MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

Magnet
An object which attracts pieces of iron, nickel, steel, cobalt, etc. is called magnet.
(or)
An object that produces a magnetic field is called magnet
(or)
An object that possesses the property of magnetism is called a magnet.
e.g.: Earth is a natural magnet.
Magnetism
The force of attraction or repulsion of magnetic materials is called magnetism.
Substance

Magnetic materials Non-magnetic materials

Those materials which are attracted
by magnet are called magnetic
materials.
e.g. – Iron, Steel, Nickel, Cobalt, etc.
Those materials which are attracted by
magnet are called non-magnetic
materials.
e.g. – Rubber, Wood, Glass, Paper,
Coins, Leather, etc.

Magnetic Pole
The point near the end of the magnet where magnetism is concentrates is known as
magnetic pole.
Magnetic Pole

North Pole South Pole

The end that points towards north
direction is called North Pole of the
magnet.
or
The pole out of which magnetic lines
of force pointing is called North
Pole.
The end that points towards south
direction is called South Pole of the
magnet.
or
The pole into which magnetic lines of
force pointing is called South Pole.
 Magnet

Natural magnet Artificial magnet

A magnet that occurs naturally in
nature is called natural magnet.
e.g. – (i) Earth is a natural magnet
(ii) Lodestone (Magnet) is a
natural magnet.
The magnets which are made by man by
using different techniques are called
artificial magnets.
e.g. – Bar magnet, Horse shoe magnet
etc.

❑ Difference between Natural and Artificial magnet:

Natural magnet
1. Found in nature
2. Weaker in strength
3. Always permanent magnets
4. Irregular shapes and sizes
5. Examples: Earth, Lodestone etc.
Artificial magnet
1. Made by man
2. Stronger in strength
3. My be permanent or temporary magnets
4. Regular shapes and sizes.
5. Example: Bar magnet, Horse shoe
magnet etc.

Permanent Magnet
Those magnets which retain their magnetism for a very long time are called Permanent
magnets. e.g. –
(i) Alnico (Alloy of Al, Ni and Co)
(ii) Steel
(iii) Nipermag (Alloy of Fc, Ni, Al and Ti) etc.

Temporary Magnet
Those magnets which retain their magnetism only for a short time are called Temporary
magnets. e.g. – paper clips, iron nails, etc.

Magnetic Poles
(i) The like magnetic poles repel each other.

(ii) The unlike magnetic poles attract each–other.

(iii) A broken magnet creates the new poles.

(iv) A single pole cannot exist because without the opposite pole, the magnetic circuit will
remain incomplete.
• Effect of cutting: -
(i) If a magnet is cut in half, lengthwise, the two halves will repel each-other.
N S

N S

(ii) If a magnet is cut in half, across the width, the two halves will attract each-other.

N S N S

• Magnetic effect of electric current: -

The magnetic effect of electric current was discovered by H. C. Oersted in 1820.
Oersted Experiment
→ Consider a conductor in north – south direction.
→ Place this conductor on/near the magnetic needle which initially at rest.
→ When switch is on, needle deflected.
→ Direction of deflection of compass needle depends on
(i) Snow Rule
(ii) Right hand thumb Rule
(iii) Screw rule

✓ It was clear from above experiment: - Electricity and magnetism were related
phenomenon which are known as electromagnetism.
✓
ELECTROMAGNETISM
The branch of physics that deals with the study of electricity and magnetism are called
Electromagnetism.
i.e.
The study of interaction between electricity and magnetism is called Electromagnetism.
i.e.
The phenomenon associated with both magnetic field and electric fields is called
Electromagnetism.
✓ The effect of electric current in which magnetic field is produced in the area
around the conductor on passing current of electric current.
i.e
A current carrying wire produces magnetic field around the wire, which is known
as magnetic effect of electric current.

• Direction of deflection of magnetic needle: -

SNOW Rule –
S N O W

South – North Wire is over Deflection of needle

Flow of current the needle – West

When the wire is held over the needle and current flows from South to North,
the north pole of magnetic needle deflects towards west.

