Antidifferentiation by Substitution

• If y = f(x) we can denote the derivative of f by either

dy/dx or f’(x). What can we use to denote the
antiderivative of f?
– We have seen that the general solution to the
differential equation dy/dx = f(x) actually consists of an
infinite family of functions of the form F(x) + C, where
F’(x) = f(x).
• Both the name for this family of functions and the symbol we
use to denote it are closely related to the definite integral
because of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
 
• The symbol is an integral sign, the function f is
the integrand of the integral, and x is the variable of
integration.
 Evaluating an Indefinite Integral
  sin x)dx.
2
• Evaluate ( x
3
x

2
( x  sin x)dx   cos x  C
3
 Paying Attention to the Differential
• Let f(x) = x³ + 1 and let u = x². Find each of the
following antiderivatives in terms of x:
a.)  f ( x)dx 
b.) f (u )du

c.) f (u ) dx
4
x

a.) f ( x)dx   ( x  1)dx   x  C
3

4
4
u
b.)  f (u )du   (u  1)du   u  C
3

4
2 4 8
(x ) 2 x
  x  C   x2  C
4 4
 Paying Attention to the Differential
• Let f(x) = x³ + 1 and let u = x². Find each of the
following antiderivatives in terms of x:
a.)  f ( x)dx 
b.) f (u )du

c.) f (u ) dx

 f (u )dx   (u 3  1)dx   (( x 2 )3  1)dx

7
x

6
 ( x  1)dx   x  C
7
 Using Substitution
• Evaluate

• Let u = cos x
du/dx = -sin x
du = - sin x dx
 Using Substitution
• Evaluate
• Let u = 5 + 2x³, du = 6x² dx.
 Using Substitution
• Evaluate
• We do not recall a function whose derivative is
cot 7x, but a basic trigonometric identity changes the
integrand into a form that invites the substitution u = sin
7x, du = 7 cos 7x dx.
 Setting Up a Substitution with a Trigonometric Identity
• Find the indefinite integrals. In each case you can
use a trigonometric identity to set up a substitution.
 Setting Up a Substitution with a Trigonometric Identity
• Find the indefinite integrals. In each case you can
use a trigonometric identity to set up a substitution.
 Setting Up a Substitution with a Trigonometric Identity
• Find the indefinite integrals. In each case you can
use a trigonometric identity to set up a substitution.
 Evaluating a Definite Integral by Substitution
• Evaluate

• Let u = tan x and du = sec²x dx.

 That Absolute Value Again
• Evaluate