BR Maths Indefinite Integrals (11-05-21) Synopsis

BR MATHS
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy

VEDAVYAS BHAVAN, GOSALA
SR. IPL.C MATHS INDEFINITE INTEGRALS SYNOP Date: 11-05-21
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS SYNOPSIS
Primitive or Anti-derivative of a function
Definition:
A function   x  is called a primitive or an anti-derivative a function f  x  if  '  x   f  x 
Let   x  be a primitive of a function f  x  and let C be any instant. Then,

d
dx
  x   C   '  x   f  x  ,   x   C is also a primitives of f  x  .
Thus, if a function f  x  possesses a primitive, then it possesses infinitely many primitives which are
contained in the expression   x   C, where C is a constant.

4
x4 x4 x
For example, ,  2,  1 etc. are primitives of x 3 .
4 4 4
Indefinite integral and indefinite integration
Definition:
Let f  x  be a function. Then the collection of all its primitives is called the indefinite integral of f  x 
and is denoted by  f  x  dx
Thus, d   x   C  f  x    f  x  dx    x   C
dx
There   x  is primitive of f  x  and C is an arbitrary constant known as the constant of integration.
Here  is the integral sign, f  x  is the integrand, x is the variable of integration and dx is the element
of integration or differential of x.
The process of finding an indefinite integral of a given function is called integration of the function.
Follows from the above discussion that integration a function f  x  means finding a function   x  such
that d    x    f  x  .
dx
Fundamental formulas on integration
Since d   x   f  x    f  x  dx    x   C.
dx
Therefore, based upon this definition and various standard differentiation formulas, we obtain the
following integration formulas:
d  x n 1  xn  1
i)    x , n  1
n
  x ndx   C,n  1
dx  n  1  n 1
d 1 1
ii)  log x    dx  log x  C
dx x x
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy 11/05/21 BR MATHS II SYNOP
d
iii)
dx
e x   e x   e x dx  e x  C
d  ax  ax
iv)       C
x x
  a ,a 0,a 1 a dx
dx  log e a  log a
d
v)   cos x   sin x   sin x dx   cos x  C
dx
d
vi)  sin  x  cos x   cos x dx  sin x  C
dx
d
vii)  tan x   sec 2 x   sec 2 x dx  tan x  C
dx
d
viii)   cot x   cos ec 2 x   cos ec
2
xdx   cot x  C
dx
d
ix) sec x   sec x tan x   sec x tan x dx  sec x  C
dx
d
x)   cos ec x   cos ec x cot x   cos ec x cot x dx   cos ec x  C
dx
d
xi)  log sin x   cot x   cot x dx  log sin x  C
dx
d
xii)   log cos x   tan x   tan xdx   log cos x  C  log sec x  C
dx
d
xiii)
dx
 log sec x  tan x    sec x   sec x dx  log sec x  tan x  C
d
xiv)
dx
 log  cos ec x  cot x    cos ec x   cos ec x dx  log cos ec x  cot x  C
d  1 x  1 1 x
xv)  sin   dx  sin1    C
dx  a a x
2 2
a x
2 2
a
d  1 x  1 1 x
xvi)  cos    dx  cos 1    C
dx  a a  x2
2
a x2 2
a
d 1 1 x  1 1 1 x
xvii)  tan
dx  a
 2
a  a  x2
 a 2
x 2
dx  tan1    C
a a
d 1 1 x  1 1 1 x
xviii)  cot  2   dx  cot1    C
dx  a a a  x2 a x22
a a
d 1 1 x  1 1 1 x
xix)  sec   dx  sec 1    C
dx  a a  x x2  a 2 x x2  a 2 a a
d 1 1 x  1 1 1 x
xx)  cos ec    dx  cos ec 1    C
dx  a a x x2  a 2 x x2  a2 a a
Space for rough work Page 2

SOME STANDARD RESULTS ON INTEGRATION
i) d
dx
  f  x  dx   f  x 
i.e., the differentiation of an integral is the integrand itself or differentiation and
integration are inverse operations.
ii)  k f  x dx  k  f  x  dx, where k is a constant

i.e., the integral of the product of a constant and a function  the constant 
integral of the function.
iii)  f  x   g  x dx   f  x  dx   g  x dx

i.e., the integral of the sum or difference of a finite number of functions is equal to
the sum or difference of the integrals of the various functions.
The above result can be generalized to the form
 k .f  x   k
1 f
2 2  x   k 3 f3  x   ......  k n fn  x dx
 k 1 . f1  x  dx  k 2 . f2  x  dx  ......  k n  fn  x dx
i.e., the integration of the linear combination of a finite number functions is equal
to the linear combination of their integrals.
iv) Geometrical interpretation
x2
 y   x dx  C
2
 F '  x   f  x  ;F '  x1   f  x1 
Hence, y   f  x  dx denotes a family or curves such that the slope of the tangent at
x  x1 on every member is same i.e., F '  x1   f  x  [when x1 lies in the domain of f(x)]
Hence, anti-derivatives of a function is not unique. If g 1  x  and g 2  x  are two anti-
derivatives of a function f  x  on a, b  , then they differ only by a constant.

i.e., g1  x   g 2  x   C
v) Anti-derivative of a continuous function is differentiable.

i.e., If f  x  is continuous, then
 f  x dx  F  x   C
 F 'x   f x 
 F '  x  always exists and is continuous.
vi) If integrated is discontinuous at x  x1, then its anti-derivative at x  x1 need not be

discontinuous.
Ex: x dx. Here, x  1/3 is discontinuous at x  0
1/3
3 2/3
But x  C is continuous at x  0.
 1/3
dx  x
2
vii) Anti-derivative of a periodic function need not be a periodic function.

Ex: f  x   cos x  1 is periodic but   cos x  1dx  sin x  x  C is a non-periodic.
LEARN YOUR SELF
Evaluate the following

3
 1
 2x dx   x  x  dx
7
1. 2.
1  x 
3.  2x x dx 4.    dx
 x 
 cot  sec
2 2
5. x dx 6. x cos ec2 x dx
 
 sec  4
  x  1  x2  dx
2
7. x  cos x  x 2 dx 8.
 4  1
  x  cosh x  sinh x dx
3
9.  cos x   dx 10.
 x2  1 
a 
2
x
 x6  1   bx
11.   1  x 2  dx 12.  a x bx
dx
 

1  cos2 x   3 
13.  1  cos 2x dx 14.  1  sin2x dx, x    ,
 4 4 

1
15.  1  cos 2x dx 16.  1  cos x dx
 x  a 3 1  x4 7 x 2 1  x 3
17.      dx
x3 1 x
 x 2  1  x  1 x
2
x
Answers:
x8 x4 x2 1
1. c 2. 3  3log x  2  c
4 4 2 2x
5
4 2
3. x c 4. log x  2 x  c
5
5.  cot x  x  c 6. tan x  cot x  c
1 3 x2
7. tan x  sin x  x c 8.  4 tan1  x   c
3 2
1 4
9.  x  sin x  4sinh1 x  c 10. sinh x  cosh x  c
4
x x
a b
x5 x 3    
11.   x  2 tan1 x  c 12. b  a   2x  c
5 3 log a  log b
1
13.  cot x  xc 14. sin x  cos x  c
2
15.  2 cos x  c 16.  cot x  cos ec x  c
a2 a3 x2 x 3 x 4
17. x  3a log x  3  2 x    7sec1 x  log  x  1
x 2x 2 3 4
3 5 7
1 6 2
  2 x  2x 2  x 2  x 2
x 1 5 7
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
Integrations of certain functions cannot be obtained directly if they are not in one of the standard
forms discussed in previous sections, but they may be reduced to standard forms by proper substitution.
The process of evaluating an integral by reducing it to standard form by a proper substitution is called
integration by substitution.
If   x  is a continuous differentiable function, then to evaluate integrals of the form
 f    x    '  x  dx,
We substitute   x   t and  '  x  dx  dt
This substitutions reduces the integral  f    x    '  x  dx to the form  f  t  dt
This integral can be evaluated by using the standard results. After evaluating this integral, we substitute
back the value of t as   x 
The above substitution can also be performed in the following manner:
 f    x    '  x  dx
  f   x  d   x  d   x    '  x  dx 
Some more standard formulae
f  x 
n 1
 f  x  f '  x  n  1
n
i) dx  C
 n  1
f 'x 
ii)  f  x  dx   n f  x   C
 
f' x
iii)  f  x  dx  2 f  x   C
iv) If  f  x  dx  F  x  and g  x  is a differentiable function then
  fog  x  g '  x  dx  F  g  x    C
Proof
g  x   t  g '  x  dx  dt
   fog  x  g '  x  dx   f  g  x  g '  x  dx   f  t  dt  F  t   C  F  g  x   C

v)  tan x dx   n sec x C
Proof
d
sin x sin x 
dx
 tan x dx   cos x dx    cos x dx   n sec x  C
vi)  cot x dx  n sin x C
 x
vii)  sec x dx   n sec x  tan x  C   n tan  4  2   C
Proof
 sec x dx

sec x sec x  tan x  sec2 x  sec x tan x
  sec x  tan x  dx   sec x  tan x  dx
1  sin x
  n sec x  tan x  C   n C
cos x
   x
1  cos   x  2sin2   
 2  c  n 4 2  x
 n  c   n tan     c
x   x  x 4 2
sin   x  2sin    cos   
2  4 2 4 2
x
viii)  cos ec x dx   n cos ec x  cot x  C   n tan C
2
IF X IS REPLACED BY ax + b IN FUNDAMENTAL FORMULAE

1
If  f  x  dx  F  x  , then  f  ax  b  dx  F  ax  b   C .
a
Proof
Let I   f  ax  b  dx
1
Putting ax  b  t so that a dx  dt  dx  dt
a
1 1 1 1
Then I   f  t   dt   f  t  dt  F  t   C  F  ax  b   C
a a a a
From this we obtain the following results
 ax  b 
n 1
  ax  b 
n
i) dx   C, n  1
a  n  1
dx 1
ii)   ax  b n

a  n  1 ax  b 
n 1
 C, n  1
dx 1
iii)  ax  b  a n ax  b  C
 ax  b 1  ax b
iv) e dx 
a
e C
1 a px  q
v)  px  q 
 a dx   a  0  C
p n a
1
vi)  sin  ax  b dx  a cos  ax  b  C
1
vii)  cos  ax  b dx  a sin  ax  b  C
1
viii)  tan  ax  b dx  a n sec  ax  b  C

1
ix)  cot  ax  b dx  a n sin  ax  b  C
1
x)  sec  ax  b  dx  a n sec  ax  b  tan  ax  b  C
1
=  n sec  ax  b   tan  ax  b   C
a
1   ax  b 
= n tan    C
a 4 2 
1
xi)  cos ec  ax  b dx  a n cos ec  ax  b  cot  ax  b  C
1
=  n cos ec  ax  b   cot  ax  b   C
a
1  ax  b 
= n tan   C
a  2 
1
 sec  ax  b dx  a tan  ax  b  C
2
xii)
1
 cos ec  ax  b dx   a cot  ax  b  C
2
xiii)
1
xiv)  sec  ax  b tan  ax  b dx  a sec  ax  b  C
1
xv)  cos ec  ax  b cot  ax  b dx   a cos ec  ax  b  C
LEARN YOUR SELF
Evaluate the following:

dx
1.  1  5x
2.  sin7x dx
1 1
3.  x log x dx 4.  x log x log  log x  dx
 
1
5. 
1
x
cos  x  dx 6.

