Calculus for Business Economics Life

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Calculus Chapter 5

Name ________________________________ Date ______________ Class ____________

Section 5-1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite

Integrals
Goal: To find antiderivatives and indefinite integrals of functions using the formulas and
properties

Theorem 1 Antiderivatives

If the derivative’s of two functions are equal on an open interval (a, b), then the
functions differ by at most a constant. Symbolically, if F and G are differentiable functions
on the interval (a, b) and F '( x)  G '( x) for all x in (a, b), then F ( x)  G ( x)  k for some
constant k.

Formulas and Properties of Indefinite Integrals

For C and k both a constant

x n1
1.  x n dx   C, n  1
n 1
x x
2.  e dx  e  C
1
3.  dx  ln x  C , x0
x
4.  kf ( x) dx  k  f ( x) dx
5.  [ f ( x)  g ( x)]dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx

In Problems 1–3, find each indefinite integral and check by differentiating.

1.  12x dx

y   12 x dx Check: y  6 x 2  C
12 x 2 dy
y C  12 x  0
2 dx
dy
y  6 x2  C  12 x
dx

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Calculus Chapter 5

1
2.  9x 2 dx

1 3
y   9x 2 dx Check: y  6 x 2 C
3 1
9x 2 dy 3 6 x 2
y C   0
3 dx 2 1
2
3 dy 1
2 9x 2  9x 2
y  C dx
3 1
3
y  6x 2 C

3.  2e x dx

y   2e x dx Check: y  2e x  C
y  2e x  C dy
 2e x  0
dx
dy
 2e x
dx

dy
4. Find all the antiderivatives for  3z 1  7.
dz

dy
 3 z 1  7
dz
dy  (3 z 1  7)dz
dy  ( 3z  7)dz
3
 dy   ( z  7) dz
y  3ln z  7 z  C

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Calculus Chapter 5

In Problems 5–8, find each indefinite integral.

5.  x3 ( x 2  2 x  8) dx

3 2 5 4 3
 x ( x  2 x  8) dx   ( x  2 x  8 x ) dx
x 6 2 x5 8 x 4
   C
6 5 4
x 6 2 x5
   2 x4  C
6 5

 3 
6.   2  x5  dx
x 

 3 5 2
5
  2  x  dx   3 x  x 2 dx
x  
7
3 x 1 x 2
  7 C
1 2

3 2 x7
  C
x 7

 5x  3 
7.   3  dx
 x 

 5x  3   5 3
  3  dx    2  3  dx
 x  x x 

  5 x 2  3x 3 dx 
5 x 1 3 x 2
  C
1 2
5 3
   2 C
x 2x

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Calculus Chapter 5

 5 x5  3 x 6 e x 
8.    dx
 x6 

 5 x5  3 x 6 e x  5 x
 6  dx    x  3e  dx
 x 
 5ln x  3e x  C

In Problems 9–12, find the particular antiderivative of each derivative that satisfies
the given conditions.

9. R '( x)  8 x3  9 x 2  2; R (1)  16

First find the indefinite integral of the function.

R ( x)   (8 x3  9 x 2  2) dx
8 x 4 9 x3 2 x1
R ( x)    C
4 3 1
R ( x )  2 x 4  3 x3  2 x  C

Using the condition given, find the specific value of C.

R ( x )  2 x 4  3 x3  2 x  C
16  2(1) 4  3(1)3  2(1)  C
16  2  3  2  C
16  7  C
9C

Substituting the specific value of C yields the particular equation

R ( x)  2 x 4  3 x3  2 x  9.

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Calculus Chapter 5

dy
10.  5et  4t  8; y (0)  8
dt

First find the indefinite integral of the function.

dy  (5et  4t  8)dt
t
 dy   (5e  4t  8) dt
4t 2 8t1
y  5et   C
2 1
y  5et  2t 2  8t  C

Using the condition given, find the specific value of C.

y  5et  2t 2  8t  C
8  5e0  2(0) 2  8(0)  C
8  500C
8  5C
3C

Substituting the specific value of C yields the particular equation

y  5et  2t 2  8t  3.

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Calculus Chapter 5

dD 5 x 2  9
11.  ; D(9)  50
dx x2

First find the indefinite integral of the function.

 5x2  9 
dD    dx
 x2 
dD  (5  9 x 2 )dx
2
 dD   (5  9 x ) dx
5 x1 9 x 1
D ( x)   C
1 1
9
D ( x)  5 x   C
x

Using the condition given, find the specific value of C.

9
D ( x)  5 x  C
x
9
50  5(9)   C
9
50  45  1  C
50  46  C
4C

9
Substituting the specific value of C yields the particular equation D( x)  5 x   4.
x

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Calculus Chapter 5

12. h '( x)  6 x 1  7 x 2 ; h(1)  3

First find the indefinite integral of the function.

h '( x)  6 x 1  7 x 2
h( x)   ( 6x  7 x 2 ) dx

7 x 1
h( x)  6 ln x  C
1
7
h( x)  6 ln x   C
x

Using the condition given, find the specific value of C.

