Chapter–5: Magnetism and Matter

• Bar magnet, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid (qualitative treatment only),

• Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
(qualitative treatment only),
• Magnetic properties of materials- para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances with examples,
• Magnetization of materials, effect of temperature on magnetic properties.
THE EARTH’S MAGNETISM
Field lines in Bar Magnet, Solenoid, and Electric Dipole
Magnetic Permeability(μ)

• The ability of a material to permit the passage of magnetic lines

of force through it.
•μ=B/H
• where B - magnetic induction (S.I unit weber-m-2 or Tesla (T).
• Its cgs unit is gauss(10- 4 Tesla)
Magnetising Force

• The degree up to which field can magnetise a material.

Magnetic intensity (H) = B / μ
Intensity of Magnetisation (I)

• The magnetic dipole moment per unit volume.

• (I) = M / V = m / A (V = volume and A = area of cross-section of
the specimen).
Magnetic Susceptibility(χm)

• The ratio of the intensity of magnetisation (I) induced in the

material to the magnetising force (H) , is called magnetic
susceptibility.
• Magnetic Susceptibility(χm) = M / H
• Χm is a dimensionless constant
MAGNETIC FLUX

• Magnetic flux through a surface is the total number of magnetic

field lines crossing perpendicular to it.
• Magnetic flux𝜙𝐵= 𝐵⋅Δ𝑠 , 𝜮 denotes the sum of Magnetic flux
density( magnetic induction or magnetic field strength) B over
all area elements
• Magnetic flux is scalar with S.I unit weber (Wb)
 DIAMAGNETIC
Molecules don’t have permanent
magnetic dipole moment.
External field induces proportional and
opposite dipole moments in each atom.
PARAMAGNETIC
Individual atoms or molecules have
permanent magnetic dipole moment.
External field induces dipole moments in
each atom.
FERROMAGNETIC
Individual atoms or molecules have
permanent magnetic dipole moments.
Neighbouring molecules align their
magnetic moments forming domains with
moments parallel to external field, grow
in size to strongly magnetize along it.

magnetized opposite
Move from stronger to weaker part of the
field and repelled by external field
feebly magnetize in the direction of the
external field
Move from weaker to stronger field. Feebly
attracted by external field.
On removing magnetizing field Hard
ferromagnets(Eg: steel) retain
magnetism but soft ferromagnets(Eg:
soft iron) lose it.
They move from weaker to stronger
field.They are attracted strongly to
external magnetic ield.

𝜇 < 𝜇𝑜 , 𝜇r =𝜇/𝜇𝑜 lies between zero 𝜇 > 𝜇𝑜 𝜇r = between one and small 𝜇>> 𝜇𝑜
and one number greater than one 𝜇r >>> 1

Susceptibility is between zero and -1 Susceptibility ≁ is a small number Susceptibility is very much greater
greater than one . than one.
DIAMAGNETIC MATERIALS
• Molecules don’t have permanent magnetic dipole moment. External field
induces proportional and opposite dipole moments in each atom. So they
are magnetized opposite to it. Field intensity is reduced by pushing out
magnetic field lines.
• Move from stronger to weaker part of the field and repelled by external
field
• Eg: B, Cu, Pb, Si, N (at STP), water.
• 𝜇 < 𝜇𝑜 , 𝜇r =𝜇/𝜇𝑜 lies between zero and one
• Susceptibility is between zero and -1
• Super conductors show Perfect conductivity and perfect diamagnetism
(meissner effect).
• They expel all the magnetic field lines.
PARAMAGNETIC MATERIALS

• Individual atoms or molecules have permanent magnetic dipole moment. .

External field induces dipole moments in each atom. Therefore feebly magnetize
in the direction of the external field.It enhances external field.
• Move from weaker to stronger field. Feebly attracted by external field.
• Eg: Al, Na, Ca, O(at STP), CuCl2
• 𝜇 > 𝜇𝑜
• 𝜇r = between one and small number greater than one
• Susceptibility ≁ is a small number greater than one .
• Its Magnetization(I) is directly proportional to field (B0) and inversely
proportional to absolute temperature (T) i.e. I = 𝐶𝐵0 /𝑇, where 𝐶 is curie’s
constant,
• and ≁ = 𝐶𝜇𝑜 /𝑇. This is called curie’s law
FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS

• Individual atoms or molecules have permanent magnetic dipole moments.

Neighbouring molecules align their magnetic moments forming domains
with moments parallel to external field, grow in size to strongly magnetize
along it. On removing magnetizing field Hard ferromagnets(Eg: steel)
retain magnetism but soft ferromagnets(Eg: soft iron) lose it.
• They move from weaker to stronger field.They are attracted strongly to
external magnetic ield.
• Eg: Iron, Co, Ni, Steel, Alnico, Ticonal, etc.
• 𝜇>> 𝜇𝑜
• 𝜇r >>> 1
• Susceptibility is very much greater than one.
• Hence Intensity of field inside it increases.
FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS

• The ferromagnetic property decreases with increase in temperature. At

very high temperature 𝑇𝑐 (curie temperature) ferromagnetic substance
changes into paramagnetic substance.
• • The susceptibility of this substance at any temperature (T)above curie
temperature in its paramagnetic phase is
• ≁𝑚 = 𝐶/ 𝑇−𝑇𝑐
HYSTERESIS
• A ferro magnetic material soft iron is placed inside a solenoid. Current
through the solenoid will magnetize the iron piece .Its Intensity of
Magnetisation (I) , Magnetic induction (B) increases with increase in
Magnetising Force (H) initially through oa and reaches saturation at a.
• Then B decreases with H but not zero at H = 0.This Residual magnetism
(B) in the material ob is called Retentivity ( remenance).
• Opposite magnetising force (oc) applied to demagnetise it is called
coercivity ( coercive force).
• After reaching d,H is decreased to zero then ‘a’ completing a cycle called
Hysteresis Loop.
• Its area denotes loss of energy dissipated as heat in the process.
• Material (like soft iron) with thin hysteresis loop is used for temporary
magnets while that with wide loop (like steel) is used for permanent
magnets.
PERMANENT MAGNETS

• Here magnetic field is generated by spinning of electrons in the

material about an axis.
• It can be made by placing a hard ferromagnetic material inside
a current carrying solenoid.
• All the domains are aligned in the same direction.
• Elements(Iron,cobalt,nickel, gadolinium ) and Alloys of Fe(Steel,
Alnico, Cobalt steel,Ticonal,ceramic) are ferromagnetic for
making permanent magnets.They should have
(i) High retentivity for strong magnetism
(ii) High coercivity so that magnetism is not easily lost.
(iii) High permeablility
ELECTRO MAGNETS
• Here magnetic fields result from electron flow through a conductor.
• It can be made by winding an insulated conducting wire over a soft iron
core and by passing a current through the wire.
• Cobalt steel,Ticonal,ceramic) are ferromagnetic for making permanent
magnets.
• The materials for making electromagnets or temperature magnets should
have
(i) High permeability
(ii) Low retentivity
(iii) Low coercivity
Eg: Soft iron Core.
• Electromagnets are used in electric bells, loud speakers, in cranes etc.
 Application Of Magnetic property

In real world there many operation of magnetic property . This property is use as
two form as Electromagnetic field and magnetic field .
Electronic Motor and Generator
An electric motor that uses electromagnets
in the spinning stator to turn. There is an
electrical 'slip-ring' on the stator that directs
the power to a different magnet section of the
stator to achieve rotation.

Magnetic properties of Materials 26

 Magnetic storage

Magnetic storage and magnetic recording are terms from engineering

referring to the storage of data on a magnetized medium. Magnetic storage uses
different patterns of magnetization in a magnetizable material to store data and is a
form of non-volatile memory. The information is accessed using one or more
read/write heads.

Magnetic properties of Materials 27

 Magnetic bearing

A magnetic bearing is a bearing which supports a load using magnetic

levitation. Magnetic bearings support moving machinery without physical contact,
for example, they can levitate a rotating shaft and permit relative motion with very
low friction and no mechanical wear.

Magnetic properties of Materials 28

 Magnetic separator and Holding Device

Magnetic separator for particle size less than 3mm magnetite, pyrrhotite,
ilmenite and other materials, wet magnetic separation, but also for coal, non-
metallic minerals, building materials and other materials in addition to iron
work.Available downstream, semi-reflux, reflux-type and other forms of magnetic
separator, cylinder surface magnetic field strength can be produced according to
the actual use of the special.

Magnetic properties of Materials 29

Magnetic property in Medical
The Attraction of Magnet Therapy
Some magnets are multipolar, with both the north and south poles
facing the patient/desired body part, often with manufacturers touting that their
circular or checkerboard or triangular pattern is in some way superior. But this
also further limits how far the magnetic field reaches. Any effect inside the
body must be limited to a few millimeters, only skin deep.

Magnetic properties of Materials 30

Magnetic Resonance Angiogram (MRA)
A magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) is a type of magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) scan that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio
wave energy to provide pictures of blood vessels inside the body. In many
cases MRA can provide information that can't be obtained from an X-ray,
ultrasound, or computed tomography (CT) scan.

Magnetic properties of Materials 31

 Using In Security System

Burglar alarm
Passive magnetic field detection
This buried security system is based on the Magnetic Anomaly Detection
principle of operation. The system uses an electromagnetic field generator
powered by two wires running in parallel. Both wires run along the perimeter and
are usually installed about 5 inches apart on top of a wall or about 12"/30 cm
below ground. The wires are connected to a signal processor which analyzes any
change in the magnetic field.

Magnetic properties of Materials 32

Eddy current brake
An eddy current brake, like a conventional friction brake, is
responsible for slowing an object, such as a train or a roller coaster. However,
unlike electro-mechanical brakes, which apply mechanical pressure on two
separate objects, eddy current brakes slow an object by creating eddy currents
through electromagnetic induction which create resistance, and in turn either heat
or electricity.

Magnetic properties of Materials 33

Magnetic relays
A type of overload relay that senses the strength of the magnetic field
that the current flow produces. Magnetic relays are often used in areas that
experience extreme changes in temperature.

Magnetic properties of Materials 34