❑ Relation between Magnetism and Electricity: -

Electricity Magnetism
+ ve North
(1) Electric charges (1) Magnetic poles
- ve South
Electric Field → Caused by electric
Electric Field → Caused by electric
(2) charges either in stationary or (2)
charges in or motion.
motion.
(i) Like charges repel. (i) Like poles repel.
(3) (3)
(ii) Unlike charges attract. (ii) Unlike poles attract.
(4) Electric charges can be isolated. (4) Magnetic poles cannot be isolated.
Electric force acts at distance Magnetic force acts at a distance
(5) (5)
through electric field. through magnetic field.

❑ Basic properties of a Magnet: -

North
1. A magnet has two poles
South
 2. Magnetic poles always exist in pairs. i.e. Magnetic pole does not exist in single
isolated pole.
3. Likes poles repel each–other and
Flux lines
unlike poles attract each–other.
4. The poles of a magnet are of equal
strength.
5. When a magnet is suspended freely
with the help of a light thread then it
always aligns along the north–south direction which is called directive property of
magnet. i.e. A magnet has directive property when magnet suspended freely.
6. Every magnet attracts small pieces of Iron, Steel, Nickel, etc. towards itself.
MAGNETIC FIELD

The region in which the effect of the magnetic force of attraction or, repulsion detected
is magnetic field.
✓ Magnetic field is denoted by B.
✓ Magnetic field is a vector quantity.
✓ The force with which magnetic poles attract or repel is called magnetic force.
• Magnetic field lines: -
The imaginary lines / curves which are used to represent magnetic field are called
magnetic lines.

• Properties of Magnetic Field Lines: -

(i) The magnetic field lines are continuous closed loops.
(ii) The tangent drawn to the field lines at any point gives the direction of the magnetic
field at that point. Direction of
Magnetic Field

Magnetic
Field Line
 (iii) A magnetic field line is directed from North Pole to South Pole outside the magnet.

(iv) A magnetic field line is directed from South Pole to North Pole inside the magnet.

(v) The no. density of field lines in a given region gives the intensity of magnetic field.
i.e.
Crowed lines represent strong magnetic field and far apart lines represent weak
field.
i.e.
Intensity of magnetic field ∝ No. of magnetic field lines
Intensity of magnetic field ∝ Farness of lines
(vi) Two magnetic field lines can never intersect each other because if two magnetic
field lines intersect each other then at the point of intersection two tangents can be
drawn, which means two directions of the magnetic field at a single point, which is
not possible.

• Types of magnetic field: -

(i) UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD –
The magnetic field of whose magnitude and direction at every point in the
space remains same, is called uniform magnetic field.
✓ Uniform magnetic field is represented by equidistant, parallel straight
lines.
✓ Parallel lines give same direction of magnetic field and equal distances
between parallel lines show same magnitude.

(Uniform Magnetic Field Lines)

 (ii) NON-UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD –
The magnetic field of whose magnitude or direction or both magnitude as well as
direction are not same at every point in the space is called non-uniform magnetic
field.

Direction is same but Magnitude is same but Both magnitude and

magnitude is different. direction is different. direction are different.
❑ Similarities between Electric Field and Magnetic Field: -
Electric Field Magnetic Field
1. Electric force acts at a distance 1. Magnetic force acts at a distance
through electric field. through magnetic field.
2. Vector field, (𝐸⃗ ) 2. ⃗)
Vector field, (𝐵
3. Source: - Electric charge 3. Source: - Moving electric charge.
4. +ve and –ve charge. 4. North and South Pole.
5. Opposite charges attract. 5. Opposite poles attract.
6. Like charges repel. 6. Like poles repel.
7. Field lines show the direction and 7. Field lines show the direction and
magnitude of 𝐸⃗ . magnitude of 𝐵 ⃗.

MAXWELL’S RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE

Maxwell’s Right Hand Thumb rule indicates the direction
of magnetic field, if the direction of current is known.
Statement: - If we imagine to hold the conductor in our
right hand such that the thumb points towards the
direction of current then the direction of curled fingers
will give the direction of magnetic field lines.