7
h( x)  6 ln x  C
x
7
3  6 ln 1   C
1
3  6(0)  7  C
3 7C
4  C

Substituting the specific value of C yields the particular equation

7
h( x)  6 ln x   4.
x

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Calculus Chapter 5

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculus Chapter 5

Name ________________________________ Date ______________ Class ____________

Section 5-2 Integration by Substitution

Goal: To find the indefinite integrals using general indefinite integral formulas

Formulas: General Indefinite Integral Formulas

n [ f ( x)]n1
1.  [ f ( x)] f '( x)dx   C, n  1
n 1
2.  e f ( x ) f '( x)dx  e f ( x )  C
1
3.  f '( x)dx  ln f ( x)  C
f ( x)
n u n1
4.  u du   C, n  1
n 1
5.  eu du  eu  C
1
6.  du  ln u  C
u

Definition: Differentials

If y  f ( x) defines a differentiable function, then

1. The differential dx of the independent variable x is an arbitrary real number.
2. The differential dy of the dependent variable y is defined as the product of
f '( x) and dx: dy  f '( x)dx

Procedure: Integration by Substitution

1. Select a substitution that appears to simplify the integrand. In particular, try to

select u so the du is a factor in the integrand.
2. Express the integrand entirely in terms of u and du, completely eliminating the
original variable and its differential.
3. Evaluate the new integral if possible.
4. Express the antiderivative found in step 3 in terms of the original variable.

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Calculus Chapter 5

In Problems 1–8, find each indefinite integral and check the result by differentiating.

1.  (3 x 2  7 x  2)3 (6 x  7) dx

Let u  3 x 2  7 x  2, therefore du  (6 x  7)dx. Rewrite the original integral in terms

of the variable u and solve.

y   (3 x 2  7 x  2)3 (6 x  7) dx
y   u 3du
u4
y C
4
1
y  (3 x 2  7 x  2) 4  C
4

Check:

1
y (3 x 2  7 x  2) 4  C
4
dy 1 d
 (4)(3 x 2  7 x  2)3 (3 x 2  7 x  2)
dx 4 dx
dy
 (3 x 2  7 x  2)3 (6 x  7)
dx

2.  5 (3x 4  8 x  2)(12 x3  8) dx

Let u  3 x 4  8 x  2, therefore du  (12 x3  8)dx. Rewrite the original integral in terms

of the variable u and solve.

y   5 (3x 4  8 x  2)(12 x3  8) dx
1
y   (3 x 4  8 x  2) 5 (12 x3  8) dx
1
y   u 5 du
6
u 5
y 6
C
5
5 6
y (3 x 4  8 x  2) 5  C
6
5
y  5 (3 x 4  8 x  2)6  C
6
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Calculus Chapter 5

Check:
5
y  5 (3x 4  8 x  2)6  C
6
5 6
y  (3x 4  8 x  2) 5  C
6
dy 5  6  4 1 d
   (3x  8 x  2) 5 (3 x 4  8 x  2)
dx 6  5  dx
dy 1
 (3x 4  8 x  2) 3 (12 x3  8)
dx
dy 5
 (3 x 4  8 x  2)(12 x3  8)
dx

t3  2
3.  dt
2t 4  16t  1

Let u  2t 4  16t  1, therefore du  (8t 3  16)dt  du  8(t 3  2)dt. Rewrite the

original integral in terms of the variable u and solve.

1 8(t 3  2)
y  4 dt
8 2t  16t  1
1 1
y   du
8 u
1
y  ln u  C
8
ln 2t 4  16t  1
y C
8

Check:
ln 2t 4  16t  1
y C
8
dy 1 d
 (2t 4  16t  1)
dt 8(2t 4  16t  1) dx
dy 1
 4
(8t 3  16)
dt 8(2t  16t  1)
dy t3  2
 4
dt 2t  16t  1
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Calculus Chapter 5

4.  e 0.9 x dx

Let u  0.9 x, therefore du  0.9dx. Rewrite the original integral in terms of the
variable u and solve.

y   e0.9 x dx
1 0.9 x
y e (0.9dx)
0.9
1 u
y  e du
0.1
1 u
y e C
0.9
10
y   e 0.9 x  C
9

Check:

y   10
9
e 0.9 x  C
dy 10 d
  e 0.9 x (0.9 x)
dx 9 dx
dy
  109
e 0.9 x (0.9)
dx
dy
 e 0.9 x
dx

5.  x( x  7)7 dx

Let u  x  7, therefore du  dx. If we rewrite the original integral in terms of the

variable u, the substitution would not be complete. We also need u  7  x. Now rewrite the
original integral in terms of u and solve.

y   x( x  7)7 dx
y   (u  7)u 7 du
y   (u8  7u 7 ) du
u 9 7u8
y  C
9 8
( x  7)9 7( x  7)8
y  C
9 8
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Calculus Chapter 5

Check:
( x  7)9 7( x  7)8
y  C
9 8
dy 1 d 7 d
 (9)( x  7)8 ( x  7)  (8)( x  7)7 ( x  7)
dt 9 dx 8 dx
dy
 ( x  7)8  7( x  7)7
dt
dy
 ( x  7)7 ( x  7  7)
dt
dy
 x( x  7)7
dt

2(ln(3x 2 )) 4
6.  dx
x

6x 2
Let u  ln(3x 2 ), therefore du  dx  du  dx. Rewrite the original integral in
3x 2 x
terms of the variable u and solve.