1 
1  x x
  x 2 e dx
1  x  e x
  3x 
2
7.  cos 2 dx 8.  4 x dx
x e  x
cot  log x 
  cos
3
9. dx 10. x sin x dx
x
sin4 x
 sec  tan x  sec x dx  cos6 x dx
2
11. 12.

sec 2 x cos ec2 x
13.  1  tan x 3 dx 14.   a  b cot x 5 dx
1
etan x
1
15.  1  x2 dx 16.  sin 1
x 1  x2
dx
 sin  cos
2 3
17. x dx 18. x dx
 cos x cos 2x dx  cos

4
19. 20. x dx
1 1
21.  a sin x  b cos x dx 22.  sin x  3 cos x
dx
2x3 x5
23.  1  x8 dx 24.  1  x12 dx
sin 2x
25. x 4x  3 dx 26.  a cos2 x  b sin2 x dx
27.  sec x log sec x  tan x  dx
Answers:
2 1
1. 1  5x  c 2.  cos 7x  c
5 7
3. log log x  c 4. log log  log x    c

1
x
5. 2sin x  c 6. e x c
  1
 
2
7. tan x e x  c 8. 3x 2  4 c
12
cos 4 x
9. log  sin  log x    c 10.  c
4
  1  1
11. log  tan   tan x    c 12. tan5 x  c
 4 2  5
1 1 1
13. c 14. c
2 1  tan x 
2 4b  a  b cot x 4
1
15. etan x
c 16. 2 sin1 x  c
1 sin2x  1  sin3x 
17.  x c 18.  3sin x   c
2 2  
4 3 
sin3x  3sin x 1 1 
19. c 20.  3x  2sin2x  sin 4x   c
6 8 4 

x
1  3 tan  
1 1 b  1 2 c
21. log tan   x  tan1    c 22. log
2
a b 2
2 a  2 x
3  tan  
2
1 1
23. tan1 x 4  c 24. tan1 x 6  c
2 6
5 3
1 1 1
25.  4x  3 2   4x  3 2  c 26. log a cos2 x  b sin2 x  c
40 8 ba
1 2
27.  log  sec x  tan x    c
2
SOME STANDARD SUBSTITUTIONS

Depending on the form of the integrand, the following substitutions are made to transform the given
integral into a standard form.
1
i) Form of Integrand a 2  x2 ,
a  x2
2
Substitution x  a sin  or x  a cos 

1 1
ii) Form of Integrand , a 2  x2 ,
a x22
a  x2
2
Substitution x  a tan  or x  a cot  or x  a sinh 

1
iii) Form of Integrand , x2  a 2
x a2 2
Substitution x  sec  or x  a cos ec or x  a cosh 

ax ax
iv) Form of Integrand ,
ax ax
Substitution x  a cos 2
x ax
v) Form of Integrand ,
ax x
Substitution x  a sin2  or x  a cos2 
x ax
vi) Form of Integrand ,
ax x
Substitution x  a tan2  or x  a sec2 
x a 1
vii) Form of Integrand ,  x  a  b  x ,
bx  x  a  b  x 
Substitution x  a cos 2   b sin2 

x a
viii) Form of Integrand ,  x  a  x  b
x b
dx x
Substitution x  a sec 2   b tan2  ,   2sin1 C
 x     x  
1
ix) Form of Integrand
 x  a  x  b 
Substitution x  a  t 2 or x  b  t 2
NINE STANDARD FORMULAS

dx 1 x
i) x 2
a 2
 tan1    C
a a
dx 1 x a
ii) x 2
a 2

2a
log
xa
C
dx 1 ax
iii) a 2
x 2

2a
log
ax
C
dx x
iv)  a x2
 sin1    C
a
2
dx
v)  a x2 2
 log x  x 2  a 2  C
dx
vi)  x a2 2
 log x  x2  a 2  C
1 1 x
vii)  a 2  x 2 dx 
2
x a 2  x2  a 2 sin1    C
2 a
1 1
viii)  a 2  x 2 dx 
2
x a 2  x2  a 2 log x  a 2  x2  C
2
1 1
ix)  x2  a 2 dx 
2
x x2  a 2  a 2 log x  x 2  a 2  C
2
Important formulas
f1  x  f x 
i)  dx  sin1 
 a 
C
a 2  f  x  
2
f1  x  f x
 C  log f  x   f  x    a  C
2

2
ii) dx  cosh1  
 f  x    a
2 2
 a 

f1  x  f x
 C  log f  x   f  x    a  C
2

2
iii) dx  sinh1  
 f  x    a
2 2
 a 
LEARN YOUR SELF

1 1 1
1.  4x 2
dx 2.  4  9x 2
dx 3.  25  x 2
dx
1 1  2
4.  25  9x 2
dx 5.  1  4x 2 dx 6.   x  dx
1 x  2
dx
7.  x 2  81 8.  4x 2  9 dx 9.  9x 2  25 dx
1 1
10.  16  25x 2 dx 11.  2
5  2x  4x
dx 12.  2
x  2x  10
dx
dx dx
13.  3  8x  3x 2 dx 14.  15.  a 2   b  cx 2
a 2   b  cx 
2
Answers:
x 1  3x 
1. sin1    c 2. sin1  c
2 3  2 
x 1 3x
3. cosh1 c 4. sinh1 c
5 3 5
3
1 2 2 1 x
5. tan1 2x  c 6.  x  log c
2 3 1 x
1 x 9 1 9 2x
7. log c 8. x 4x 2  9  sinh1 c
18 x9 2 4 3
1 25  3x  x 8  5x 
9. x 9x2  25  cosh1  c 10. 16  25x2  sin1  c
2 6  5  2 5  4 
1  2   x 1
11. sin1   x  1  c 12. sinh1  c
2  7   3 
 3x  4  3  8x  3x 2 25 3x  4
13.  sin1 c
6 6 3 5
1  b  cx  1  b  cx 
14. sin1  c 15. tan1  k
c  a  ca  a 

DIFFERENT MODELS OF INTEGRATION

MODEL – 1
1
INTEGRAL OF THE FORM  ax dx
2
 bx  c
If ax 2  bx  c can be factorized then the integral can be resolved into a sum of partial fractions which
can be integrated directly. If ax 2  bx  c cannot be factorized (or if the factors involve irrational
numbers).
In order to evaluate these types of integrals, we use the following algorithms.
LEARN YOUR SELF
dx 1  3x  1 
1. Prove that   3x 2
 2x  1

2
tan1 
 2 
C
dx 1 2x  5  1
2. Prove that  1  x  x   n C
2
5 5  1  2x
1 2 log x  1
3. Prove that  x 6  log x  dx  log C
 2
 7 log x  2  3 log x  2
cos x
 sin2 x  4sin x  5 dx  tan sin x  2   c
1
4. Prove that
MODEL – 2
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  ax 2  bx  c dx
Step I
Make the coefficient of x2 unity, if its is not, by multiplying and dividing by it.
Step II
Add and subtract the square of the half of the coefficient of x to express ax 2  bx  c in
 2
4ac  b 2 
the form a  x 
b 
  
 2a  4a 2 
Step III
The integrand can be transformed into one of the forms x2  a2 , x 2  a 2 or a 2  x 2 depending on
the sign of a and hence can be integrated.
LEARN YOUR SELF
 4x  3 23  4x  3 
1. Prove that  2x 2  3x  4 dx 
8
2x 2  3x  4 
16 2
sinh1 
 23 
C

3x  4 25  3x  4 
2. Prove that  3  8x  3x 2 dx  3  8x  3x 2  sin1  C
6 6 3  5 
1 1
3. Prove that   x  1 2  x dx  4  2x  3 3a  x 2  2 
8
sin1  2x  3  C
MODEL – 3
1
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  dx
ax  bx  c
2
LEARN YOUR SELF

1
1. Prove that  4x  3  x 2
dx  sin 1  x  2   C
1 1  3x  1 
2. Prove that  2  6x  9x 2
dx 
3
sin1 
 3 
C
1
3. Prove that  5  2x  x 2
dx   log 1  x   5  2x  x 2  C
1
log sin2 x  2  sin4 x  4sin2 x  2  C
sin2x
4. Prove that  sin4 x  4sin2 x  2
dx 
2 6
MODEL – 4
px  q
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  ax dx  a  0, p  0 
2
 bx  c
Numerator   (Differential coefficient of Denominator) m , where  and m are constants
d 
i.e., px  q     ax 2  bx  c   m
 dx 
or px  q    2ax  b   m
LEARN YOUR SELF

2x  5 1 19  3x  2 
1. Prove that  3x 2
 4x  5
dx  log 3x 2  4x  5 
3 3 11
tan1 
 11 
C
 3e x
 4 3 1  ex  1 
2. Prove that e 2x
 2e x  10
e x dx 
2
log e2x  2e x  10  tan 1 
3  3 
C
1 1 3 e x  1
3. Prove that  2e 2x
 3e  1
x
dx   log e 2x  3e  x  2  log  x
2 2 e 2
C
MODEL – 5

px  q
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  dx  a  0, p  0 
ax 2  bx  c
px  q
Let I   dx
ax2  bx  c
Observe that the derivative of ax 2  bx  c is 2ax  b.
We therefore write  px  q     2ax  b   m.
LEARN YOUR SELF
 3  2x   x 1
1. Prove that  dx  2  4  2x  x   sin
2 1
 C
 4  2x  x  2
 5 
5x 3  2x  7 
2. Prove that  dx   x  25  x  
sin1  C
x 2 2  3 
2x  3 11  4x  5 
3. Prove that  2x  5x  6
2
dx  2x 2  5x  6 
2 2
cosh1 
 73 
C
MODEL – 6
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM   px  q  ax 2  bx  c dx  a  0 
To integrate this, transform
 2ax  b   q  
p bp
px  q 
2a  2a 
LEARN YOUR SELF

1. Prove that   2x  5   2  3x  x  dx2
1  2x  3 

6
 4x 2  18x  1  2  3x  x   17
2
4
sin 1
 C
 17 
2. Prove that   6x  5  6  x  2x 2 dx
3
13 637  4x  1 
  6  x  2x 2  2   4x  1 6  x  2x 2  sinh1  C
16 32 2  7 
MODEL – 7
1
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM   px  q  ax 2  bx  c
dx
1
To evaluate this integral, we use to substitution px  q  . The method is explained through the
t
following example.

1
Ex: Evaluate  1  x  dx, x   1, 3  .
3  2x  x 2
1 1 1
Sol: Put 1  x  . Then dx   2 dt  dx  2 dt
t t t
1 1 1
 1  x  dx    2  dt
3  2x  x  1  1  t 
2 2
1
3  2 1    1  
t  t  t
1
dt dt
      4t  1 2 dt
3t2  2t 2  2t  t 2  2t  1 4t  1
1
1  4t  1 2 1 1  4  1 3  x 
 c  4t  1  c    1  c  c.
4 1 2 2 1  x  2  1  x 
2
LEARN YOUR SELF
1 1 3x
1. Prove that  1  x  3  2x  x 2
dx  
2 1 x
C
1 2x  1
2. Prove that   x  1 2x 2  3x  1
dx  2
x 1
C
1 1  4x  7 
3. Prove that   2x  1 dx   sin1  C
x2  x  2 5  6x  3 
1 x 1 1 2x  1  3 x 2  1
4. Prove that  dx   log C
x 2
 3x  2 x 2  1 x 1 3 3  x  2
MODEL – 8
dx
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  x  k r
ax 2  bx  c
where r  2 and r  I
1
To evaluate this integral, we use to substitution x  k  . The method is explained through the
t
following example.
dx
Ex: Evaluate   x  3 3
x 2  6x  10
.
1 1
Sol: Substitution  x  3    dx   2 dt
t t
1
dt
dx t2
We get,   x  3 3
x 2  6x  10
  2
1 1  1 
3   3   6   3   10
t t   t 

t 2dt dt
      1  t2 dt
1 t 2
1 t 2
t 1
 log t  1  t2  1  t2  log t  1  t2  C
2 2
1 t
 log t  1  t2  1  t2  C
2 2
1 x 2  6x  10 x 2  6x  10 
  log  C
2  x 3 x 3
2

LEARN YOUR SELF

dx x 2
 4x  5  1 1 x 2
 4x  5 
1. Prove that   x  2   n C
3
x 2  4x  5 2  x  2
2
2  x  2
MODEL – 9
ax 2  bx  c
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM   dx  e  fx 2  gx  h
dx
Here, we write ax 2  bx  c  A1  dx  e  2fx  g   B1  dx  e   C1

Where A1,B1 and C1 are constants which can be obtained by comparing the coefficients of like terms
on the sides.
2x 2  5x  9
Ex: Evaluate  dx
 x  1 x2  x  1
Sol: Let 2x 2  5x  9  A  x  1 2x  1  B  x  1  C
or 2x 2  5x  9  x 2  2A   x  3A  B    A  B  C 
 A  1, B  2, C  6
2x 2  5x  9
Thus,   x  1 x2  x  1
dx
 x  1 2x  1 x 1 dx
 dx 2 dx  6 
 x  1 x 2  x  1  x  1 x 2  x  1  x  1 x2  x  1
2x  1 dx dx
  x  x 1
2
dx  2
x  x 1
2
 6
 x  1 x2  x  1
du dx dt
  2  6
u 
2
1 3 t  t 1
2
x     
 2  4
1
Where u  x 2  x  1 and  x  1
t
 1 dt
 2 x 2  x  1  2  1log  x    x 2  x  1  6 
 2  1
2
3
 t   
 2 4

