Chapter 16

Magnetism

Pg 294
Objectives
1 2
Describe magnetic Distinguish between
forces hard, soft and non-
magnetic material
3 4
Describe an Distinguish between
experiment to identify the design & use of
the pattern of permanent and
magnetic field lines electromagnets
around a bar magnet
Activity – mind map

Which elements are magnetic?

What is life on Earth without magnetism?
Earth's magnetic
Field
• Earth has an iron core with
delocalised electrons
• The convection currents due to
earths spinning movement
causes electrons to move
creating electric currents
• These create magnetic fields
like in electromagnets
• This Physics fact helped prove
Alfred Wegener's theory of
continental drift
 The Earth’s magnetic field
Over a period of
time the Earth’s
magnetic pole will
‘flip’.
In the last 10 million
years, there have
been, on average, 4
or 5 ‘flips’ per
million years.
The Earth’s magnetic field is
like that around a very large,
but very weak, bar magnet.
A compass ‘north’ end points
north. But a north pole is
always attracted to a south
pole, so the Earth’s magnetic
south pole must actually be in
the north.
The Earth’s magnetic north is
actually over 1200km away
from the true geographic
north pole.
16.1 Permanent magnets

• Magnet (Greek magnetis lithos)

• A material or object that produces a
magnetic field
• Magnetic fields are not visible
• Magnetism is force of energy
• Magnetite (lodestone is a naturally
occurring rock that is a magnet.
Types of magnets magnetic vs non-magnetic

Magnetic material – can be

magnetized, and is attracted to Non-magnetic materials. Metals
magnets. Strongly magnetic (brass, copper, zinc, tin and
materials contain iron, nickel or aluminium); non-metals.
cobalt (eg. Steel is mainly iron).

Ferromagnets

Hard magnetic Soft magnetic materials,

materials, eg. Steel, eg. Iron,
alloys (Alcomax, Mumetal. Relatively easy
Magnadur). Difficult to magnetise, but
to magnetise, but do magnetism is
not lose their temporary. Used in
magnetism. Used for electromagnets and
permanent magnets. transformers.
Magnetic
properties
of iron
and steel
MIND BREAK

• It’s taking people 1

minute 14 seconds to
find the hidden hot air
balloon in this summery
beach scene – How
long does it take you?
 Magnets – how do they work?

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it
magnetic?
 Magnets – how do they work?
We need to look closely at what
is happening to the particles
(electrons) inside the magnet.

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it
magnetic?
 Magnets – how do they work?
We need to look closely at what
is happening to the particles
(electrons) inside the magnet.

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it
magnetic? In an unmagnetized material,
the tiny electrons, or atomic
magnets point in random
directions.
 Magnets – how do they work?
We need to look closely at what
is happening to the particles
(electrons) inside the magnet.

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it
magnetic? When the material becomes
magnetized, more and more
of the tiny atomic magnets
line up with each other. They
act as one BIG magnet.
 Magnets – how do they work?
We need to look closely at what
is happening to the particles
(electrons) inside the magnet.

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it
magnetic? If a magnet is hit with a hammer,
the tiny atomic magnets get
thrown out of line again, so the A magnet will also
material becomes demagnetised. become demagnetized
if heated to high
temperature.
Induced magnetism
How strong is it?

N S
Not very. S

Placing a piece of steel near a magnet

makes it permanently magnetised,
but its magnetism is usually weak.

Magnets – make your own!

 Magnets – make your own!
How strong is it?

Wide sweep away

Getting from the steel
stronger.

N S
Induced poles

The magnet can be magnetized more

strongly by stroking it with one end
of a magnet
 Magnets – make your own!
How strong is it?

Steel

Strongest!

Coil

The best way of magnetizing is to

place the steel bar in a long coil of
wire and pass a large, direct (one
way) current through the coil. The
coil has a magnetic effect which
magnetizes the steel.
pg 297
16.2 Magnetic fields
Iron filings sprinkled
around a magnet

Field lines run from the

north pole (N) to the
south pole (S). The
magnetic field is
Magnetic field lines strongest where the field
around the magnet lines are closer together.
 Plotting field lines
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

.
.
.
.
N S
 Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

http://www.physbot.co.uk/magnetic-fields-and-induction.html
Pg 299
 Magnetic fields
Interactions between magnetic
fields
Neutral point

When unlike poles are placed near When like poles are placed near each
each other, their magnetic fields other, their magnetic fields cancel
combine to produce a single field of each other, and there is a neutral
almost uniform strength. point where the combined field
strength is zero.
http://www.homofaciens.de/technics-magnetic-field-energy_en_navion.htm
Electromagnets
(Solenoid)
• Can be switched on & off
• Coil of insulated copper wire
is wound round a core (iron
or mumetal)
• Current flow creates magnetic
field
• This magnetizes the core
• Magnetism is temporary only
until current is switched on
Increasing
strength
• Increase current
• Increase coil turns
• Add soft iron core

The word "solenoid" is a derivative of the Greek word sōlēnoeidēs, which means "pipe-shaped
Electromagnets
Distinguish between
the design and use
of permanent
magnets and
electromagnets

switch battery
Unlike bar magnets, which are
permanent magnets, the magnetism
of electromagnets can be turned on coil
and off.
Soft iron core

Permanent magnet uses: When a current flows Strength increased by:

1. Needles of compasses.
2. Fridge door seals, holding
the doors closed.
3. Loudspeakers and
microphones.
through the coil it - Increasing the current
produces a magnetic - Increasing number of turns
field. This field is
temporary and is lost Uses: scrapyard
when the current is electromagnets, circuit
switched off. breakers, relays, electric bells.
Use of solenoids Turning ignition key
relays electrical energy
from your battery into
a starter solenoid.

Electric current in the

solenoid wire attracts
a movable iron rod.

The circuit between the

starter motor and the
car's battery is
completed.

Dormant car engine

comes alive.

https://science.howstuffworks.com/solenoid.htm
pg