2(ln(3 x 2 )) 4
y dx
x
y   u 4 du
u5
y C
5

 ln 3x 
5
2
y C
5

Check:

 
5
ln 3 x 2
y C
5
dy 1 d
 (5)(ln 3x 2 )4 (ln 3x 2 )
dt 5 dx
dy 6x
 (ln 3x 2 ) 4 2
dt 3x
2 4
dy 2(ln 3 x )

dt x
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Calculus Chapter 5

1  1
7.  e x5 dx
6
x

Let u   x 5 , therefore du  5 x 6 dx  du  5 dx. Rewrite the original integral in

x6
terms of the variable u and solve.

1  1
y e x5 dx
6
x
1  1 x5 5
y e  6 dx
5 x
1
y   eu du
5
1 u
y  e C
5
1 15
y  e x C
5

Check:

1  1
x5
y e C
5
dy 1  1
d
 e x5 ( x 5 )
dt 5 dx
dy 1  1
x5 (5 x 6 )
 e
dt 5
 1
5
dy e x

dt x6

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Calculus Chapter 5

dy
8.  12 x 2 (2 x3  7)5  dy  12 x 2 (2 x3  7)5 dx
dx

Let u  2 x3  7, therefore du  6 x 2 dx. Rewrite the original integral in terms of the

variable u and solve.

y   12 x 2 (2 x3  7)5 dx
y   2(2 x3  7)5 6 x 2 dx
y  2 u 5 du
2u 6
y C
6
1
y  (2 x3  7)6  C
3

Check:

1
y  (2 x3  7)6  C
3
dy 1 d
 (6)(2 x3  7)5 (2 x3  7)
dt 3 dx
dy
 2(2 x3  7)5 (6 x 2 )
dt
dy
 12 x 2 (2 x3  7)5
dt

9. The indefinite integral can be found in more than one way. Given the integral,
2 2
 2 x( x  3) dx, first use the substitution method to find the indefinite integral and
then find it without using substitution.

Using substitution, let u  x 2  3, therefore du  2 x dx. Rewrite the original integral in

terms of the variable u and solve.

y   2 x( x 2  3) 2 dx
y   u 2 du
u3
y C
3
1
y  ( x 2  3)3  C
3
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Calculus Chapter 5

Expanding the final function yields the following:

1
y  ( x 2  3)3  C
3
1
y  ( x 2  3)( x 2  3)( x 2  3)  C
3
1 6
y  ( x  9 x 4  27 x 2  27)  C
3
x6
y  3x4  9 x 2  C
3

Note: The “new” value of C above is the addition of the constant 9 and the original
constant C from the integration.

Without using substitution to find the given indefinite integral, you first would
multiply the integrand as follows

2 x( x 2  3) 2  2 x( x 2  3)( x 2  3)
 2 x( x 4  6 x 2  9)
 2 x5  12 x3  18 x

Now find the indefinite integral using the above function as the integrand.

y   (2 x5  12 x3  18 x) dx
2 x 6 12 x 4 18 x 2
y   C
6 4 2
x6
y  3x4  9 x2  C
3

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Calculus Chapter 5

Name ________________________________ Date ______________ Class ____________

Section 5-3 Differential Equations; Growth and

Decay
Goal: To solve differential equations that involve growth and decay.

Theorem 1: Exponential Growth Law

dQ
If  rQ and Q(0)  Q0 , then Q  Q0e rt ,
dt
where Q0  amount of Q at t  0
r = relative growth rate (expressed as a decimal)
t = time
Q = quantity at time t

Table 1: Exponential Growth

Description Model Solution

Unlimited growth dy
 ky y  cekt
dt
k, t  0
y (0)  c
Exponential decay dy
  ky y  ce kt
dt
k, t  0
y (0)  c
Limited growth dy
 k (M  y) y  M (1  e  kt )
dt
k, t  0
y (0)  0
Logistic Growth dy
 ky ( M  y ) M
dt y
k, t  0 1  ce  kMt
y (0)  1M
c

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Calculus Chapter 5

In Problems 1–4, find the general or particular solution, as indicated, for each differential
equation.

dy
1.  8 x 5
dx

The differential equation can be found by using the integration properties from
Section 6.1.

y   8 x 5 dx
8 x 4
y C
4
y  2 x 4  C

dy 5
2.  10 x 4e 2 x ; y (0)  9
dx

The differential equation can be found by using the integration properties from
Section 6.2. Let u  2 x5 , therefore du  10 x 4 dx. Rewrite the original integral in terms of
the variable u and solve.

5
y   10 x 4e2 x dx
y   eu du
y  eu  C
5
y  e 2 x  C

Using the condition given, find the specific value of C.

5
y  e 2 x  C
5
9  e 2(0)  C
9  e0  C
9  1 C
8C

5
Substituting the specific value of C yields the particular equation y  e 2 x  8.

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Calculus Chapter 5

dy
3.  8 y
dx

The differential equation is in the form of exponential decay; therefore, using the
exponential decay model in Table 1 yield’s the following solution:

y  ce8x

dx
4.  3x; x(0)  6
dt

The differential equation is in the form of unlimited growth; therefore, using the
unlimited growth model in Table 1 yield’s the following solution:

x  ce3t

Using the condition given, find the specific value of C.

x  ce3t
6  ce3(0)
6  ce0
6c

Substituting the specific value of C yields the particular solution x  6e3t .

