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The Integral
Definition
A function F is called an antiderivative of f on
an interval I if F’(x) = f (x) for all x in I.
Antiderivatives
For instance, let f (x) = x2.
6 xdx 3x
2
Example: C
4
x
3
Example: x dx C
4
Power Rule for the Indefinite
Integral
1
1
x dx dx ln x C
x
f g dx fdx gdx
Example:
3 2
x x
2 2
x x dx x dx xdx C
3 2
Constant Multiple Rule
kf ( x)dx k f ( x )dx (k constant)
Example:
4 4
x x
3 3
2 x dx 2 x dx 2 C C
4 2
Example - Different Variable
Find the indefinite integral:
u 7
2
3e 2u 6 du
u
1
3 e du 7 du 2 u 2 du 6du
u
u
u 2 3
3e 7 ln u u 6u C
3
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
Derivative Form
If s = s(t) is the position function of an object at
time t, then
ds dv
Velocity = v = Acceleration = a =
dt dt
Integral Form
s (t ) v(t )dt v(t ) a(t )dt
Integration by Substitution
Method of integration related to chain rule. If u
is a function of x, then we can use the formula
f
f dx du
du / dx
Integration by Substitution
Example: Consider the integral:
3x x
9
2 3
5 dx
3 2 du
pick u x +5, then du 3 x dx dx
3x 2
10
3
10 x 5
9 u
u du C C
10 10
Sub to get Integrate Back Substitute
Example: Evaluate x 5 x 2 7 dx
2 du Pick u,
Let u 5 x 7 then dx compute du
10 x
1 1/ 2
2
x 5 x 7 dx u du Sub in
10
3/ 2
1 u
C Integrate
10 3 / 2
3/ 2
2
5x 7
C Sub in
15
dx
Example: Evaluate
x ln x 3
u 2
C
2
2
ln x
C
2
e3t dt
Example: Evaluate
3t
e 2
3t du
Let u e +2 then 3t dt
3e
e3t dt 1 1 ln u
e 2 3 u 3 C
3t
du
ln e3t 2 C
3
The Definite Integral
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b]. If F is
any antiderivative of f defined on [a, b], then
the definite integral of f from a to b is defined
by
b
a f ( x) dx F (b) F (a)
b
a
f ( x)dx is read “the integral, from a to b of f (x) dx.”
Notation
b
In the notation
a
f ( x) dx ,
b
A f ( x ) dx
a
Definite Integral As Area
If f is a negative function for a ≤ x ≤ b, then the
area between the curve y = f (x) and the x-axis
b
from a to b, is the negative of f ( x ) dx.
a
b
Area from a to b f ( x ) dx
a
Definite Integral As Area
Consider y = f (x) = 0.5x + 6 on the interval [2,6]
whose graph is given below,
6
Find
2
f ( x ) dx
a ) by using geometry
b ) by using the definition
of definite integral
Definite Integral As Area
Consider y = f (x) = 0.5x + 6 on the interval [2,6]
whose graph is given below,
6
2
f ( x ) dx Area of
Trapezoid
Definite Integral as Net Area
If f changes sign on the interval a ≤ x ≤ b, then
definite integral represents the net area, that is, a
difference of areas as indicated below:
R1 R3
a R2 b
b
a
f ( x)dx Area of R1 – Area of R2 + Area of R3
Total Area
If f changes sign on the interval a ≤ x ≤ b, and we
need to find the total area between the graph and
the x-axis from a to b, then
Total Area Area of R1 + Area of R2 + Area of R3
c
Area of R1
a f ( x )dx
R1 c d
a R2
d R3
b
2
c
Area of R f ( x )dx
b
Area of R
3
d f ( x )dx
Area Using Geometry
Example: Use geometry to compute the integral
5
x 1 dx y f ( x) x 1
1
Area = 8
–1
5
Area = 2 5
x 1 dx 8 2 6
1
Area Using Antiderivatives
Example: Use an antiderivative to compute the
integral 5
x 1 dx
1
R2
–1
1 5
R2
–1
1 5
Total Area 2 + 8 10
R1
1
1 x 2
1
Area of R1 f ( x )dx
2
x 2
1
5
5 x
2
Area of R2
1 f ( x )dx x 8
2 1
Evaluating the Definite Integral
5 1
Example: Calculate
1 2 x 1 dx
x
1
5 5
1 2 x x 1 dx x ln x x 1
2
5 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
2 2
28 ln 5 26.39056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
2x x
1 1/ 2
Example: Calculate 2
3 dx
0
let u x 2 3 x
du
then dx Notice limits change
2x
2x x 3x
1 1/ 2 4
2
dx u du 1/ 2
0 0
4
2 3/ 2 16
u
3 0 3
Computing Area
Example: Find the area enclosed by the x-axis,
the vertical lines x = 0, x = 2 and the graph of
y 2 x2 .
2
0 2x dx
3 Gives the area since 2x3 is
nonnegative on [0, 2].
2 1 4 1 4 1 4
0 8
3
2 x dx x 2 0
2 0 2 2
Antiderivative
The Definite Integral As a Total
If r (x) is the rate of change of a quantity Q (in units
of Q per unit of x), then the total or accumulated
change of the quantity as x changes from a to b is
given by
b
Total change in quantity Q r ( x) dx
a
The Definite Integral As a Total
Example: If at time t minutes you are traveling
at a rate of v(t) feet per minute, then the total
distance traveled in feet from minute 2 to minute
10 is given by
10
Total change in distance v(t ) dt
2