 1  1
 2 x 2  x  1  2log  x    x 2  x  1  6 log t    t  t 1  C
2
 2  2
1 1  x  x2  x  1
 2 x 2  x  1  2 log x   x 2  x  1  6 log C
2 2  x  1
LEARN YOUR SELF
x 2
 3x  7  x 2
 4x  8 
1. Prove that  dx  
 x  1
 n  x  2   x 2
 4x  8   C
 x  1
2
 x  4x  8 
2
MODEL – 10
px 2  qx  r px 2  qx  r
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  dx,  dx and
ax 2  bx  c ax 2  bx  c
  ax  bx  c   ex  fx  g  dx
2 2
In this case express the numerator as

N r  l  D r   m (Derivative of D r )  n
i.e. put ax 2  bx  c  l  px 2  qx  r   m  2ax  b   n
Where l, m and n are to be so chosen by comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constant term,
that it becomes equal to the given numerator.
LEARN YOUR SELF

 2x  3x  4 
2
 2x 
9
n x 2  6x  10  11tan1  x  3  C
1. Prove that   x  6x  10  dx
2
2
9 27 27
2. Prove that  x  2x  3  x  x  1 dx  sec3  tan   sec tan  
2 2
64 128 128
3
3
n sec   tan  
1 2
3
 x  x  1 2   2x  1
8
x 2
 x  1
9  1

16
n  x   
 2
x 2
 x  1  C
 2x  1 
Where tan    
 3 
MODEL – 11
P x
EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  ax dx, where P  x  is a polynomial of degree
2
 bx  c
greater than or equal to two
To evaluate this type of integrals we divide the numerator the denominator and express the integrand as
R  x
Q x   Where R (x) is linear function of x.
ax  bx  c
2
P  x R  x
 dx   Q  x  dx   dx.
ax  bx  c
2
ax  bx  c
2
Now to evaluate the second integral on RHS apply to method discussed earlier.
LEARN YOUR SELF
x3  x  1 x2 1 x 1
1. Prove that  x2  1 dx 
2
 log x2  1  log
2 x 1
C
x 2  5x  3 x 1
 x 2  3x  2 dx  x  log x  3x  2  2log x  2  C
2
2. Prove that
x 4  2x 3  3x  1 x3 x2 2  2x  1 
3. Prove that  x2  x  1 dx 
3

2
 2x  2n x 2  x  1 
3
tan1 
 3 
C
MODEL – 12
P x
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  ax 2  bx  c
dx, where P(x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or
equal to two
a 0 x n  a1x n1  .....  a n1x  a n
In order to evaluate integrals of the form  ax 2  bx  c
dx
We follow the following algorithm.

Step I
a 0 x n  a1x n1  ....  a n
Assume that  ax 2  bx  c
dx
1
  b0 x n1  b1x n 2  ...  bn1  ax 2  bx  c bn  dx
ax  bx  c
2
Step II
Differentiate both sides with respect to x.
Step III
Multiple both sides by ax 2  bx  c.

Step IV
Equal the coefficients of the similar powers of x on both sides to determine the
values of b0 ,b1,.....,bn.
Step V
Substance these value in step I and evaluate the integral on RHS.
LEARN YOUR SELF
x 2  2x  3  2x  5  15  1
 dx  x2  x  1   x    x  x 1  C
2
1. Prove that log
x2  x  1 4 8  2 
6x 3  15x 2  7x  6
2. Prove that  2x 2  2x  1 dx
 1 1
  x 2  5x  3 2x 2  2x  1  2 2 log  x    x 2  x   C
 2 2
 x  3
 
3 2
1 2
3. Prove that  x  1 dx   x  13  x 2
 1  3n x  x 2  1  C
  2 3
MODEL – 13
dx dx dx
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM i)  x x n
 1
ii)   n 1
iii)  1
, where n  N
x 2
x n
 1 n x 1  x
n

n n
Explanation of 13.i
Taking xn common and put 1  x  n  t
dx dx dx dx dt
  x x n
 1

 1 
  n1
x 1  x 
 n
Put 1  x  n  t   nx  n1dx  dt or n1  
x n
x n1 1  n 
 x 
dx 1 dt 1 1
  x x    n t  c   n 1  x n  c
n
 1 n t n n
Explanation of 13.ii
dx dx dx
   n1
   n 1
   n 1
x 2  x n  1 n
x x n 1  1  n x n 1 1  x  n  n
1  n 
2
 x 
dx dt
Put 1  x  n  t   nx  n1dx  dt or 
xn1 n

1
1   11
dx 1 dt 1  1 t n 
1 1
 c  t n  c   1  x  n  c
1
Then   n 1
   n 1    t n  dt    n
n n n 1
x 2  x n  1 n
t n   1 1
n
Explanation of 13.iii
dx dx dx
  1
 1   1
x n 1  x 
n n
n1  1  n
x n 1 1  x  n  n
x  n  1
x 
dx dt
Put 1  x  n  t   nx  n1dx  dt or n1

x n
1
   1 1
dx 1 dt 1 1 t 1
1 1  n
Then     1   t dt    c 
n t n  c
x n 1  x n  n
1
n n n
t
n 1
  1
1  n
n
1
1
1  x n   n   c
1  

1  n 
LEARN YOUR SELF

dx 1
1. Prove that  x x   n 1  x 5  C
5
 1 5
1
dx
2. Prove that  6
  1  x 7  7  C
x 2  x 7  1 7
2
dx 1
3. Prove that  1

2
1  x  C
3 3
x 3 1  x 3  3
1
x  x 
6
5 5
5  1 5
4. Prove that  x6
dx    4  1  C
24  x 
3
x2 1  x2 2
5. Prove that  5
dx    C
3a  a  bx 2 
a  bx  2 2
MODEL – 14
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
Integral Method of Integration
i)  1  1 1  1 
 f  x  x   1  x 2 

dx Put x 
x
 t  1  2  dx  dt
 x 
ii)  1  1 1  1 
 f  x  x   1  x 2 

dx Put x 
x
 t  1  2  dx  dt
 x 
iii)  1  1 1  1  1
 f  x   x  3  dx Put x2   t   x  3  dx  dt
2
2   2
x   x  x  x  2

iv)  1  1 1  1  1
 f  x   x  3  dx Put x2   t   x  3  dx  dt
2
2   2
x   x  x  x  2
LEARN YOUR SELF

sin3 x
1. Prove that  dx  sec 1  cos x  sec x   C
1  cos2 x  1  cos2 x  cos 4 x
x2  2  2 4
2. Prove that x x  2x  4
4 2
dx  log  x    x 2  2  2  C
 x x
x
sin3
2
3. Prove that  x
dx  tan1 cos x  sec x  1  C
cos cos 3 x  cos 2 x  cos x
2
 
1  tan x  cot x 
4. Prove that  
tan x  cot x dx  2 tan  C
 2 
1
5. Prove that 
1  x  2
dx  
1
n
x2 
x2
1  3
C
1  x  1  x 2 2
x 4
2 3 1
x  2 1  3
2
MODEL – 15
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
x 2
 a2  x 2
 a2 
i)  x 4
 kx 2  a 4 
dx ii)  x 4
 kx 2  a 4 
dx
1 x2
iii)   x 4  kx 2  a 4  dx iv)   x 4  kx2  a 4 dx , where k is any constant.
Explanation of i
x 2
 a2 
 x 4
 kx 2  a 4 
dx
Divide above and below by x2 , then

 a2 
1 
 x 2  a 2  dx   x 2  dx
  x 4  kx 2  a 2   2 a4 
 x  k  
 x2 
a2  a2 
Put x   t  1  2  dx  dt
x  x 

x 2
 a2  dt
Then  x 4
 kx  a 2 4

dx  t 2
  k  2a 2 
dx dx
Which is of the form x 2
 a2
or x 2
 a2
and can be integrated.
Explanation of ii
x 2
 a2 
 x 4
 kx 2  a 4 
dx
Divide Numerator and Denominator by x2 , then

 a2 
1 2 
 x  a  dx   x  dx
2 2
  x 4  kx2  a 4   2 a4
x k 2
x
a2
Here integral of numerator  x 
x
 a2 
1  2 
 x 
 2
dx
 a2 
x     k  2a 
2
 x 
a2  a2 
Put x  t  1  2  dx  dt
x  x 
x 2
 a2  dt
Then  a 4
 kx  a 2 4

dx  t 2
 k  2a 2
dx dx
Which is of the form x 2
 a2
or x 2
 a2
and can be integrated.
Explanation of iii
1
 x 4
 kx 2  a 4 
dx
Divide Numerator and Denominator by x2 , then

1
dx 2
  x 4  kx 2  a 4     2 x a 4 dx
x  k  2 
 x 
1
and, multiplying above and below by 2 a 4  2a 2 ( coefficient of 2
is a 4 )
x
2a 2
dx 1 x2
then  x 4
 kx  a  2a   2
2 4
 2
a4 
dx
x  k  2 
 x 

 a2   a2 
1  2   1  2 
1  x   x 
2 
 dx
2a  2 a 
4
x  k  2 
 x 
 a2   a2 
 1    1  
1  x2  1  x2 
2a 2   2 2a 2   2
 dx  dx
a4  a4 
 x  k   x  k  2 
 x2   x 
 a2   a2 
1  2  1  2 
1  x  1  x 
2 
 dx  2  dx
2a  a 
2 2
2a  2 a 
2
x    k  2a
2
x  2   k  2a 2
 x   x 
Then integrals on RHS can be evaluated easily as in forms (i) and (ii).
Explanation of iv
x2
  x 4  kx 2  a 4 dx
Divide above and below by x2 , then
x2 dx
  x 4  kx 2  a 4     2 a4 
 x  k  
 x2 
Now multiplying above and below by 2 1  2 , we get

 a2   a2 
1  2   1  2 
x2 1 x   x 
  x 4  kx 2  a 4    dx
2  2 a 
4
x  k  2 
 x 
 a2   a2 
 1    1  
1 x2  1 x2 
   
a4  2  2
 dx
2  2 a4
x  k  2  x k 2
 x  x
 a2   a2 
1   1  
1  x2  1  x2 
    dx
2  a2 
2
2  a2 
x    k  2a
2
x    k  2a
2
 x   x 
Then integrals on RHS can be evaluated easily as in forms (i) and (ii).
Algebraic Twins and Trigonometric Twins
2x 2 x2  1 x2  1
i)  x4  1dx   x4  1 dx   x 4  1 dx
2 x2  1 x2  1
ii)  x4  1dx   x4  1 dx   x 4  1 dx
b      
a A 1  2  B 1  2 
x2  x   x 
iii)  2 2 dx   2 2 dx   2 2 dx
x  2 k x  2 k x  2 k
x x x
where A  B  a,   B  A   b
iv)  tan x dx 
1
2
 
tan x  cot x dx 
1
2
 tan x  cot x dx 
v)  cot x dx 
1
2
 
cot x  tan x dx 
1
2
 cot x  tan x dx 
sin x 1 sin x  cos x  1 sin x  cos x 
vi)  a  b sin x cos x dx  2  a  bsin x cos x dx  2  a  bsin x cos x dx
cos x 1  sinx  cos x  1  sin x  cos x 
vii)  a  bsinx cos x dx  2  a  bsincos x dx  2  a  bsinx cos x dx
LEARN YOUR SELF

1
1. Prove that  cos 6
x  sin6 x
dx  tan 1  tan x  cot x   C
1  x2 1 1 x2  2 x  1
2. Prove that  tan  d   tan1    log 2  C (where tan   x 2 )
2  2 x  2 2 x  2 x  1
x3 1  x  2  x 8  2x 4  2
8
1 1
3. Prove that  x16  4 dx 
32
tan  4 
 2x  64
 log
x 8  2x 4  2
C
1 1  2
1 x  1
 1 x2  2 x  1
4. Prove that  4 dx  tan    n 2 C
x 1 2 2  2x  4 2 x  x 2 1
 1  1
1  x   x 
1 x  1 x C
5. Prove that  4 dx  tan1   tan1  
x  1  5x 2 2 7  7  2 3  3 
   
x2 1  2
1  x  1
 1 x2  x  1
6. Prove that  x4  x2  1 dx  tan    n 2 C
2 3  3 x  4 x  x  1