5. Find the amount A in an account after t years if

dA
 0.02 A and A(0)  8000
dt

The exponential growth law (unlimited growth) applies to the situation. Since we are
given the initial amount, the amount in an account after t years would be:

A  8000e0.02t

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Calculus Chapter 5

6. A single injection o a drug is administered to a patient. The amount Q in the body

decreases at a rate proportional to the amount present. For a particular drug, the rate
dQ
is 6% per hour. Thus,  0.06Q and Q(0)  Q0 where t is time in hours.
dt
a. If the initial injection is 5 milliliters [ Q(0)  5 ], find Q  Q(t ) satisfying both
conditions.
b. How many milliliters (to two decimal places) are in the body after 8 hours?
c. How many hours (to two decimal places) will it take for half the drug to be left in
the body?

a. By the exponential growth law (exponential decay) for the given conditions, we
have the equation Q(t )  5e0.06t .
b. After 8 hours, t  8, therefore

Q(8)  5e 0.06(8)
Q(8)  5e 0.48
Q(8)  5(0.61878)
Q(8)  3.09

Therefore, after 8 hours, approximately 3.09 milliliters will remain in the body.

c. Half the initial injection is 2.5 milliliters. We need to find t such that
Q(t )  2.5.

Q(t )  5e 0.06t
2.5  5e 0.06t
0.5  e0.06t
ln 0.5  ln e 0.06t
ln 0.5  0.06t
11.55  t

Therefore, it will take approximately 11.55 hours for the amount of the drug to be
half of the initial amount.

5-20
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculus Chapter 5

7. A company is trying to expose a new product to as many people as possible through

radio ads. Suppose that the rate of exposure to new people is proportional to the
number of those who have not heard of the product out of L possible listeners. No
one is aware of the product at the start of the campaign, and after 15 days, 50% of L
dN
are aware of the product. Mathematically,  k ( L  N ), N (0)  0, and
dt
N (15)  0.5 L.
a. Solve the differential equation.
b. What percent of L will have been exposed after 7 days of the campaign?
c. How many days will it take to expose 75% of L?

a. By the exponential growth law (limited growth) for the given conditions, we have
the equation

N (t )  L(1  e  kt )
0.5 L  L(1  e 15k )
0.5  1  e 15k
0.5   e 15k
0.5  e 15k
ln 0.5  ln e15k
ln 0.5  15k
0.046  k

Therefore, the solution is N (t )  L(1  e 0.046t ).

b. After 7 days, t  7, therefore

N (7)  L(1  e0.046(7) )

N (7)  L(1  0.724698)
N (7)  L(0.275302)
N (7)  0.275 L

Therefore, after 7 days, approximately 27.5% of L will have been exposed to the
product.

5-21
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculus Chapter 5

c. Find t such that N (t )  0.75 L.

N (t )  L(1  e 0.046t )
0.75 L  L(1  e 0.046t )
0.75  1  e0.046t
0.25   e 0.046t
0.25  e 0.046t
ln 0.25  ln e 0.046t
ln 0.25  0.046t
30.1  t

Therefore, it will take approximately 30 days to expose 75% of L to the new product.

5-22
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculus Chapter 5

Name ________________________________ Date ______________ Class ____________

Section 5-4 The Definite Integral

Goal: To calculate the values of definite integrals using the properties.

Theorem: Limits of Left and Right Sums

If f ( x)  0 and is either increasing or decreasing on [a, b], then its left and right sums
approach the same real number as n  .

Theorem: Limit of Riemann Sums

If f is a continuous function on [a, b], then the Riemann sums for f on [a, b] approach
a real number limit I as n  .

Definition: Definite Integral

Let f be a continuous function on [a, b]. The limit I of Riemann sums for f on [a, b] is
called the definite integral of f from a to b and is denoted as ab f ( x)dx.

Properties: Definite Integrals

1. aa f ( x)dx  0
2. ab f ( x)dx   ba f ( x)dx
3. ab kf ( x)dx  k ab f ( x)dx, k a constant
4. ab [ f ( x)  g ( x)]dx  ab f ( x)dx  ab g ( x)dx
5. ab f ( x)dx  ac f ( x)dx  cb f ( x)dx

5-23
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculus Chapter 5

In Problems 1 and 2, calculate the indicated Riemann sum Sn for the function f ( x)  13  x3.

1. Partition [–1, 9] into five subintervals of equal length, and for each subinterval
[ xk 1, xk ], let ck  ( xk 1  xk ) / 2.

9  (1) 10
Δx   2
5 5

1  1 1 3 35
c1  0 c2  2 c3  4
2 2 2

f (0)  13  (0)3 f (2)  13  (2)3 f (4)  13  (4)3

f (0)  13 f (2)  5 f (4)  51

57 79
c4  6 c5  8
2 2

f (6)  13  (6)3 f (8)  13  (8)3

f (6)  203 f (8)  499

S5  f (c1 )  x  f (c2 )  x  f (c3 )  x  f (c4 )  x  f (c5 )  x

S5  (13)(2)  (5)(2)  (51)(2)  (203)(2)  (499)(2)
S5  26  10  102  406  998
S5  1470

2. Partition [–4, 8] into four subintervals of equal length, and for each subinterval
[ xk 1, xk ], let ck  (2 xk 1  xk ) / 3.