✓ When the current in conductor is in upward

direction then the direction of magnetic field lined is
anticlockwise.
✓ When the current in conductor is in downward direction then the direction of
magnetic field lined is clockwise.
• Direction of magnetic field: -
Direction of magnetic field at a point on the magnetic field line is given by drawing a
tangent at that point.
Direction of
At Point A –
Current in upward magnetic field
Direction of magnetic field is inward. direction (Anticlockwise)
At Point Q – ⃗⃗
𝑩
Direction of magnetic field is towards left. Q
At Point R – ⃗
𝑩⃗
R P
Direction of magnetic field is outwards. ⃗𝑩
⃗
At Point S – S
⃗𝑩
⃗
Direction of magnetic field is towards right.

MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO STRAIGHT CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR

When an electric current is passed through a straight conductor then magnetic field lines are
arranged in the form of concentric circle around the current carrying conductor.
i.e.
Magnetic field lines around a current carrying straight conductor are the form of concentric
circles around the conductor with their centres lying on the conductor.
• Direction of magnetic field lines: -
1. When the current in a straight conductor is
in upward direction then the magnetic field
lines are anticlockwise concentric circles.
2. When the current in a straight conductor is
in downward direction then the magnetic
field lines are clockwise concentric circles.
• Factors affecting to the magnitude (strength) of magnetic fields: -
Magnitude field (B) depends on the following factors –
(i) Magnitude of electric current (I):
Strength of magnetic field due to a straight current carrying conductor is directly
proportional to the strength of electric current (I) passing through the conductor.
Magnetic Field (B) ∝ Strengthof electrin current (I)
With increase in strength of electric current, the strength of magnetic field also
increases and vice-versa.
(ii) Distance from the conductor (r):
Magnitude of magnetic field is inversely proportional to the distance of a point from
the current carrying conductor.
1
Magnetic Field (B) ∝
Distance from the Conductor (r)
1
𝐵∝
𝑟
With increase in distance of point (r) from the current carrying conductor, the
strength of magnetic field decreases.

• Unit of magnetic field: -

Tesla (T) is the SI unit of magnetic field. Gauss (G) is the CGS unit of magnetic field.
1 Tesla (T) = 104 Gauss (G)

MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT CARRYING CIRCULAR COIL

 ❖ When an electric current is passed through a circular conductor then the
magnetic field lines are –
(i) Concentric circles near the coil
(ii) Appearing straight lines at the centre of the circular loop which shows that
the field at the centre may be assumed as uniform.
(iii) Strength of magnetic field (𝑩⃗⃗ ) is maximum at the centre and strength
decreases as we move towards the boundary of the coil.
(iv) The magnetic field lines are in the same direction within the space enclosed by
the wire.
• Direction of magnetic field lines: -
Direction of magnetic field lines can be found by using Clock Rule.

CLOCK FACE RULE

• If the current at any face of the loop flows in clockwise direction then that face behaves
like as south pole.
• If the current at any face of the loop flows in anticlockwise direction then that face
behaves like as north pole.

• Factors upon which the strength of the magnetic field depends: -

The magnitude of magnetic field at the centre of coil depends on the following factors –
(i) Magnitude of current (I): -
Strength of magnetic field at the centre of coil is directly proportional to the
strength of current passing through the coil.
𝐵∝𝐼
(ii) Radius of the Coil (r): -
Strength of magnetic field at the centre of coil is inversely proportional to the
radius of the coil.
1
𝐵∝
𝑟
(iii) Number of turns in the coil (n): - Strength of the magnetic field is directly
proportional to the total number of turns in the coil. 𝐵∝𝑛
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT CARRYING SOLENOID

❖ A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of
a cylinder is called a Solenoid.

• Magnetic field in a current carrying solenoid: -

The solenoid produces magnetic field which is similar to the magnetic field produced
around a bar magnet.
i.e.
When current flows through a solenoid then solenoid behaves like a bar magnet.
✓ The ends of the solenoid behave like north and south poles of a magnet.