MODEL – 16
1
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  dx
 px 2
 q  ax 2  b
1
To evaluate this type of integrals, put x  .
t
The method is explained through the following example.
1
Ex: Evaluate  dx
1  x  2
1  x2
1 1
Sol: Put x  , then dx   dt
t t2
1 t dt
  dx   … (i)
1  x  2
1 x 2
t 2
 1 t2  1
Now, put t 2  1  y so that t 2  1  y 2 and t dt  y dy
1 1  y 
  dy   tan1  C
y 2
2
2  2
1  t2  1 
 tan1  C
2  2 

1  1  x2 
 tan1  C
2  x 2 
 
LEARN YOUR SELF

1 1 x 2  x2  9
1. Prove that  dx  log C
x 2
 9 x2  9 18 2 x 2  x2  9
1  x2  2 
2. Prove that  dx  tan1  C
x 2
 1 x2  2 
 x 

MODEL – 17
1
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM   ax 2
 bx  c  px  q
dx
To evaluate integrals of this model put px  q  t2
LEARN YOUR SELF

1 1 x 1  3 1  x 1 
1. Prove that  x 2
 4 x  1
dx 
4 3
log  tan1 
x 1  3 2  1 
  C

dx 1   x 1  1  x  1  2
2. Prove that  x  2x  3  x  1
 tan1  
    n
 x  1 
C
  2  4 2
2
2 2 2
 x  2 2  x 
3. Prove that  x 2
 3x  3   x  1
dx 
3
tan1  C
 3  x  1 
 
MODEL – 18
px  q ax  b
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  dx or  dx o r   px  q  ax  b dx or
ax  b px  q
1 1
  px  q  ax  b
dx . Put ax  b  t 2 . Then dx 
a
2t dt
The method is explained through the following example.

2x  3 3
Ex:1 Evaluate  4x  3
dx, x  
4
t 1 1
Sol: 4x  3  t2  4dx  2t dt  dt . Also 2x  3   4x  6   t2  3
2 2 2
1 2
2x  3  t  3 t 1  t2  3 t 1 1  t3 
  dx   2 dt   dt    t 2  3  dt    3t   C
4x  3 t 2 2 4 t 4 43 
1 3
3 1
  4x  3 2   4x  3 2  C
12 4
1
Ex:2 Evaluate   2x  3 4x  5
dx
1
Sol: Put 4x  5  t . Then 4x  5  t 2 , and dx  t dt
2
1 1
2x  3   4x  5   1   t2  1

2 2
1 1
   2x  3 4x  5
dx  
t 1
2
dt, t  4x  5  tan1  t   C  tan 1  
4x  5  C
LEARN YOUR SELF

1
1. Prove that   x  3 dx  2tan1  x  2  c
x2
1
2. Prove that   x  5 dx  2 tan 1 x  4  c
x4

MODEL – 19
 m1 m2

INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  f  x,  ax  b  n ,  ax  b  n  dx , where is a function and m1, n1 ,m2 , n2 are
1 2
 
integers
Algorithm
Step I Obtain n1 , n 2 , n 3 ...
Step II Find the LCM of n1 , n 2 , n 3 ... Let it be s.
Step III Substitute ax  b  t s . This substitution will reduce the integrand to a rational function
of t.
Step IV Evaluate the integral obtained in step III by the methods discussed in the previous sections.
1
Step V Replace t by  ax  b  s .
LEARN YOUR SELF

1 1 1 1 1
1. Prove that  3 x 1  x 1 dx  2  x  1 2  3  x  1 3  6  x  1 6  6log  x  1 6  1  C
 5 1 1

x  x x6 x2 x3

 16 
2. Prove that  x 3x
dx  6      x  log  x  1   C
6
6 5 3 2  
 
MODEL – 20
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  x m  a  bx n  dx , where m, n and p are rational numbers

p
To evaluate this type of integrals, we follow the following steps:

Step I
Obtain p. If p is an integer reduces to the integral of a rational function by using the substitution x  ts ,
where S is the LCM of the denominators of the fractions m and n. If p is not an integer, go to step II.
Step II
m 1 m 1 m 1
Compute . If is an integer, says, then make the substitution a  bx n  ts . If is not an
n n n
integer, then go to step III.
Step III
m 1 m 1
Compute  p . If  p is an integer, then substitute ax  n  b  ts , where is the denominator
n n
of the fraction p.

LEARN YOUR SELF

2 7 31 26
 1
 2
45 5 15 15 45 15
1. Prove that  x  3  x 3  dx 
5 x  x  x C
  7 31 13
 2  1

1
  1  
 3 1

 6x 6

2. Prove that  x 2
 2  3x  dx 
3 1
tan  x  6
1 
C
  6  2  2  3x 3 
 
8
  21  
4 7
 x 7 1  3 x4 dx  1  x 3   C
3
3. Prove that
32  
2 5
1 3
4. Prove that  x 6 1  2x 3  3 dx  
5
 x  2 3  C
MODEL – 21
1 1
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  a sin 2
x  b cos x
2
dx, 
a  b sin 2 x
dx,
1 1 1
 a  b cos 2
x
dx,   a sin x  bcos x  dx,  a  b sin 2
x  cos 2 x
dx
To evaluate this type of integrals, we use the following algorithm:

Step I Divide numerator and denominator by cos 2 x.
Step II Replace sec2 x, if any, in denominator by 1  tan2 x
Step III Put tan x  t so that sec 2 x dx  dt.
1
Step IV After performing the above steps, the integrals will reduce to the form  dt
at 2  bt  c
which can be integrated by the method discussed.
LEARN YOUR SELF
cos x 1 1  3 tan x
1. Prove that  cos 3x dx 
2 3
n
1  3 tan x
C
 2tan x  3
2. Prove that  sin 2
x  2sin x cos x  5 cos2 x 
dx

5  tan x  1 
 n tan2 x  2tan x  5  tan1  C
2  2 
1 1 2tan x  1
3. Prove that  2sin 2
x  3sin x cos x  2cos x
2
dx  log
5 tan x  2
C
MODEL – 22
1 1
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  dx,  dx,
a sin x  b cos x a  bsin x
1 1
 a  bcos x dx,  a sin x  bcos x  c dx
To evaluate this type of integrals we follows the following algorithm:
Step I
2tan x /2 1  tan2 x / 2
Put sin x  , cos x  .
1  tan2 x /2 1  tan2 x / 2
Step II
Replace 1  tan 2 x in the numerator by sec 2 x

2 2
Step III
Put tan x  t so that 1 sec 2 x dx  dt

2 2 2
1
After performing these three steps the integral reduces to the form  dt
at 2  bt  c
which can be evaluated by the methods discussed earlier.
LEARN YOUR SELF

1  x 
1. Prove that  1  sin x  cos x dx  log tan  1  C
 2 
 x
1  tan 
2 2 C
2. Prove that  dx  tan 1  
2  cos x 3  3 
 
 x 
tan2
1  sin x 1 x 2  2tan   C
x
3. Prove that  dx   log tan  
sin x 1  cos x  2 2 2 2
 

 x   x 
 5tan  2   3   5 tan  2 
 
Prove that    dx 1 x 1 2
4.  n 5 tan2  8  tan 1  C
13  3cos x  4sin x 2 2 6  6   
 
1
Special Case to Evaluate Integrals of The Form  a sin x  b cos x dx
To evaluate this type of integrals we substitute
1  b 
a  r cos , b  r sin  and so r  a 2  b2 ,   tan   .
a
 a sin x  b cos x  r cos  sin x  r sin  cos x  r sin  x   
1
So,  a sin x  bcos x dx
1 1
  dx  1  cos ec  x    dx
r sin  x    r
1 x  1 x 1 b
 log tan     C  log tan   tan1   C
r  2 2 a b
2 2
2 2 a
LEARN YOUR SELF

x
6 tan    4
dx 1 2
1. Prove that   n C
5sin x  12cos x 13 x
9  6 tan  
2
1 x 1  12  
 n tan   tan 1    C
13 2 2  5 
1 x 
dx  log tan     C
1
2. Prove that  3 sinx  cos x 2  2 12 
1 x 
dx  log tan     C
1
3. Prove that  sin x  3 cos x 2  2 6
MODEL – 23
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  a sin x  b cos x dx

c sin x  d cos x
a sin x  b cos x
i)  c sin x  d cos x dx
To evaluate the type of integrals we express the numerator as follows:
Numerator   (Diff. of denominator)   (denominator)
i.e.,  a sin x  b cos x   . d  c sin x  d cos x     c sin x  d cos x 

dx
Where  and  are constants to be determined by comparing the coefficients of sin
x and cos x on both sides.
a sin x  b cos x   ccos x  dsin    csinx  dcos x 

  c sin x  d cos x dx   csinx  dcos x
dx
c cos x  d sin x
   dx    dx   x   log c sin x  d cos x  K.
c sin x  d cos x
a cos x  bsin x  ac  bd   ad  bc 
ii)  c cos x  dsin x dx   c 2 
x 2 2 
 n c cos x  d sin x  K
2
d   c d 
LEARN YOUR SELF
3cos x  2sin x 18 1
1. Prove that  4cos x  3sin x dx 
25
x
25
log 4cos x  3sin x  k
4e x  6e  x 19 35
 9ex  4e x dx   36 x  36 n 9e  4e  C
x x
2. Prove that
MODEL – 24
a sin x  bcos x  c
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  psin x  q cos x  r dx
To evaluate this type of integrals, we express the numerator as follows:
Numerator   (denominator)  (Diff. of denominator) + v
i.e.,  a sin x  b cos x  c     p sin x  q cos x  r     p cos x  q sin x   v
Where , , v are constants to be determined by comparing the coefficients of sin x, cos x and
constant term on both sides.
a sin x  bcos x  c 1
 dx    dx    Diff.of denominator dx v dx
psin x  q cos x  r Denominator psin x  q cos x  r
1
 x   log Denominator  v  dx.
psin x  q cos x  r
The integral on RHS can be evaluated by the method discussed.
LEARN YOUR SELF

 x
 5sin x  6  1  tan 2 
1. Prove that  sin x  2cos x  3
dx  x  2n sin x  2cos x  3  3 tan 
 2
1
C

 

 x 
3 cos x  2  tan  1 
6 3 8 2
2. Prove that  dx  x  n sin x  2cos x  3  tan1  C
sin x  2cos x  3 5 5 5  2 
 
cos x  3sin x  7 x
3. Prove that  cos x  sin x  1
dx  2x  log cos x  sin x  1  5 log 1  tan  k
2
MODEL – 25
1 1
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM   a  b cos x  2
dx,   a  bsin x  dx
In order to evaluate this type of integrals, we follows the following algorithm.
Step I
sin x cos x
Define P  , or P  according as the integral to be evaluated is of the
a  b cos x a  b sin x
1 1
form   a  b cos x  2
dx, or   a  bsin x  2
dx.
Step II
Find dP and express it in terms of 1

, or
1
as the case may be.
dx a  b cos x a  b sin x
Step III
Integrals both sides of the expression obtained in step II to obtain the value of the required integrals.
LEARN YOUR SELF

 x
dx 10  tan 2  4  sin x 
1. Prove that  5  4 cos x  2 
27
1
tan    C
3  9  5  4 cos x 
 
 
 x 
dx  16 tan  9 
9 cos x 2 2
2. Prove that  16  9sin x  2   
175 16  9sin x  175 35
tan1 
175
C
  
 
 
MODEL – 26
a sin x  b a cos x  b
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM   a  b sin x  2
dx ;   a  b cos x  2
dx
To evaluate the integrals of the form

a sin x  b
i)   a  b sin x  2
dx , divide both Nr and Dr by cos2 x and put a sec x  b tan x  t

a cos x  b
ii)   a  b cos x  2
dx divide both Nr and Dr by sin2 x put a cos ecx  b cot x  t
iii)  f sin x  cos x, sin x  cos x, sin x cos x sin x  cos x  dx , put sin x  cos x  t
iv)  f sin x  cos x, sin x  cos x, sin x cos x sin x  cos x  dx , put sin x  cos x  t
LEARN YOUR SELF
sin x  cos x 1 5  4cos x  4sin x