8  (4) 12
Δx   3
4 4

2(4)  (1) 2(1)  2

c1   3 c2  0
3 3

f (3)  17  2(3) 2 f (0)  17  2(0) 2

f (3)  1 f (0)  17

5-24
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculus Chapter 5

2(2)  5 2(5)  8
c3  3 c4  6
3 3

f (3)  17  2(3) 2 f (6)  17  2(6) 2

f (3)  1 f (6)  55

S4  f (c1 )  Δx  f (c2 )  Δx  f (c3 )  Δx  f (c4 )  Δx

S4  (1)(3)  (17)(3)  (1)(3)  (55)(3)
S4  3  51  3  165
S4  120

In Problems 3–7, calculate the definite integral, given that

4 4 2 64 7 2 279
0 x dx  8 0 x dx  4 x dx 
3 3

3. 04 3x dx

4 4
0 3x dx  30 x dx
 3(8)
4
0 3x dx  24

4. 04 (2 x  x 2 ) dx

4 2 4 4 2
0 (2 x  x ) dx  2 0 x dx  0 x dx
64
 2(8) 
3
64
 16 
3
4 2 112
0 (2 x  x ) dx 
3

5-25
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculus Chapter 5

5. 07 2x 2 dx

7 2 7 2
0 2 x dx  2 0 x dx


 2 04 x 2 dx  47 x 2 dx 
 64 279 
 2  
 3 3 
 343 
 2
 3 
7 2 686
0 2 x dx 
3

6. 40 7x dx

0 4
4 7 x dx  7 0 x dx
 7(8)
0
5 7 x dx  56

7. 77 ( x 2  2 x  15) dx

Since the upper and lower limits of integration are the same, the value of the integral
would be 77 ( x 2  2 x  15) dx  0.

5-26
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculus Chapter 5

Name ________________________________ Date ______________ Class ____________

Section 5-5 The Fundamental Theorem of

Calculus
Goal: To use the fundamental theorem of calculus to solve problems.

Theorem 1: Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If f is a continuous function on [a, b], and F is any antiderivative of f, then

b
a f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a)

Definition: Average Value of a Continuous Function f over [a, b]

1 b
 f ( x)dx
ba a

In Problems 1–7, evaluate the integrals.

1. 15 (8 x3  3) dx

5
5 3
 8 x 4 3x 
1 (8 x  3) dx   
 4 1
1

 1
5
 2 x 4  3x

 (2(5) 4  3(5))  (2(1) 4  3(1))

 1265  5
5 3
1 (8 x  3) dx  1260

5-27
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculus Chapter 5

2. 03 (2e x ) dx

3 x x 3
0 (2e ) dx  2e
0
 2e  2 e 0
3

 2e 3  2
3 x
0 (2e ) dx  38.17

3. 22 (2 x3  5 x 2  x  27) dx

Since the upper limit and lower limit of integration are the same value, the definite
integral value will be 22 (2 x3  5 x 2  x  27) dx  0.

22 5
4. 13 dx
x3

22 5 22 1
13 dx  13 5( x  3) 2 dx
x3
1 22
5( x  3) 2
 1
2
13
1 22
 10( x  3) 2
13
1 1
 10(22  3) 2  10(13  3) 2

 10(5)  10(4)
22 5
13 dx  10
x3

5-28
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculus Chapter 5

5. 01 2 x3 (3x 4  2)6 dx

We will solve the problem using the substitution method of integration. Let
u  3 x  2, therefore du  12 x3dx  du  6(2 x3dx). Rewrite the original integral in terms of
4

the variable u and solve.

1 3 4 6 1 x 1 6
0 2 x (3 x  2) dx   u du
6 x 0
x 1
u7

42
x 0
1
(3 x 4  2)7

42
0
4 7
(3(1)  2) (3(0) 4  2)7
 
42 42
1 3 4 6
0 2 x (3 x  2) dx  1857.07

2
2 3x  2 x  5
6. 1 3 2
dx
x  x  5x  3

We will solve the problem using the substitution method of integration. Let
u  x3  x 2  5 x  3, therefore du  (3 x 2  2 x  5) dx. Rewrite the original integral in terms of
the variable u and solve.

2
2 3x  2 x  5 1
1 3 2
dx  xx12 du
x  x  5x  3 u
x2
 ln u
x 1
2
 ln x3  x 2  5 x  3
1

 ln (2)  (2)  5(2)  3  ln (1)3  (1) 2  5(1)  3

3 2

 ln 11  ln 2
2
2 3x  2 x  5
1 3 2
dx  1.70
x  x  5x  3

5-29
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculus Chapter 5

7. 12 3 x 6 x 2  1 dx

We will solve the problem using the substitution method of integration. Let
2
u  6 x  1, therefore du  12 xdx  du  4(3 x)dx. Rewrite the original integral in terms of
the variable u and solve.