North to South
(Outside the solenoid)

• Nature of magnetic field: -

(i) The field lines inside the solenoid are in the form of parallel straight lines.
Thus, the magnetic field is the same at all the points inside the solenoid.
i.e.
The magnetic field is uniform inside the solenoid.
(ii) Magnetic field produced inside a solenoid-: Strongest
(iii) A weak and divergent magnetic field produced outside a solenoid.
• Polarity at the faces of the solenoid: -
The polarity at the faces of the solenoid is determined by the clock rule.
✓ If the current flows anticlockwise then this end behaves as a north pole.
✓ If the current flows clockwise then this end behaves as a south pole.

North Pole
Clockwise
Current
Anticlockwise South Pole
Current
• The factors upon which the strength of the magnetic field depends: -
The magnitude of the magnetic field inside the solenoid depends on the following factors
1. Magnitude of current (I): -
Strength of magnetic field inside the solenoid is directly proportional to the current
flowing through the solenoid.
𝐵∝𝐼
2. Number of turns in the solenoid (n): -
Strength of the magnetic field inside the solenoid is directly proportional to the
number of turns per unit length of the solenoid.
𝐵∝𝑛
3. Nature of medium inside the core of solenoid.
ELECTROMAGNET AND PERMANENT MAGNET

❑ ELECTROMAGNET –
A magnet formed by putting a soft iron core inside a current carrying solenoid is
called electromagnet.
✓ Electromagnet is a temporary magnet which formed by inserting soft iron inside a
current carrying solenoid.
✓ Soft iron is used in electromagnet because soft iron immediately loses magnetic
properties as the current is switched off.

• Properties of Electromagnet: -
(i) Electromagnets are very strong temporary magnets.
(ii) Electromagnets ate demagnetizes as soon as the
current is switched off.
(iii) Electromagnets are constructed by a soft iron core
placed inside a solenoid.
(iv) Strength of electromagnets depends upon –
 (a) Strength of current flowing through the solenoid
𝐵∝𝐼
(b) Number of turns of the coil (n)
𝑩∝𝒏
(c) Materials forming its core.
(v) The polarity of electromagnet depends upon the direction of flow electric
current in solenoid.
i.e.
If the direction of flow of current is reversed in solenoid then the polarity of
electromagnet will also get reversed.
(vi) Electromagnet can be made in suitable sizes and shapes depending on the purpose.
e.g. (i) I-shape (Bar magnet)

(ii) U-shape (Horse-shoe magnet)

• Uses of Electromagnet: -
(i) Electromagnets are used in electrical devices such as electric bell, electric fan,
electric motor, microphone and generator etc.
(ii) Electromagnets are used in MRI machines.
❑ PERMANENT MAGNET: -
An object made of a material that gets magnetized and creates its own persistent
magnetic field is called permanent magnet.
e.g. Bar magnet is a permanent magnet.
• Force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field:
✓ We have learnt by Oersted’s experiment that a current carrying conductor produces a
magnetic field which exerts a force on a magnet placed very near to the conductor.
✓ French scientist Andre Marie Ampere suggested that the magnet must also exert an
equal and opposite force on the current carrying conductor.
 ✓ The force acting on a current carrying conductor placed in the magnetic field can be
demonstrated with the help of “Kicking wire Experiment”.

KICKING WIRE EXPERIMENT

The experimental setup is shown in the figure, which is conducted to illustrated the
relationship between –
(i) Direction of force acting on wire.
(ii) Direction of current flowing through the wire and
(iii) Direction of magnetic field in which the wire is being placed.

Activity: A thick copper wire ‘AB’ is suspended vertically from a support “T” by means of a
flexible joint “J”.
The lower end ‘B’ of wire ‘AB’ is free to move
between the poles of U-shaped magnet “M”. The
lower end ‘B’ of wire just touches the surface of
Mercury kempt in a shallow vessel ‘V’ so that it
an move when a force act on it. The +ve terminal
of a battery is connected to end “A” of the wire.
The circuit is completed by dipping another
wire from –ve terminal of the battery into the
mercury pool as shown in the above figure. We
know that mercury is a liquid which is a good
conductor of electricity, so the circuit is
completed through mercury contained in the
vessel ‘V’.