1. Prove that  9  16sin2x dx 
40
log
5  4cos x  4sin x
C
1 1 3  sin cos x 1
2. Prove that  sin x  sec x dx  log  tan1  sin x  cos x   C
2 3 3  sin x  cos x 2
cos x  sinx sin x  cos x 

3. Prove that  8  sin2x
dx  sin1 
 3
C

 2sin x  5 cos x
4. Prove that   2  5sin x  2
dx  
 2  5sin x 
C
 cos x  2 sin x
5. Prove that  1  2cos x  2
dx 
1  2cos x 
C
sin x  cos x 
6. Prove that  dx
sin x  cos x  sin x cos x  sin 2
x cos 2 x 
  tan1 

sinx  cos x 1   C
4
MODEL – 27
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  sin m x cos n x dx
i) If m is odd and n is even positive integer, then put cos x  t

ii) If m is even and n is odd positive integer, then put sin x  t
iii) If m and n both are odd positive integers, then
If m  n , put sin x  t
If m  n , put cos x  t
If m  n , put sin x  t or cos x  t
iv) If m  n   ve and even integer, where m, n  Q , then convert the given integrand
in terms of tan x and sec 2 x , then put tan x  t .
v) If m and n are small even integers, then convert them in terms of multiple angles
1  cos 2x 1  cos 2x sin2x
by the formulae cos2 x  ; sin2 x  ; sin x cos x 
2 2 2
and, 2 cos x cos y  cos  x  y   cos  x  y 
vi) If m and n are large even positive integers, then change in multiple angles with the
help of complex numbers.
1
If z  cos x  i sin x , then  cos x  isin x , where i  1
z
1 1
 2cos x  z  and 2i sin x  z 
z z
1 1
From De-Moivre theorem z n  n
 2cos nx and z n  n  2i sinnx
z z
LEARN YOUR SELF
sin4 x tan5 x tan7 x

1. Prove that  cos8 x dx 
5

7
C
1 2 2 3
2. Prove that  dx     tanx  2  C
sin3 x cos5 x tanx 3
MODEL – 28
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  sin mx cos nx dx if m  n
1
i) sin mx cos nx 
2
sin  m  n x  sin  m  n x
1
ii) cos mx sin nx  sin  m  n x  sin  m  n x
2
1
iii) sin mx sin nx  cos  m  n x  cos  m  n x
2
1
iv) cos mx cos nx  cos  m  n x  cos  m  n x
2
LEARN YOUR SELF

3 cos 3x
1. Prove that  sin 3 x dx   cos x  C
4 12
sin x sin5x
2. Prove that  sin 2x sin 3x dx   C
2 10
sin3x sin11x
3. Prove that  cos 4x cos 7 x dx   C
6 22
MODEL – 29

INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  tan m x sec n x dx
i) If m is even or odd integer and n is even positive integer, then put tan x  t .
ii) If m is odd positive integer and n  even positive integer, then put sec x  t .
iii) If m  0 and n  2r  1  r  N , then  sec 2r 1 x dx   sec 2r 1 x  sec 2 x dx , then
integrate by parts taking sec 2 x as second function.

iv) If m  even positive integer and n  odd positive integer, then integral is non-
integrable.
LEARN YOUR SELF
tan3 x tan5 x
1. Prove that  tan 2 x sec 4 x dx   C
3 5
tan4 x tan6 x tan8 x
2. Prove that  tan 3 x sec 6 x dx    C
4 3 8
sec 7 x sec5 x
3. Prove that  tan 3 x sec 5 x dx   C
7 5
MODEL – 30
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  cot m x cos ec n x dx
i) If m is even or odd integer and is even positive integer then put cot x  t .
ii) If m is odd positive integer and n  even positive integer then put cosecx  t .
iii) If m  0 and  cos ec 2r 1 x dx   cos ec 2r 1 x  cos ec 2 x dx , then integrate by parts
taking cos ec 2 x as second function.
LEARN YOUR SELF

cot 3 x cot5 x
1. Prove that  cot 2 x cos ec 4 x dx    C
3 5
sin6 x sin8 x
2. Prove that  cot 3 x cos ec 8 x dx   C
6 8
1 3 3 x
3. Prove that  cos ec 5 x dx   cos ec3 x cot x  cos ecx cot x  n tan  C
4 8 8 2
MODEL – 31
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  f  x,  ax

2

 bx  c  dx (Euler’s Substitutions)
 f  x,  ax
2

 bx  c  dx are calculated with the help of three Euler’s substitutions:
First Euler Substitution

It is applicable for a  0 , then we put  ax 2
 bx  c   t  x a
or ax 2  bx  c  t 2  ax 2  2t x a or  bx  c   t2  2t x a
Second Euler Substitution

It is applicable for c  0 , then we put  ax 2
 bx  c   tx  c
or ax 2  bx  c  t 2 x 2  c  2t x c or  ax  b  t2 x  2t c
Third Euler Substitution

It is applicable when the trinomial  ax 2  bx  c  has real roots then say  and 
 ax 2  bx  c  a  x    x    , then we put  ax 2
 bx  c    x    t or  x    t
LEARN YOUR SELF
x  1  x    1  x  
15 15
2
x 2
1. Prove that  dx  C
1  x  2 15
dx 1 3 1
2. Prove that x  n t  1  2n t  2  n t  1 
 t  1
 C (where
x 2
 2x  4  2 2
x 2
 2x  4   2
t )
x
INTEGRATION BY USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS
f x
i) An expression of the form of , where f  x  and g  x  are polynomials in x, is
g x
called rational fraction.

f x a 0 x n  a1x n 1  ...  a n1x  a n
i.e.,  , where a 0 ,a 1,...,a n , b 0 , b1 ,..., b m are
g x b0 x m  b1x m 1  ...bm 1x  bm
constants and m, n  N .
ii) Proper fraction: If degree of f  x   degree of g  x  ,
f x
is called a proper fraction.
g x
x2
Ex: is a proper fraction.
x  3x  5
2
 Here degree of numerator  1 and degree of denominator  2
 degree of numerator < degree of denominator.

iii) Improper fraction: If degree of f  x   degree of g  x  ,
f x
is called an improper fraction.
g x
f x x
Then divided f  x  by g  x  so that  hx 
g x  g x 
x
Where h  x  is an integral function and is a proper fraction.
g x
x2  1
Ex: is an improper fraction.
x 1
 Here degree of numerator  2 and degree of denominator  1
 degree of numerator > degree of denominator.
Then divide  x 2  1 by  x  1 such that
x2  1 2
  x 1 
x 1 x 1
2
Here  x  1 is an integral function and is a proper fraction.
x 1
Partial Fractions
Any proper fraction can be expressed as the sum of two or more simple fractions. Each
such fraction is called a partial fraction and the process of obtaining them is called
f x
the resolution or decomposition of into partial fractions. Based on the type of factors of the
g x
denominator g  x  , the method of expression as a sum of partial fractions, is illustrated below.
i) g  x  contains non-repeated linear factors only
f x A B C D
Ex:     … (i)
 ax  b  cx  d  x    x    ax  b cx  d x   x  
In the equation (i) the LHS is the given fraction and RHS is the sum of partial fractions
corresponding to the linear factors of g  x  . The unknown constant A, B, C, D are to
be found by solving the equations obtained by comparing the coefficients of different
powers of x in the identity (which is obtained after multiplying both sides of equation
(i) with the denominator  D r  of f  x  ).

In the case of non-repeated linear factors, the values of A, B, C, D can also be found
 b 
f 
directly, using Horner’s cover up method: A   a  which is
  b   b   b 
c  a   d    a     a   
     
b
obtained by substituting x   in the LHS of (i) after covering-up (or removing) the
a
factor ax  b .
Similarly
d
f 
B c
 d  d  d 
a  c   b   c     c   
     
f  
C
a  bc     
f 
D
a     b c    d     
If the integrand f  x  is a rational algebraic function which cannot be integrated by

direct methods, we have to look for the possibility of resolving it into a sum of simple
partial fractions which can be directly integrated.
x 1  A B 
Ex: x 2
x2
dx     dx
 x  2 x 1
1 1 2 1 1 2
 
3 x2
dx  
3 x 1
dx  log x  2  log x  1  C
3 3
1 2
 log  x  2 3   x  1 3  C
ii) g  x  contains repeated linear factors only
f  x A1 A2 B1 B2 B3
Ex:      … (ii)
 ax  b  x   ax  b  ax  b  x    x   x  
2 3 2 2 3
The values of unknown constants A 1 , A 2 , B1 , B 2 , B 3 are to be found by solving the

equations obtained by comparing the coefficients of different powers of x in the
identity (which is obtained after multiplying equation (ii) with the Dr of f  x  ).
In this case, the values of A 2 and B3 - the denominators of which have largest powers
– can also be found by cover-up method, but not the other unknown constants A1,B1
and B2 .
iii) g  x  contains non-repeated irreducible quadratic factors only
f  x Ax  B Cx  D Ex  F
Ex:   2  2 … (iii)
x 2
a 2
 x 2
 x  1 x  x  1 2
x a
2 2
x  x 1 x  x 1
The values of the unknown constants A, B, C, E and F are to found by solving the
equations obtained by equating the coefficients of like powers of x in the identity
(obtained after multiplying the equation (iii) with the denominator of f  x  in the
equation).
iv) g  x  contains repeated irreducible quadratic factors only
f x
Ex:
x 2 2
 x  x  1
3
2
a 2
A1x  B1 A2 x  B2 C x  D1 C2 x  D2 C3 x  D3
   21   … (iv)
x a  x2  a 2  x  x  1  x 2  x  1  x 2  x  1
2 2 2 2 3
The values of the unknown constants A1 ,B1 , A 2 , B 2 , C1 , D1 , C 2 , D 2 , C 3 and D3 are to be

found by solving the equations obtained by equating the coefficients of like powers of x
in the identity (obtained after multiplying the equation (iv) with the Dr of f  x  in the
equation)
v) Mixed type g  x  contains all the above types of factors
f x
Ex:
 x    x   x  1  x 2  x  1
2 2 2
A B B2 C x  D1 C2 x  D2 Ex  F
  1   12   2 … (v)
x   x    x   x 1  x 2  1 x  x  1
2 2
Where the unknown constants A, B,… F are to be found by solving the equations
obtained by equating the coefficients of like powers of x in the identity that results
when the equation (v) is multiplical with the Dr of f  x  .
f x
vi) If is not a proper fraction (i.e., if the deg f  x   deg g  x  ) should be expressed as
g x
f x
the sum of a polynomial g  x  and a proper fraction by dividing f  x  with g  x  .
g x
This proper fraction can be resolved into a sum of partial fractions.

