Antiderivatives

5.1
Discovery of Power Rule for
Antiderivatives
If f ‘ (x) = 4 x3  9 x 2  2 x  3
If f ‘ (x) = x  3x  2
Then f(x) = x 4  3x 3  x 2  3x
Then f(x) = 3
2 2 3 2
x  x  2x
3 2

3 3 2
x  2  4x  5
If f ‘ (x) = x
If f ‘ (x) =  4 x 2  3x  5 5
Then f(x) = 3 3 3  2
x  x  2 x 2  5x
Then f(x) = 5 2
4 3 3 2
x  x  5x
3 2
 n 1
n x
Antiderivative of x 
n 1
 Differentiation
Integration

The process of finding

a derivative The process of finding
the antiderivative
Tells us the
variable of
Integral integration
Symbols:
Symbols:
dy
dx
, y' , f ' ( x)  f ( x)dx

Integrand
 f ( x)dx is the indefinite integral of f(x) with respect to x.

Each function has more than one antiderivative (actually infinitely many)

Derivative of: x 3  3x 2
x 3  6  3x 2
x 3  4  3x 2
x 3  58  3 x 2
The
antiderivatives
vary by a
constant!
General Solution for an Indefinite
Integral

 f ( x)dx  F ( x)  C
You will lose points if Where c is a constant
you forget dx or + C!!!
Basic Integration Formulas
n 1
x  cot ax
 dx  n  1  C
n
x
 csc (ax)dx  a  C
2

 kdx  kx  C sec ax
 cos ax
 (sec ax tan ax)dx  a  C
 sin(ax)dx  a  C
 csc ax
sin ax
 cos(ax)dx  a  C  (csc ax cot ax)dx  a  C
tan ax
 sec (ax)dx  a  C
2
Find:  cos 2 x
 sin 2 xdx  2  C
x6
 dx  C
5
x
6

You can always check

your answer by x
sin
differentiating! x 2 x
 cos 2 dx  1  C  2 sin 2  C
2
1 1 1

 x
dx  x 2 dx  2 x 2  C  2 x  C

Basic Integration Rules

 kf ( x ) dx  k  f ( x ) dx

  f ( x )  g ( x ) dx   f ( x ) dx   g ( x ) dx
Evaluate:
 5 x 
3
 x 2  6 x  4 dx

  5 x 3 dx   x 2 dx   6 xdx   4dx

 5 x 3 dx   x 2 dx  6 xdx   4dx

 x4   x3   x2 
 5  C     C   6  C   4 x  C
 4   3   2 
5x 4 x3 2
   3x  4 x  C C represents
4 3 any constant
Evaluate:

 x 3 dx
5

8
3
x 5 8
5 5
x 5
 C  x C
8 8
5
Evaluate:
 4 sin x  3 cos x dx
 4 sin xdx  3 cos xdx

 4 cos x  C  3 sin x  C

 4 cos x  3 sin x  C
Evaluate:

 3  x  dx
2 2

  9  6 x 2  x 4 dx
5
x
 9 x  2 x3   C
5
x5
  2 x3  9 x  C
5
Evaluate:
sin x
 cos 2 x dx
1 sin x
  dx
cos x cos x

  sec x  tan xdx

 sec x  C
Particular Solutions
1
f ' ( x)  2 and F(1) = 0
x
1 1
F ( x)   2 dx F (1)    C  0
x 1
F ( x)   x 2 dx C 1
x 1
F ( x)  C 1
1 F ( x)    1
x
1
F ( x)    C
x