Observations:
(i) When the key is closed, the current in the wire flows downwards and the wire swings
forward (south) which causes the wire to leave contact with the mercury and break the
circuit. When wire backward due to gravity wire again makes contact with mercury
and previous action is repeated.
(ii) When we reverse the connection o battery, the direction of current also reverse and the
wire swings backwards (north) which cause the wire to leave contact with the mercury
and break the circuit. When wire swings due to gravity, wire again makes contact with
mercury and previous action is repeated.
(iii) When wire is placed parallel to the magnetic field, wire will not experience any force.
(iv) Changing the direction of the magnetic field by interchanging the two poles of the
magnet the direction of force acting on the current carrying conductor gets reversed.
Conclusion:
 (i) The movement of the conductor suggests that a force is exerted on the current carrying
conductor placed in a magnetic field.
(ii) The movement of the conductor also suggests that the direction of the force on the
conductor is also reversed when the direction of current through the conductor is
reversed.
i.e.
The direction of the force on the conductor depends upon the direction of current and
the direction of the magnetic field.

• Direction of force:
The direction of force experienced by a current carrying conductor placed in an external
field is given by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.
FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE
Thumb of left hand: Force (motion)
Index (Fore Finger) of left hand: Magnetic Field
Middle Finger of left hand: Current.
Statement:
Stretch the thumb, force finger and middle finger of your
left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular to
each-other. If forefinger points in the direction of
magnetic field, middle finger points in the direction of
current then thumb will point in the direction of motion
or force acting on the conductor.

Current
I I

Magnetic Field

Force: - Into the Page Force: - Into the Page

(Inward) (Outward)
• Magnitude of force:
Magnitude of force experienced by the current carrying conductor placed in the external
magnetic field is depend on the following factors –
(i) Current in the conductor (I): -
Magnitude of force is directly proportional to the magnitude of current passing
through the conductor.
𝐹 ∝ 𝐼 ------------(i)
(ii) External magnetic field (B): -
 Magnitude of force is directly proportional to the magnitude of external magnitude
field in which the current carrying conductor is placed.
𝐹 ∝ 𝐵 ------------(ii)
(iii) Length of conductor (): -
Magnitude of force is directly proportional to the length of the current carrying
conductor.
𝐹 ∝ 𝑙 ------------(iii)

(iv) Angle between the direction of magnetic field and the direction of current in
the conductor (𝜽): -
𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝐼 = 𝐼 sin 𝜃 ------------(iv)
𝜃
⃗
𝐵
𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

Combining Eq. – (i), Eq. – (ii), Eq. – (iii) and Eq. – (iv)
𝐹 ∝ 𝐼𝐵𝑙 sin 𝜃
𝐹 = 𝐾. 𝐼𝐵𝑙 sin 𝜃
For SI unit K =1
𝐹 = 𝐼𝐵𝑙 sin 𝜃
Where, F = Force
I = Current
B = magnetic Field
𝑙 = Length of conductor
𝜃 = Angle between I and 𝐵 ⃗
Note:
(i) If the conductor is placed parallel or anti-parallel to the external magnetic field.
Then –
For parallel For Anti-parallel
𝜽 = 𝟎° 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

⃗
𝐵 Current carrying
conductor I
𝜃 = 0°
I 𝜃 = 180°

Magnetic
Field
 𝐹 = 𝐼𝐵𝑙 sin 𝜃 𝐹 = 𝐼𝐵𝑙 sin 𝜃
= 𝐼𝐵𝑙. sin 0° = 𝐼𝐵𝑙. sin 180°
= 𝐼𝐵𝑙 × 0 = 0 = 𝐼𝐵𝑙 × 0 = 0
No force is experienced by the conductor when it is placed parallel or anti-parallel
to the direction of external magnetic field.
(ii) If the conductor is placed perpendicular to the direction of external magnetic field.
𝐹 = 𝐼𝐵𝑙 sin 𝜃
= 𝐼𝐵𝑙. sin 90°
= 𝐼𝐵𝑙 × 1
𝐹 = 𝐼𝐵𝑙

The maximum force is experienced by the conductor when it is placed

perpendicular to the direction of external magnetic field.