2 2 1 x2 12
1 3 x 6 x  1 dx   u du
4 x 1
x2
1 2 3
  u 2
4 3 x 1
2
1 3
 (6 x 2  1) 2
6 1
1 3 1 3
 (6(2) 2  1) 2  (6(1) 2  1) 2
6 6
125 343
 
6 6
2 2
1 3 x 6 x  1 dx  17.75

In Problems 8 and 9, find the average value of the function over the given interval.

8. f ( x)  8 x3  16 x  4; [1, 4]

1 b 1 4 3

ba a
f ( x) dx 
4  1 1
(8 x  16 x  4) dx

1

 2 x4  8x2  4 x
3
4

1 
1
 (2(4) 4  8(4) 2  4(4))  (2(1) 4  8(1) 2  4(1))
3
1
 400  (2) 
3
 134

5-30
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculus Chapter 5

9. g ( x)  2e 0.3 x [0,10]

We will solve the problem using the substitution method of integration. Let
u  0.3x, therefore du  0.3dx. Rewrite the original integral in terms of the variable
u and solve

1 b 1 10 0.3 x
a f ( x) dx   (2e ) dx
ba 10  0 0
2 x 10 u
 (e ) du
(10)(0.3) x 0
2 x 10 
   eu 
3 x 0

2 10 
  e0.3 x 
3 0 


3

2 0.3(10) 0.3(0)
e e 
2

  e 3  1
3

 0.63

10. The total cost (in dollars) of manufacturing x units of a product is

C ( x)  30, 000  250 x.
a. Find the average cost per unit if 400 units are produced. [Hint: Recall that C ( x) is
the average cost per unit.]

C ( x) 30, 000
C ( x)  C (400)   250
x 400
30, 000  250 x C (400)  75  250
C ( x) 
x C (400)  325
30, 000
C ( x)   250
x

Therefore, the average cost for 400 units is $325 per unit.

5-31
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calculus Chapter 5

b. Find the average value of the cost over the interval [0, 400].

1 b 1 8
a f ( x) dx  2 (30, 000  250 x) dx
ba 400  0
1  400 
  30, 000 x  125 x 2 
400  0 


1
400

((30, 000)(400)  125(400) 2 )  ((30, 000)(0)  125(0) 2 ) 
1
 32, 000, 000  0
400
 80, 000

Therefore, the average value of the cost will be $80,000.

11. A company manufactures a product and the research department produced the
marginal cost function

x
C '( x)  300  0  x  800
4

where C '( x) is in dollars and x is the number of units produced per month. Compute
the increase in cost going from a production level of 400 units per month to 800 units
per month. Set up a definite integral and evaluate it.

b 800 x
a C '( x)dx  400 (300  ) dx
4
800
 x2 
  300 x  
 8 
400
 (800)2   (400) 2 
  300(800)   300(400) 
 8   8 
 160, 000  100, 000
b
a C '( x)dx  60, 000

Therefore, the increase in cost going from 400 units per month to 800 units per month
is $60,000.

5-32
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Death of Homer Dodge Martin, American artist.

February 14, 1897.

Landing of a Greek expedition of 2,000 men in Crete,
under Colonel Vassos.

February 15, 1897.

Landing of a mixed force at Canea, Crete, by the Powers of
 the "European Concert," to protect the town;
proclamation by the Greek commander, Colonel Vassos, that he
had occupied the island in the name of the King of the Greeks.

February 16, 1897.

Beginning of the British parliamentary investigation of the
Jameson Raid.
Presentation by the South African Republic of its claim for
indemnity on account of the Jameson Raid.

February 17, 1897.

Attack by the Greeks on the Turkish forces at Canea.

February 18, 1897.

Capture of Benin by British forces.

February 22, 1897.

Death of Jean François Gravelet Blondin, French acrobat.

March 2, 1897.
Veto of Immigration Bill by President Cleveland.
Joint note by the powers of the "Concert" to Greece and
Turkey, declaring that Crete cannot be annexed to Greece, but
that the island will be endowed by the Powers with an
autonomous administration.

March 4, 1897.
Inauguration of William McKinley in the office of President
of the United States.

March 6, 1897.
Death of Reverend Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, English author.

March 11, 1897.

Death of Professor Henry Drummond, Scottish religious writer.

March 15, 1897.

 Meeting of Congress in extra session called by the President.

March 21, 1897.

"Pacific blockade" of the coast of Crete established by the
Powers of the European Concert.

March 25, 1897.

Passage of the Elementary Education Act by the British
House of Commons.

March 27, 1897.

Death of William Taylor Adams (Oliver Optic), American writer
of fiction for young readers.

March 30, 1897.

Opening of debate in the British Parliament on the report of
a Royal Commission on the financial relations between
Great Britain and Ireland.

March 31, 1897.

Passage of the Dingley tariff bill by the United States
House of Representatives.

April.
Unprecedented floods along the Mississippi river.

April 3, 1897.
Death of Johannes Brahms, German composer.

April 5, 1897.
Publication in Austria of the language decrees for Bohemia.

April 6, 1897.
Edict of the Sultan of Zanzibar terminating the legal
status of slavery.

April 9, 1897.
 Incursion of irregular Greek troops into Turkish territory.

