station: Tigao National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
email address: johnferry.sual@deped.gov.ph
 Table 1. Coefficient Friction
Example:
A 1,500 kg minicar is pulled with a force of 11,000N at an angle of 30.00
from the horizontal. If the coefficient of friction between the tires and the road is
0.800, what is the average acceleration of the car?

Given: Solution:
m(car) = 1,500 kg The frictional force is computed thru this equation:
F = 11,000N Ff = µ(mg - Fsinϴ)
ϴ = 30.00 = 0.8[ (1,500kg)(9.80m/s2) – (11,000 N sin30.00 )]
µ = 0.800 = 7,360 N
a=?
Acceleration?
ΣFnet = Fcos ϴ - Ff = ma
Fcos ϴ − F𝑓 11,000Ncos30.00 − 7,360N
a= = = 1.44m/s2
𝑚 1,500𝑘𝑔

 Work
 Work is defined as the product of force and displacement.
 Work is a scalar product, so it has a maximum value when force and
displacement are PARALLEL to each other (ϴ = 00)
 Thus, in equation form, it is written as :
W = Fd or W = Fdcos ϴ
 The S.I. unit for W is J (joule) or N.m or kg.m2/s2

Example (1):
A force of 3.00N acts through a distance of 12m in the direction of the
force. Find the work done.
Given: Solution:
F = 3.00 N W = Fdcos ϴ
d = 12m = (3.00 N)(12m)cos00
ϴ = 0 (0 since the F and d are parallel)
0
= (3.00 N)(12m)(1)
W=? = 36 N.m or 36 J

Example (2):
A 2kg book is held 1 m above from the ground for 50 s. What is the work
done on the book?
Given: Solution:
m = 2kg W = Fdcos ϴ
d = 1m = mg. dcos ϴ

Author: John Ferry Patosa Sual,MST

School/Station: Tigao National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
email address: johnferry.sual@deped.gov.ph
 ϴ = 900 (90 since the F and d are = [(2kg)(9.8m/s2)(1m)cos900
perpendicular with each other) = (19.6 N)(1m)(0)
F = ma, however the force = 0 N.m or 0 J
acting in this is weight (w = mg)
W=?

Author: John Ferry Patosa Sual,MST

School/Station: Tigao National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
email address: johnferry.sual@deped.gov.ph