❑ SI unit of magnetic field:

∵ 𝑭 = 𝑰𝑩𝒍
𝑭
⃗⃗ =
𝑩
𝑰×𝒍
𝐒𝐈 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞
SI unit of magnetic field (B) =
𝐬𝐢 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭×𝐒𝐈 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡
𝐍𝐞𝐰𝐭𝐨𝐧
Tesla =
𝐀𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞×𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐞
𝑵
𝑻=
𝑨.𝒎

𝑻 = 𝑵. 𝑨−𝟏 . 𝒎−𝟏
• Definition of 1 Tesla:
𝐹
∵𝐵 =
𝐼×𝑙

∵ 𝐹 = 1𝑁, 𝐼 = 1𝐴, 𝑙 = 1𝑚
1𝑁
𝐵= = 1 𝑁. 𝐴−1 . 𝑚−1
1𝐴×1𝑚

∴ 1 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎 = 1 𝑁. 𝐴−1 . 𝑚−1

The field intensity generating one newton (N) of force per ampere (A) of current per
meter of conductor is called on Tesla.
✓ A magnetic field of Tesla is quite strong.

❑ Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC):

❑
• DIRECT CURRENT (DC) –
 The current which flows in a circuit in one direction (either in +ve direction or in
–ve direction) is known as D.C.
✓ D.C. may be constant or variable

Variable DC

Curren
Curren

Constant
DC

t
t

time time

✓ Source of DC: Dry cell or Battery, solar cell, DC generator etc.

• ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) –

The current whose direction gets reversed periodically is known as A.C.
✓ The magnitude of AC is not constant.
+ ve

+ + +
Curren

time
t

- - -

- ve

✓ AC in India has frequency of 50 Hz. i.e. AC complete 50 cycles in 1 second.

✓ AC changes its direction twice in one cycle.
✓ Source of AC: Powerhouse generators, Car alternate investors etc.

❑ Differences between A.C. and D. C.:

Alternating Current Direct Current
(i) Electric charge changes its direction (i) Electric charge flow only in one
periodically in AC. direction in DC.
(ii) Source: Generator (ii) Source: Battery or Cell.
(iii) Frequency: 50 Hz or 60 Hz (iii) Frequency: 0 Hz
(iv) Travels over long distance with (iv) Travels over short distance because of
minimum energy loss. very large energy loss.
(v) AC is less expensive. (v) DC is more expensive.
❑ Advantages of AC over DC:
(i) AC voltage can be easily increased or decreased by using transformer.
(ii) AC power transmission has low energy loses.
(iii) AC can be easily converted into DC.
(iv) AC is easier and cheaper to generate than DC.
(v) AC can be transmitted to long distances without much loss of electric power than
DC.
❑ Disadvantages of AC over DC:
(i) The shock of AC is attractive and the shock of DC is repulsive.
(ii) It is dangerous to work with AC at high voltage because AC can give severe shock
if someone accidentally touches the faulty insulation of the wire.
(iii) AC cannot be used in electroplating, electro refining etc. but DC is used in
Electroplating, Electro refining processes.

ELECTRIC MOTOR
A device converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is called electric motor.

• Uses / Applications of Electric Motor: -

Electric motor is used in washing machines, mixers, electric fans, refrigerators, coolers
etc.
Electric motor produces rotation in electrical devices and hence, converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy.
 • Types of Electrical Motors

AC motor DC motor
• AC motor: -
AC motor works on alternating current given by the power supply.
e.g. Electric motors of washing machines and fans are AC motors.
• DC motor: -
DC motor works on direct current given by the supply.
e.g. Motor in the devices operated by a cell or a battery are DC motors.

• Principle of an electric motor: -

When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field then conductor
experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by “Fleming’s Left Hand Rule”

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

The phenomenon of production of electric current due to a changing magnetic field is

known as electromagnetic induction.
i.e.
The production of electricity from magnetism is 2called electromagnetic induction.
• Induced Current: -
The current generated in a conductor by changing magnetic field through magnet is
called induced current.
Q. How induced current in a loop?
Ans. (i) Change the magnetic field.
(ii) Change the area of the loop.
(iii) Change the orientation of loop.

• Induced Voltage /emf (Electromotive Force): -

The electromotive force developed in the conductor by induced current is called
induced voltage.

• Magnetic Flux: -
The number of magnetic field lines passing per unit area of a conductor is called
magnetic flux.