April 10, 1897.

Death of Daniel Wolsey Voorhees, United States Senator.

April 12, 1897.

Appointment of commissioners from the United States to
negotiate in Europe for an international bi-metallic agreement.
Formal delivery to the Governor of Massachusetts of the
manuscript of Bradford's History of Plymouth Colony
(called "the Log of the Mayflower ") as a gift from England.
Death of Edward Drinker Cope, American naturalist.

April 17, 1897.

Turkish declaration of a state of war with Greece; beginning
of hostilities between regular troops, at Milouna Pass.

April 22-24, 1897.

Retreat of the Greek army in panic rout from Tyrnavo.

April 27, 1897.

Resignation of the Greek Ministry of M. Delyannis.

April 30, 1897.

Repulse by the Greeks of a Turkish attack on positions
near Velestino.
Formation of a new Ministry in Greece, under Demetrius Ralli.

May 1, 1897.
Opening of the Centennial Exposition at Nashville, Tennessee.

May 2-7, 1897.

Continued attacks by the Turks on the line held by the Greeks
between Pharsala and Volo; withdrawal of the Greeks to Domoko.

May 14, 1897.

Fire in a charity bazaar at Paris which was horribly
 destructive of life.
The "Greater New York" charter becomes law.

May 15, 1897.

Rejection by the United States Senate of the arbitration
treaty negotiated between the United States and Great Britain.

May 16, 1897.

Death of Henri Eugene Philippe Louis, Duc d' Aumale, French
prince of the Bourbon-Orleans family, soldier and author.
Death of James Theodore Bent, English traveler and writer.

{707}

May 8, 1897.
Announcement by the Greek government to the Powers that
Colonel Vassos and his forces would be withdrawn from Crete.

May 11, 1897.

Proffer by the Powers of the European Concert of mediation
between Turkey and Greece.

May 17, 1897.

Defeat of the Greeks by the Turks at Domoko.

May 20, 1897.

Arrangement of an armistice between the Turks and the Greeks.

May 23, 1897.

Withdrawal of the last of the Greek troops from Crete.

June 1, 1897.
Census taken in Egypt.

June 2, 1897.
Opening of the Commercial Museum in Philadelphia.
June 3, 1897.
Opening of negotiations for peace between
Turkey and Greece at Constantinople.

June 10, 1897.

Effect given to a new constitution for the State of Delaware,
establishing an educational qualification of the suffrage.
Rising of tribes on the Afghan frontier of India against the
British.

June 14, 1897.

Convention between France and Great Britain, establishing the
boundaries of their respective claims in the Niger region of
West Africa.

June 16, 1897.

Transmission to Congress of a new treaty for the annexation
of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States.

June 20-22, 1897.

Celebration in London of the sixtieth anniversary—the
"Diamond Jubilee"—of the accession of Queen Victoria to the
throne of the United Kingdom.

June 24, 1897.

Conference at London of the Premiers of British colonies with
the Secretary of State for the Colonies.

June 25, 1897.

Death of Mrs. Margaret Oliphant (Wilson) Oliphant, Scottish
novelist and writer in many fields.

July 2, 1897.
Death of Adjutant-General Francis Amasa Walker,
American economist.

July 7, 1897.
 Passage of the Dingley tariff bill by the United States
Senate, with many amendments.

July 8, 1897.
Death of Isham Green Harris, United States Senator.

July 10, 1897.

Death of Daniel Greenleaf Thompson, American author.

July 11, 1897.

Adoption of constitutional amendments in Switzerland by
popular vote.
The starting of Andrée from Spitzbergen on his attempted
balloon voyage to the north pole.

July 12-15, 1897.

Conference of American commissioners with Lord Salisbury and
other British ministers, on the subject of an international
bi-metallic agreement.

July 13, 1897.

Report of the British parliamentary committee which
investigated the Jameson Raid.
Death of Alfred Marshall Mayer, American physicist.

July 14, 1897.

Death of Anthony John Mundella, English statesman.

July 15, 1897.

Death of Brigadier-General Philippe Regis de Trobriand,
French officer in the American civil war, and writer.

July 20, 1897.

Death of Sir John Skelton, Scottish historian.
Death of Sir John Charles Bucknill, English alienist.

July 24, 1897.

 Final passage of the Dingley tariff bill by both branches
of the United States Congress.

July 26, 1897.

Attack on British garrisons in the Swat Valley
(Afghan frontier of India), excited by "the mad mullah."

July 30, 1897.

Death of Étienne Vacherot, French philosopher.

August 2, 1897.
Death of Adam Asnyk, Polish poet.

August 5, 1897.
Death of James Hammond Trumbull. American philologist.

August 8, 1897.
Assassination of Señor Canovas del Castillo,
Prime Minister of Spain.

August 25, 1897.

Assassination of President Borda, of Uruguay.

August 29-31, 1897.

Meeting of the first congress of the Zionists at Basle.

August 31, 1897.

Speech by the German Emperor at Coblenz, asserting
"kingship by the grace of God," with "responsibility to the
Creator alone."
Death of Mrs. Louisa Lane Drew, actress.

September 10, 1897.

Death of Theodore Lyman, American naturalist.