LEARN YOUR SELF

Resolve the following into partial fractions
1 x 6  2x 4  3x 3  9x 2  4
1. 2.
 x  1 x  2  2x  3  x 5  5x 3  4x
x 5 2x  7
3. 4.
 x  2 2
 x  1  x 2  4 
2x  1 2x 4  2x 2  x  1
5. 6.
 3x  2  4x 2  5x  6  x  x 2  1
2
7. Prove that 
x 2
 4
dx
 x  1 x
2 2
 2  x 2  3 
5 6  x  7  x 
  tan1 x  tan1   tan1  C
2 2  2 2 3  3
Answers:
1 1 4 1 1 3 1 1
1.   2. x    
15  x  1 3  x  2  5  2x  3  x 2  x  1 2  x  1 x  2 x  2
1 7
3. 
 x  2   x  2 2
 29 
1 x  3 3 x  
 4 
4.  2 5. 
x 1 x  4 40  3x  2 10  4x 2  5x  6 
1 x 1
6.  
x 1 x 1  x2 
2 2
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
i) If u and v are two functions of x, then
 du 
 uv dx  u   v dx   dx  v dx  dx
i.e., the integrals of the product of two functions
 (First function)  (integral of second function)
- integral of {(Diff. of first function)  (integral of second function)}
Proof:
For any two functions f  x  and g  x  , we have

d d d
dx
f  x  . g  x   f  x  .
dx
g  x   g  x  .
dx
f  x 

  f  x  .
d
g  x   g  x  .
d
f  x dx  f  x  g  x 
 dx dx 
 d   d 
or,  f  x  . g  x  dx   g  x  . f  x  dx  f  x  g  x 
 dx   dx 
 d   d 
or,  f  x  . g  x  dx  f  x  .g  x    g  x  . f  x  dx
 dx   dx 
Let f  x   u and d g  x   v so that g  x    v dx.

dx
  uv dx  u   v dx     du
dx

. v dx  dx

ii) Proper choice of first and second function integration with the help of the above rule is
called the integration by parts. In the above rule there are two terms on RHS and in
both the terms the integral of the second function is involved. Therefore in the product of two
functions if one of the two functions is not directly integrable (e.g.,
log x,sin1 x,cos 1 x,tan 1 x etc.) we take it as the first function and the remaining
function is taken as the second function. If there is no other function, then unity is taken
as the second function. If in the integral both the functions are easily integrable, then the first
function is chosen in such a way that the derivative of the function is a sample
function and the function thus obtained under the integral sign is easily integrable
than the original function.
iii) We can also choose the first function as the function which comes first in the word
ILATE, where
I- stands for the inverse trigonometric function  sin 1 x, cos 1 x, tan 1 x etc.
L- stands for the logarithmic functions  n x, log10 x 
A- stands for the algebraic functions 1, x, x 2 , ax 2  bx  c 
T- stands for the trigonometric functions sin x, cos x...etc 
E- stands for the exponential functions  e x ,a x ,3 x , 42x  3 
iv) Cancellation of Integrals

Sometimes we split the integrand into the sum of two parts such that the
integration of one of them by parts cancels the other.
 e x  f  x    f '  x  dx  e x f  x   c
Proof

 e x  f  x   f '  x   dx   e x f  x  dx   e x f '  x  dx
Integrating 1 st term by parts taking ex as second function we have

 f  x  e x   f '  x  .e x dx   e x f '  x   c
 exf  x   c (The last two integrals cancel each other)
Alternative Proof
d

dx
e x f  x   e x f  x   e x f '  x   e x f  x   f '  x 
On integrating both sides, we have
 e  f  x   f '  x   dx  e f  x   c
x x
v)  e  f  x   f '  x  dx  e .f x   c
x x
 f ' x  x f  x 
e f  x  
x
vi)  dx  e . c
   
vii) Successive Integration by Parts

Let us consider two functions of x say u and v.
If u  a 0 x n  a1x n 1  a 2 x n  2  ...  a n n  N
The successive differential coefficient of u have been denoted by u',u'',u''' etc. and
v1   v dx, v 2  v 1 dx, v 3  v 2 dx, etc.
 u ' v 2  u " v 3  u ''' v 4 ...   1 un1 vn   1

n1  n
u
n
Thus,  uv dx  uv 1
vndx
Where u n stands for u with n dashes and vn stands for with n lower suffixes.
Note: If f  x   a 0 x n  a 1 x n 1  a 2 x n  2  ...  a n 1 x  a n where a0 ,a1,a2,...,an  R and
n  N , then
 e f  x  dx  e
x x
 f  x   f '  x   f ''  x   f '''  x   ...   1 n
f n  x  
Integral of Inverse Trigonometric functions
 sin
1
viii) x  dx  x sin 1 x  1  x 2  C
 cos
1
ix) x  dx  x cos 1 x  1  x 2  C
1
x)  tan
1
x  dx  x tan1 x  log 1  x 2   C
2
1
xi)  cot
1
x  dx  x cot1 x  log 1  x 2   C
2
xii)  sec
1
x  dx  x sec 1 x  cosh 1 x  C
xiii)  cos ec
1
x  dx  x cos ec 1 x  cosh 1 x  C

 sinh
1
xiv) x  dx  x sinh1 x  x 2  1  C
 cosh
1
xv) x  dx  x cosh 1 x  x 2  1  C
x 1  x 
 sinh
1
xvi)    dx  x sinh    x  a  C
2 2
 
a  
a
x 1  x 
 cosh
1
xvii)    dx  x cosh    x  a  C
2 2
a a
LEARN YOUR SELF

1. x e
x
dx 2. e
x
1  x  dx2
3. x
2
e 3x dx 4. x
2
cos x dx
 x sec  x sec
2 2
5. x dx 6. 2x dx
 x sin  e sin x  cos x  dx

2 x
7. x dx 8.
9. e
x
 tan x  sec x  dx 2
10. e
x
sec x 1  tan x  dx
 1  x log x 
  tan x  log sec x  e e
x x
11. dx 12.   dx
 x 
13.  log x dx 14.  x log x dx
  log x 
2
x
5
15. log x dx 16. dx
 x log 1  x  dx
1
17. 18.  cos x dx
1 1
19.  x cos x dx 20.  x sin x dx
1 1
21.  tan x dx 22.  x tan x dx
1  2x 
x tan 1 x dx  tan
2
23. 24.   dx
 1  x2 
e  cos  
x
25. dx 26. x dx
 e
x
27. a 2  x 2 dx 28. sin x dx
e x  x  1
 e sin  bx  c  dx   x  22
ax
29. 30. dx

 1  sin x 
 x  log x  dx
2
e
x 3
31.   dx 32.
 1  cos x 
 cos   sin  
x  log x 
2
33.  dx 34.  cos 2  log  cos   sin   d 

ex x3  x  1 
35. 
 log x  x  a dx
2 2
 36.  3
dx
x 2
1  2
 xe
x
37. cos x dx
dx 1  x2  1 1

 x3
2
38. Prove that    tan x  1 
x2  1 2  x2 

Answers:
1. e x  x  1  c 2. 
e x x 2  2x  3  c 
e3x
3.
27

9x 2  6x  2  c  4. x 2 sin x  2  x cos x  sin x   c
1 1
5. x tan x  log sec x  c 6. x tan  2x   log sec 2x  c
2 4
x2 x 1
7.  sin2x  cos 2x  c 8. e x sin x  c
4 4 8
9. e x tan x  c 10. e x sec x  c
11. ex  log sec x    c 12. e x log x  c
x2 x2
13. x  log x  1  c 14. log x  c
2 4
x 6 log x x 6
x  log x   2log x  2  c
2
15.  c 16.
6 36  
1 2 x2 
17.  x log 1  x    x  log 1  x   c 18. x cos 1 x  1  x 2  c
2  2 
x 2 cos 1 x cos 1 x x 1  x 2
19.   c 20.
2 4 4
1  2 1  1 x 
  x   sin x  1  x2   c
2  2 2 
x2
21. x tan1 x 
1
2

log 1  x 2  c  22.
2
1
2
1
tan1 x  x  tan1 x  c
2
x3
23.
3
3
2
3
 
tan1 x  1  x 2  log 1  x 2  c
2
  24. 2x tan1 x  log 1  x 2  c  

25. 2e x
 x 1  c  26. 2  x sin x  cos x  c
x a2 x ex
27. a 2  x2  sin1  c 28. sin x  cos x   c
2 2 a 2
eax
29. a sin  bx  c   b cos  bx  c    k
a 2  b2
1 x
30. ex  c 31. ex cot c
x2 2
3
x4 1 1 2 2 4 8
32.  log x 2  x 4 log x  x 4  c 33. x  log x   log x    c
2
4 8 32 3  3 9
1   1
34. sin 2 log tan      log sec 2   c
2 4  2
35. x log  x  x 2  a 2   x 2  a 2  c
 
x ex
36. ex  c 37.  x  1 sin x  x cos x   c
2 
x 2

1
INTEGRATION BY SUCCESSIVE REDUCTION

Reduction formulae
1 n ax n
i) If I n   x n e ax dx , then In  x e  In1  n  N .
a a
sinn1 x cos x n  1
ii) If In   sin n x dx, n  N then In    In  2  n  2
n n
cos n 1 x sin x n  1
iii) If I n   cos n x dx then In   In  2
n n
tann 1 x
iv) If I n   tan n x dx then In   In  2
n 1
 cot n1 x
v) If In   cot n x dx then In   In2
n 1
sec n 2 x tan x n  2
vi) If I n   sec n x dx then In   In  2
n 1 n 1
 cos ec n 1x cot x n  2

vii) If I n   cos ec n x dx then In   In 2
n 1 n 1
viii) If I m, n   sin m x cos n x dx then
sinm 1 x cosn 1 x n  1
a) Im, n   Im, n2
mn mn
sinm1 x cos n 1 x m  1
b) Im, n    Im2, n  m, n  N, m  2, n  2 
mn mn
sin nx 2
ix) If In   dx  n  N then In  sin  n  1 x  In2
sin x n 1
x m 1 n
If Im, n   x m  log x  dx  m,n  N then Im, n   log x  
n n
x) Im, n1
m 1 m 1
tn t n 1
xi) If In   dt  n  N  then I n  2   In
t2  1 n 1
dx 1 x 2n  1 1
xii) If In   ,  n  N , then In1   In .
x 
2 n 2na  x 2  a 2 
2 n
2
a 2n a 2
eax n n
xiii) For n  N , if I n   x n e ax dx then In   x  In1
a a
For n  N , If In    log x  dx then In  x  log x   n  In 1

n n
xiv)
xv) sin nx  sin  n  2  x  2 sin  n  1 x cos x leads to the reduction formula
sin nx 2
In   dx  In   cos  n  1 x  In2
cos x n 1
xvi) cos nx  cos  n  2  x   2 sin  n  1 x sin x leads to the reduction formula
cos nx 2
In   dx  In  cos  n  1 x  In2
sin x n 1
LEARN YOUR SELF
1 1
1. Prove that  tan5 x dx  tan4 x  tan2 x  log sec x  C
4 2
cot4 x cot 2 x
2. Prove that  cot 5 x dx     log sin x  C
4 2
sin2 x cos5 x 2
3. Prove that  sin 4 x cos 5 x dx    cos5 x  C
7 35
cos nx 2
4. If In   dx Prove that In  cos  n  1 x  In2
sin x n 1

xn x n 1
5. If In   dx Prove that In   In2  n  2 and hence show that
1  x2 n 1
x5 x3
I6    x  tan1 x  C
5 3
1 1 x 3 x 3 x
6. Show that  dx    tan1    C
x 
2 3 4a  x 2  a 2  8a x  a
2 2 4 2 2 5
2
a 8a a 
cos m x cos nx m
cos m 1 x sin  n  1 x dx
mn
7. Prove that I m, n   cos m x sin nx dx   
mn
KEY NOTES
x n1
1. If n  1,  x ndx  C
n 1
2.  tan x dx  log|Sec x| C   log cos x  c
3.  Cot x dx  log|Sin x| C   log cosecx  c
 x
4.  Sec x dx  log|Sec x  tan x | C  log tan  4  2  C
x
5.  Cosec x dx  log|Cosec x  Cot x| C  log tan
2
 C   log Cosec x  Cot x  C
xx
6. x dx 
2
c
x
7. x dx  x  c, x  0
f  x 
n 1
 f  x 
n
8. .f 1
x dx   C  n  1
n 1
f 1 x
9.  f x
dx  2 f  x   C
f1  x 
10.  f  x  dx  log|f  x | C
 f g  x .g  x  dx  f g  x   C
1 1
11.
f  ax  b 
 f  ax  b  dx  a  C
1
12.
f 1(x)  f(x) 
13.  a 2  (f(x))2
dx  sin1 
 a 
C

f 1(x)  f(x) 
14.  dx  cosh1 
 a 
C
f(x)2  a2
2
 log f  x    f  x    a 2  C
f '(x)  f(x) 
15.  dx  Sinh1    c  log f(x)  f(x)2  a 2 c
f(x)  a
2 2  a 
fx 1  f x 
16.  a2  dx  tan1  c
 f  x 
2
a  a 
Standard Integrals:
1 x
17.  a 2  x2
dx  sin 1    c
a
1
1 x
18.  x2  a2
dx  Sinh  c
a
 log x  x 2  a 2  c
1 1 1  x
19.  x2  a 2 dx  a tan  c
a 
1 1 ax
20.  a 2  x 2 dx  2a log a  x c
1 1 x a
21.  x 2  a 2 dx  2a log x a
c
x a2 x
22.  a 2  x 2 dx  a 2  x2  Sin1    c
2 2 a
x a2 x
23.  x 2  a 2 dx  x2  a2  Cosh1    c
2 2 a
x a2
 x2  a 2  log x  x 2  a 2  c
2 2
x a2 x
24.  x 2  a 2 dx  x2  a2  sinh1    c
2 2 a
x a2
 x2  a 2  log x  x 2  a 2  c
2 2
 e f  x  dx  e  f(x)  f (x)  f (x)  f (x)  .... where f is a polynomial in x

x x 1 11 111
25.
 e  f(x)  f '(x) dx  e f(x)  c

x x
26.
27. e
kx
   
kf  x   f 1  x   dx   D ekx f  x   ekx f  x   c

28. e
x f  x   f '  x  dx  e x f  x   C
 
29.  f(x)  xf '(x) dx   D  x f  x    xf(x)  c
eax
30.  e Sin(bx  c)dx 
ax
aSin(bx  c)  bCos(bx  c)  K
a 2  b2
e
ax
31. Cos(bx  c)dx 
Some standard substitutions:

1
32. Form of integrand: a 2  x 2 ,
2
a x2
Substitution: x  a sin  or x  a cos 
1
33. Form of integrand: a 2  x 2 ,
2
a  x2
Substitution: x  a tan  or x  a cot  or x  a sinh 

1
34. Form of integrand: , x2 a2
2 2
x a
Substitution: x  a sec  (or) x  a cosec (or) x  a cosh 
ax ax
35. Form of integrand: ,
ax ax
Substitution: x  a cos 2 (or) x  a cos
x ax
ax x
Substitution: x  a sin 2  (or) x  a cos 2
x ax
ax x
Substitution: x  a tan 2  (or) x  a cot 2
x a 1
38. Form of integrand: ,  x  a  b  x ,
bx  x  a  b  x 
Substitution: x  a cos 2   b sin 2 
xa
39. Form of integrand: ,  x  a  x  b 
xb
Substitution: x  a sec 2   b tan 2 

1
40. Form of integrand:
 x  a  x  b 
Substitution: x  a  t 2 or x  b  t 2

b  a sin x
41. If the given integral is of the form  (a  bsin x)n dx then divide both numerator & denominator with
cos 2 x and then take a sec x  b tan x  t

b  a cos x
42. If the given integral is of the form  (a  b cos x)n dx then divide both numerator & denominator with
sin2 x and then take acosec x  b cot x  t
43. If the given integral is of the form  sin m x cos n x dx then
i) Put cos x  t if ‘m’ is odd and ‘n’ is even integer or n is a rational number.
ii) Put sin x  t if ‘n’ is odd and ‘m’ is even integer or m is rational number.
iii) If both m, n are odd and m  n then take sin x  t
iv) If both m, n are rational numbers such that m  n  negative even integer then put
tan x  t (or) cot x  t
x 2 1 x2
45. If the given integral is of the form  x 4  x 2  1 dx (or)  x 4  x 2  1 dx
1
(or)  x 4  x 2  1 dx
1 1
Where  is a constant then divide both Nr, Dr with x 2 and then take x   t (or) x   t
x x
46. If the given integral is of the form  R(x.x m/n ,.....x r/s )dx where R is a rational function of its
arguments then put x  t k , where k  l.c.m of the denominators n,......s
  ax  b 1/n  ax  b n
47.   x,  cx  d  dx, then put cx  d  t
R
 
1 1 ax  b
48.  (ax  b)(cx  d) dx  ad  bc log cx  d K
1 1 1 x 1 x
 (x 2  a 2 )(x 2  b2 ) dx  b2  a 2  a tan
1
49.  tan1   c
a b b
x 1 x 2 b 2
50.  (x 2  a 2 )(x 2  b 2 ) dx 
2(a 2  b 2 )
log
x2 a2
c
1 1 xn
60.  x(x n  k) dx 
nk
log n
x k
c
1 1 xn  k
61.  x(x n  k) dx 
nk
log
xn
c

1 1 xn
62.  x(k  x n ) dx 
nk
log
k  xn
c
 Sin
1
63. x.dx  x Sin 1 x  1  x 2  c
 Cos
1
64. x.dx  x Cos 1 x  1  x 2  c
1
 Tan
1
65. x.dx  x Tan1 x  log(1  x 2 )  c
2
Reduction formulae:
eax n n
66. For n  N, if In   x neax dx , then In   x  In1 for n  1
a a
 Sinn1 x Cos x n  1
67. For n  N, if In   Sinn x dx , then In   In2 for n  2
n n
Cos n1 x Sin x n  1

68. For n  N, if In   Cos n x dx then In   In 2 for n  2
n n
tann1 x
69. For n  N, if In   tann x dx, then In   In2 for n  2
n 1
 cot n1 x
70. For n  N, if In   cot n x dx, then In   In2 for n  2
n 1
Secn2 x tan x n  2
71. For n  N, if In   Sec n x dx , then In    In2 for n  2
n 1 n 1
 cos ec n2 x cot x n  2

72. For n  N, if In   Cosec n x dx then In    In2 for n  2
n 1 n 1
Sinm1 x Cosn1 x m  1
73. For n  N, if Im,n   Sinm x Cos n x dx,  for n  2  then Im,n     Im2,n
mn mn
for m  2
n
74. For n  N, if In1   (log x)n dx, then In  x  log x   n. In1 for n  1
LEARN THE SKILLS

1. Evaluate
cos 7x  cos 8x 1
i)  1  2cos 5x
dx ii)  sin x sin  x  a 
3
dx
x2  2 1
iii)  dx iv)  dx
x  2x  10 
3
 x  5x  4 tan  x x 2 
2 2
4 2 1
 
cos 7x  cos 8x
Sol: i)  1  2cos 5x
dx

5x 5x
2sin cos 7x  2sin cos 8x
1 2 2
  dx
2 5x 5x
sin  2cos 5x sin
2 2
 19x 9x   21x 11x 

 sin  sin    sin  sin 
1 2 2   2 2 
  dx
2 5x 15x 5x
sin  sin  sin
2 2 2
 19x 11x   21x 9x 
sin  sin    sin  sin
1  2 2   2

2 
  dx
2 15x
sin
2
15x 15x
2sin cos 2x  2sin cos 3x
1 2 2
  dx
2 15x
sin
2
   cos 2x  cos 3x  dx
1 1
 sin2x  sin3x  C
2 3
1
Sol: ii)  dx
sin3 x  sin x cos a  cos x sina 
1
 dx
sin4 x  cos a  cot x sina 
cos ec 2 x
  cos a  cot x sin a
dx
1  sina cos ec 2 x
sin a  cos a  cot x sin a
 dx
1 1
  d  cos a  cot x sin a 
sin a cos a  cot x sin a
1 1

sin a  t
dt , where t  cos a  cot x sina
2
 t C
sin a
2
 cos a  cot x sina  C
sina
x2  2
Sol: iii)  dx
 x  5x  4 tan  x x 2 
2
4 2 1
 

2
1
x2
  4  1  2
dx
 x  5  2  tan  x  
2
 x   x
1  2
   2 1 
dx  
2   x
 x   tan  x   
 x  x 
1 x2
  t 2
 1 tan t
1
dt , where t 
x
1
 1
dt  tan1 t 
tan t
 log tan 1 t  C
 2
 log tan1  x    C
 x
1 1
Sol: iv) I  dx   dx
 x  2x  10 
3 3
2
 x  12  32 
 
Putting x  1  3tan  and dx  3sec2 d , we get
1
I 3sec2  d
9 tan   9
2 3
1

243  cos 4  d
1 1
    3  4cos 2  cos 4  d
243 8
1  sin 4 
 3  2sin 2  C
1944  4 
1  x 1 1 
  3 tan1  2sin 2  sin 2 cos 2   C
1944  3 2 
1  x 1 1 
  3 tan1  sin 2  4  cos 2    C
1944  3 2 
1  1 x  1 tan  5  3 tan2  
 3 tan   C
1944  3 1  tan2  1  tan2  

1 

3tan1
x  1

3  x  1 

3 15   x  1
2
    C
1944  3 9   x  1
2
9   x  1
2

 
1 

1 x  1
9  x  1  x 2  2x  16  
 3 tan  C
1944    
2
3 x 2
 2x  10

sin x  cos x
2. Evaluate  9  16sin2x dx
Sol: Here, sin x  cos x occurs in the differential of (  cos x  sin x ). So, we express 9  16 sin 2x in
terms of  cos x  sin x . We have,   cos x  sin x   1  sin 2x
2
 sin 2x  1    cos x  sin x 

2

 9  16 sin 2x  9  16 1   cos x  sin x 
2

 9  16 sin 2x  25  16   cos x  sin x 
2
sin x  cos x
  9  16sin2x dx
sin x  cos x
  25  16   cos x  sin x  2
dx
1 4  sin x  cos x 
 
4 52 4   cos x  sin x 2
dx
1 1
  d 4  cos x  sin x 
4 52  4   cos x  sin x 2
1 1
  dt , where t  4   cos x  sinx 
4 5  t2
2
1 1 5t
  log C
4 25 5t
1 5  4   cos x  sin x 
 log C
40 5  4   cos x  sin x 
1 5  4cos x  4sin x
 log C
40 5  4 cos x  4sin x
sin  x   
3. Evaluate  sin  x   
dx
sin  x   
Sol:  sin  x   
dx
sin  x   
 dx
sin2 x  sin2 
sin x cos x
 cos  dx  sin   dx
sin x  sin 
2 2
sin x  sin2 
2
sin x cos x
 cos  dx  sin  dx
cos   cos x
2 2
sin x  sin2 
2

1 1
  cos  d  cos x   sin   d  sin x 
cos   cos x
2 2
sin x  sin2 
2
1 dv
  cos  du  sin   , where u  cosx and v  sin x
cos 2   u2 v 2  sin2 
 u 
  cos  sin1    sin  log v  v  sin   C
2 2
 cos  
 cos x 
  cos  sin1    sin  log sin x  sin x  sin   C
2 2
 cos  
4. Evaluate (i)  tan  d  (ii)  tan x  cot x dx 

2x
Sol: i) Putting tan   x 2 and d  tan   dx2 i.e., sec2  d  2x dx , or d  dx , we get
1  x4
 tan  d 
2x
  x2 dx
1  x4
2x 2
  x 4  1 dx
2
  1
dx
x2 
x2
 1   1 
1  2   1  2 
x   x 
  dx
1
x2  2
x
1 1
1
2
1 2
 x dx   x dx
1 1
x  2
2
x  2
2
x x
1  1 1  1
 2
dx     2
dx  
 1  x  1  x
x    2 x    2
 x  x
du 1 1 1
   dv , where u  x  , and v  x 
 2  2 x x
2 2
u2 v2 
1  u  2 v 2
 tan1   log C
2  2 2 2 u 2
1  x2  1  1 x 2  12x  1
 tan1    log C
2  2x  2 2 x 2  12x  1
ii) I  tan x  cot x dx 

 1 
   tan x   dx
 tan x 
tan x  1
  tanx
dx
Let tan x  t2 . Then, sec2 xdx  2t dt

2t dt 2t dt 2t
 dx    dx  dt
sec x 1  tan x
2 2
1  t4
t2  1 2t
 I  dt
t 2 1  t4
t2  1
 2 dt
t4  1
1
1
 2 t 2 dt [Dividing N r and D r by t 2 ]
1
t2  2
t
1  1
 2 2
dt  
 1  t
1    2
 t
1 1 2  u 
 2 du , where u  t   tan1  c
 2 t
2
u 
2 2  2
 tan x  cot x   1 
 2 tan1  C  u  t  t  tan x  cot x 
 2   
cos 3 x  cos5 x
5. Evaluate  sin2 x  sin4 x dx
cos 3 x  cos5 x
Sol:  sin2 x  sin4 x dx
cos2 x  cos4 x
 cos x dx
sin2 x  sin4 x
1  sin x   1  sin x 
2 2 2
 cos x dx
sin2 x  sin4 x
2  3sin2 x  sin4 x
 d  sin x 
sin2 x  sin4 x
2  3t 2  t 4
  t2  t4 dt , where t  sin x
t 4  3t 2  2
  t 4  t2 dt
 4t 2  2 
  1  4  dt
 t  t2 

 4 2 
  1  2  2 2  dt
 t  1 t  t  1 
 
 6 2
  1  2  2  dt
 t 1 t 
2
 t  6 tan1 t  C
t
 sinx  6tan1  sin x   2cos ec x  C
1  x2
6. Evaluate  dx
1  x 
2
1  x2  x4
1  x2
Sol: Let I   dx . Then,
1  x 
2
1  x2  x 4
1  x2
I x2 dx [Dividing N r and D r by x 2 ]
 1 x  x
2 4
1
  x
x  x2
1
1
 I   x2 dx
 1 2 1
 x   x  2 1
 x x
1  1
 I   dx  
 1  1
2
 x
x   x    3
 x   x
dt 1
 I   , where x  t
t t2  3 x
u du
 I   , where t 2  3  u2 and 2t dt  2u du
u 2
 3 u 2
1
 I   du
u 3
2
1 u 3
 I log C
2 3 u 3
1 t2  3  3
2 3 t2  3  3
1
x2  1  3
1 x2
2 3 1
x  2 1  3
2

x3  x2  x 1
7. Evaluate  dx
x 2
 1 2  x 2
x3  x2  x 1
Sol:  dx
x 2
 1 2  x 2

 x  1  x  x  1 dx
2 2
 x  1 2  x
2 2
1 x 2
 1 x
  dx   dx
2 x 2
x 2
 1 2  x 2

1
dx  
x 2
 1 x
dx
 2  x2  1 2  x2
2
x 2
 x   3  t2  t dt , where 2  x 2  t2
 sin1   

 2 1  t2  t2
 x  3  t2
 sin1   
 dt
 2 1  t2
 x  1  t2   2

1
 sin  dt
 2 1  t2
 x   2 
 sin1     1  2 
dt
 2  1 t 
 x  1 1 t
 sin1    t  2  log
 2 2 1 t
 x  1  2  x2
 sin 1    2  x 2
 log C
 2 1  2  x2
x2
8. Evaluate   x sin x  cos x  2
dx
x2
Sol: I   x sin x  cos x  2
dx
x cos x
  x sec x  dx
 x sin x  cos x 
2

d  x sin x  cos x 
  x sec x 
 x sin x  cos x 
I 2
II
1 1
 x sec x     x sec x tan x  sec x   dx
x sin x  cos x x sin x  cos x
x sec x
x sin x  cos x 
  sec2 x dx
x sec x
  tan x  C
x sin x  cos x
 x 4 cos 3 x  x sin x  cos x 

9. Evaluate  e x sin x  cos x    dx
 x 2 cos 2 x 
x sin x  cos x  x cos x  x sin x  cos x 
4 3
Sol:  e  
 x 2 cos 2 x
 dx

cos x  x sin x
  e x sin x cos x  x 2 cos x dx   e x sin x cos x dx
 x cos x 
2
d  x cos x 
  x ex sin x  cos x d  x sin x  cos x    e x sin x cos x
 x cos x 
2
I II
II
1 1
 x ex sin x cos x   ex sin x cos x dx  ex sin x cos x   ex sin x cos x  x cos x  dx  C
x cos x x cos x
e x sin x  cos x
 x e x sin x  cos x  C
x cos x
1
10. Evaluate  4  tan x  cot x dx
tan x
Sol: I dx
tan x  4tan x  1
2
t dt
Putting tan x  t and sec2 xdx  dt , we get I   
t  4t  1 1  t2
2
t
  t 2
 1 t 2  4t  1
dt
t At  B Ct  D
Let  2  2
 t  1 t  4t  1 t  1 t  4t  1
2 2
 t   At  B   t 2  4t  1   Ct  D   t 2  1
On equating coefficients of like powers of t on both sides, we get

0 BD
1  4B  A  C
0  B  4A  D

and, 0  AC
1 1
Solving these equations, we get A  0,B  ,C  0 and D  
4 4
t 1 1
  
 t  1 t  4t  1 4  t  1 4  t  4t  1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
 I 
4 t 1
2
dt   2
4 t  4t  1
dt
1 1 1 1
4  t 2  12
 dt   dt
 
2
4  t  2 2  3
1 1 t2 3
 tan1  t   log C
4 8 3 t2 3
1 1 tan x  2  3
 x log C
4 8 3 tan x  2  3
1  x cos x
11. Evaluate  x 1  x 2 2sin x
e 
dx
1  x cos x
Sol: I dx

x 1   xesin x 
2

1  x cos x  esin x
  dx

xesin x 1   xesin x 
2

1
 d  xesin x 
xe sin x
1   xe  
sin x 2
dt
  t 1  t  , where t  xe
sin x
2
1 1 1 
      dt
 t 2 1  t  2 1  t  
1 1
 log t  log 1  t  log 1  t  C
2 2
1 t2 1 x 2e2 sin x
 log  C  log C
2 1  t2 2 1  x 2e2 sin x

x3  x2  x  1
12. Evaluate  dx
x 2
 1 2  x 2
x3  x2  x  1
Sol: I  dx
x 2
 1 2  x 2

 x  1   x  x  dx
2 3
 x  1 2  x
2 2
1 x3  x
  dx   dx
2  x2 x 2
 1 2  x 2
1 x  x 2  1  2x
  dx   dx
2  x2 x 2
 1 2  x 2
1 x 2x
  2  x2
dx  
2  x2
dx  
 x  1   x  1
2
dx

1
dx  
x
dx  
 x  1   x  1 dx
2  x2 2  x2 x 2
 1 2  x 2
1 x 1 1
  2x 2
dx  
2x 2
dx  
 x  1 2 x 2
dx  
 x  1 2  x2
dx
 x 
 sin1    2  x  I1  I2  C , where
2
 2
1 1
I1    x  1 2 x 2
dx and I2    x  1 2  x2
dx
1 1
Putting x  1  in I1 and x  1  in I 2 , we obtain
u v
x 1 x 1
I1  log and I2  log
2 x 2 x 2
2  x  2  x2
Hence,
 x  x 1 x 1
I  sin1    2  x  log
2
 log C
 2 2 x  2 x 2
2  x  2  x2
1
13. Evaluate 
x 1  x 1
3
dx .
1
Sol: Let I   1 1
dx .
 x  1 3   x  1 2
Here L.C.M of 2 and 3 is 6. So, we substitute x  1  t 6 and dt  65 dt .

1
I 6t5dt
t t
2 3
t3
 6 dt
t 1
t3  1  1
 6 dt
t 1
t3  1 1
 6 dt  6 dt
t 1 t 1
1
 6  t2  t  1 dt  6 dt
t 1
 t3 t2 
 6    t   6 log t  1  C
3 2 
 2t3  3t2  6t  6log t  1  C
1 1 1 1
 2  x  1 2  3  x  1 3  6  x  1 6  6 log  x  1 6  1  C
1
13
 
5 2
14. Evaluate  x 2
1  x 2
 dx
 
13
13 5 1 1
m 1
Sol: Here, m  ,n  and p  We have,  2  3 , an integer.
2 2 2 n 5
2
5 3
5
So, we substitute 1  x  t 3 and 2
x 2 dx  3t2dt
2
1
 3

5 2 3 3
6t 2
  x 1  x 2  dx   x 2 t 2 
2
3
dt
  5x 2
7 7
6 6
  x 5  t 2 dt    t 3  1 t 2 dt
2
5 5
6  2 
7 19 13 7
6
   t  2t  1 t dt    t  2t  t 2  dt
6 3 2 2
5 5  
7 5 3
6  2 4 2 2 2 
21 15 9
4      4  
5 2 5 2 5 2
  t2  t  t C  1  x 2
  1  x 2
  1  x 2
 C
5  21 15 9  35   25   15  
If Im, n   x m 1  x  dx , show that  m  n  I m,n 1  x m 1 1  x n 1   n  1 Im, n  2

n
15.
Im, n   x m 1  x  dx
n
Sol:
I I
m 1
x n
 1  x  1  x  x m1 dx
n 1

n

m 1 m 1
x m1 1  x 
n
n
1  x  x m. x dx
n1

m 1

m 1 
x 1  x 
m1 n
n
1  x  x m 1  x  1 dx
n1

m 1

m 1 
x m1 1  x 
n
n n
1  x  xm dx  1  x  xm dx
n1
 
n
Im, n  
m 1 m 1 m 1
x m1 1  x 
n
n n
 Im,n   Im,n  Im,n1
m 1 m 1 m 1
x m 1 1  x 
n
 n  n
 1  I
 m, n   Im, n1
 m  1  m  1 m 1
 m  n  1 Im, n  x m 1 1  x   nIm, n 1
n

Replacing n by n – 1, we get  m  n  Im, n 1  x m 1 1  x n 1   n  1 Im, n  2
3
16. If In   x n a 2  x 2 dx, prove that  n  2 In   x n1  a 2  x 2  2   n  1 a 2In 2
1 n1 2
a  x 2  2x  dx
2
Sol:  In   x n 1 a 2  x 2 x dx  In   x
1 n1 2
 In    x a  x2 d  a2  x2 
2 I II
1  2 n 1 2 3
2 3

 In   
2 3
x  a  x 
2 2

3
 n  1  x n 2
 a 2
 x 
2 2
dx 

1 2 3
2  n  1
 In    x n1  a 2  x2  2   x n2  a 2  x 2  a 2  x 2 dx 
2 3 3 
1 2 3
2  n  1 a 2 2  n  1 n 2 
 In    x n1  a 2  x 2  2   x n2 a 2  x 2 dx   x a  x2 dx 
2 3 3 3 
1 n 1 2 3
a 2  n  1  n  1 I
 In   x a  x 2 2  In  2  n
3 3 3
 n 1 1 n1 2 3
a 2  n  1
 In 1     x a  x  
2 2
In2
 3  3 3
3
  n  2 In   x n1  a 2  x 2  2   n  1 a 2In2

BR Maths Indefinite Integrals (11-05-21) Synopsis

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BR MATHS

Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy

Let   x  be a primitive of a function f  x  and let C be any instant. Then,

contained in the expression   x   C, where C is a constant.

There   x  is primitive of f  x  and C is an arbitrary constant known as the constant of integration.

Fundamental formulas on integration

Space for rough work Page 2

ii)  k f  x dx  k  f  x  dx, where k is a constant

iii)  f  x   g  x dx   f  x  dx   g  x dx

Hence, anti-derivatives of a function is not unique. If g 1  x  and g 2  x  are two anti-

derivatives of a function f  x  on a, b  , then they differ only by a constant.

Space for rough work Page 3

v) Anti-derivative of a continuous function is differentiable.

 F '  x  always exists and is continuous.

vi) If integrated is discontinuous at x  x1, then its anti-derivative at x  x1 need not be

vii) Anti-derivative of a periodic function need not be a periodic function.

LEARN YOUR SELF

Evaluate the following

Space for rough work Page 4

15.  2 cos x  c 16.  cot x  cos ec x  c

This substitutions reduces the integral  f    x    '  x  dx to the form  f  t  dt

   fog  x  g '  x  dx   f  g  x  g '  x  dx   f  t  dt  F  t   C  F  g  x   C

Space for rough work Page 6

IF X IS REPLACED BY ax + b IN FUNDAMENTAL FORMULAE

Space for rough work Page 7

LEARN YOUR SELF

Evaluate the following:

Space for rough work Page 8

 cos x cos 2x dx  cos

27.  sec x log sec x  tan x  dx

3. log log x  c 4. log log  log x    c

Space for rough work Page 9

SOME STANDARD SUBSTITUTIONS

Substitution x  a sin  or x  a cos 

Substitution x  a tan  or x  a cot  or x  a sinh 

Substitution x  sec  or x  a cos ec or x  a cosh 

Space for rough work Page 10

NINE STANDARD FORMULAS

Space for rough work Page 11

LEARN YOUR SELF

Evaluate the following:

Space for rough work Page 12

DIFFERENT MODELS OF INTEGRATION

LEARN YOUR SELF

INTEGRALS OF THE FORM  ax 2  bx  c dx

The integrand can be transformed into one of the forms x2  a2 , x 2  a 2 or a 2  x 2 depending on

the sign of a and hence can be integrated.

LEARN YOUR SELF

Space for rough work Page 13

LEARN YOUR SELF

LEARN YOUR SELF

Space for rough work Page 14

LEARN YOUR SELF

INTEGRALS OF THE FORM   px  q  ax 2  bx  c dx  a  0 

To integrate this, transform

LEARN YOUR SELF

Space for rough work Page 15

LEARN YOUR SELF

Space for rough work Page 16

LEARN YOUR SELF

Here, we write ax 2  bx  c  A1  dx  e  2fx  g   B1  dx  e   C1

Space for rough work Page 17