September 11, 1897.

Death of Reverend Abel Stevens,
 American historian of the Methodist church.

September 12, 1897.

Ending of a great strike of coal miners in the United States,
which began in July.

September 16, 1897.

Death of Edward Austin Sheldon, American educator.

September 17, 1897.

Death of Henry Williams Sage, American philanthropist.

September 18, 1897.

Signing of a preliminary treaty of peace
between Turkey and Greece.

September 20, 1897.

Death of Wilhelm Wattenbach, German historian.

September 22, 1897.

Meeting at Washington of a commission on monetary reform,
appointed by the Indianapolis Convention of January 12.
Death of Charles Denis Sauter Bourbaki, French general.

September 28, 1897.

Vote on proposed constitutional amendments in New Jersey.

October 1, 1897.
Introduction of the gold monetary standard in Japan.

October 2, 1897.
Death of Neal Dow, American temperance reformer.

October 4, 1897.
Death of Professor Francis William Newman,
English scholar and philosopher.
October 6, 1897.
The Philippine Islands swept by a typhoon,
destroying over 6,000 lives.
Death of Sir John Gilbert, English artist.

October 18, 1897.

Death of Rear-Admiral John Lorimer Worden, U. S. N.

October 19, 1897.

Death of George Mortimer Pullman, American inventor.

October 21, 1897.

Opening and dedication of the Yerkes Observatory,
at Williams Bay, Wisconsin.

October 22, 1897.

Death of Justin Winsor, American historian and bibliographer.

October 24, 1897.

Death of Francis Turner Palgrave, English poet.

October 25, 1897.

Death of John Sartain, American artist.
Death of John Stoughton, English church historian.

October 27, 1897.

Death of Mary, Duchess of Teck.
Death of Alexander Milton Ross, Canadian naturalist.

{708}

October 28, 1897.

Stormy session of the Austrian Reichsrath; twelve-hours'
speech of Dr. Lecher.
Death of Hercules George Robinson, Baron Rosmead,
British colonial administrator.
October 29, 1897.
Death of Henry George, American economist.

November 2, 1897.
Election of the first Mayor of "Greater New York."
Death of Sir Rutherford Alcock, British diplomatist.

November 4, 1897.
Seizure by Germany of the port of Kiao-chau on the
northeastern coast of China.

November 6, 1897.
Signing of treaty between Russia, Japan and the United States,
providing for a suspension of pelagic sealing.

November 10, 1897.

Adoption of plans for a building for the
New York Public Library.

November 14, 1897.

Death of Thomas Williams Evans, American dentist in Paris,
founder of the Red Cross Society in the Franco-Prussian war.

November 15, 1897.

Commandant Esterhazy denounced to the French Minister of War,
by M. Matthieu Dreyfus, as the author of the "bordereau" on
which Captain Alfred Dreyfus was secretly convicted.

November 16, 1897.

The Dreyfus case brought into the French Chamber of Deputies
by a question to the Minister of War.

November 19, 1897.

Great fire in London, beginning in Aldersgate and spreading
over six acres, destroying property estimated at £2,000,000
in value.
Death of Henry Calderwood, Scottish philosopher.
November 21, 1897.
Death of Sir Charles Edward Pollock, English jurist.

November 23, 1897.

Death of A. Bardoux, French statesman.

November 25, 1897.

Promulgation by royal decree at Madrid of a constitution
establishing self-government in Cuba and Porto Rico.

November 29, 1897.

Death of James Legge, Scotch oriental scholar.

December, 1897.
Annexation of Zululand to Natal Colony.

December 5, 1897.
Death of Mrs. Alice Wellington Rollins, American author.

December 14.
Signing of the treaty of Biac-na-bato, between the Spaniards
and the insurgent Filipinos.

December 29, 1897.

Approval of Act of Congress forbidding the killing of seals
by citizens of the United States, in the Pacific Ocean north
of 35° North latitude.
Death of William James Linton, American artist and author.

December 31, 1897.

Imperial proclamation, closing the sittings of the Austrian
Reichsrath, and continuing the Austro-Hungarian "Ausgleich"
provisionally for six months.

1898.
January 2, 1898.
Death of Sir Edward Augustus Bond, formerly principal
librarian of the British museum.

January 12, 1898.

Acquittal of Commandant Esterhazy, after a farcical pretense
of trial by a military tribunal, on the charge of being the
author of the "bordereau" ascribed to Dreyfus.

January 13, 1898.

Publication in Paris of a letter by M. Zola, denouncing the
conduct of the courts martial in the cases of Dreyfus and
Esterhazy.
Death of Mrs. Mary Victoria Cowden Clarke.

January 16, 1898.

Death of Charles Pelham Villiers, English statesman.

January 18, 1898.

Death of Henry George Liddell, English historian and
classical scholar.

January 20, 1898.

Second meeting of monetary convention at Indianapolis, to
consider the report of its commission.

January 24, 1898.

Declaration by Count von Bülow, in the German Reichstag, that
no relations or connections of any kind had ever existed
between Captain Dreyfus and any German agents.

January 25, 1898.

Friendly visit of the United States battle ship "Maine" to
Havana, Cuba.

January 28, 1898.

End of a great strike and lockout in the British engineering