3.

1 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
Differentiating
if y = x3
Integrating
This symbol (  ) means integrate
Differentiation and Integration are inverses

Add 1 to power &

Multiply by power & divide by new power
reduce power by 1

n 1
x
y  x
 dx  n  1  c
n n
x
dy
 ( n ) x n 1
dx
 why the ‘c’?
dy
So If y = x2  2x
dx When you integrate, you
do not know which of
also if y = x2 + 3 d y  2 x
these it may have been.
dx
So you write a ‘c’. This is
also if y = x2 - 44 d y  2 x known is the constant of
dx integration.
n 1
x
 x dx  c
The number at the end n
does not affect the
result of differentiation n 1
It is called an INDEFINITE INTEGRAL, since you don’t know the constant
3.2 INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

The expression:
Integral sign

 f ( x)dx x is called the

variable of
integration

read “the indefinite integral of f with respect to x,”

means to find the set of all antiderivatives of f.
 INTEGRATION OF POLYNOMIALS

1. a dx  ax  c where a is a constant

Example :
 3 dx  3x  C
 n 1
ax
2. ax dx 
n
 c (n   1)
(n  1)

Example :
x11 x2
 x dx 
1 1
C 
2
C

2 x11
 2 x dx
11
C
 ; (n   1)
n1
(ax  b)
3. (ax  b) dx 
n
c
d
(n  1) (ax  b)
dx

Example :

 2x  3 4
dx
4. f(x)  g(x) dx   f(x) dx   g(x) dx

Example :

x 31 x11
  
3
x x 3 dx    3x  C
3  1 1 1

x4 x2
   3x  C
4 2
Try yourself :
3x 2
1.
 3 xdx 
2
C
1 2

 x 3 dx   x dx   2  C   2 x 2  C
2. 3 x 1

x3 2
 x dx   x dx   C   C
12 32
3.
2 x
32 3
4.
 1dx  x  C
5. x  2  dx 
2


x
 2x  C
2

 
4 3 2
3 x 2 x x
6. 3 x  2x  x dx 
3 2   C
4 3 2
 1
INTEGRATION OF
x
d 1 d
lnu   u
dx u dx

1

1 x
dx  ln x  c
ln ax  b
 ax  b dx 
d
c
(ax  b)
dx
Example :
Find
5 1 3
(a)  x dx (b)  2x  3 dx (c )  5  2x dx
Solution :
5
(a)  x dx  5 ln x  c

1 1
(b)  2x  3 dx  2 ln 2x  3  c

3 3
(c)  5  2x dx   2 ln 5  2x  c
INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

cos(ax)
 ) dx   c
n
sin(ax d
sin (ax n )  cos (ax n )
d
(ax n )
d
(axn ) dx dx
dx d
cos (ax n )   sin (ax n )
d
(ax n )
dx dx
d d
tan (ax n )  sec2 (ax n ) (ax n )
sin(ax n ) dx dx
 cos(ax ) dx  d n  c
n

(ax )
dx

tan(ax)
 sec (ax ) dx  d n  c
2 n

(ax )
dx
Example :
Find the following integrals :

(a) sin 3x (b) 3 cos 2x

(c) sec2 1 4x dx

Solution :

cos 3x
(a)  sin 3x dx   3  c

 sin 2x  3
(b)  3 cos 2x dx  3  cos 2x dx  3 
 2 
  c 
2
sin 2x  c

tan 1 4x 
(d)  sec2
1 4x dx   c
4
INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

e ax  b
e
ax  b
dx   c
d
(ax  b)
dx

ax  b
ye
dy ax  b d
 e . (ax  b)
dx dx
Example :

Find the integral of the following functions :

3 x x 1
(a ) e (b ) 5e (c )
e2x

Solution :
e 3x

3x
(a) e dx   c
3

    c
x x x
(b) 5 e dx 5 e dx 5 e

1 e 2x
 e2x dx  e dx   2  c
 2x
(c)
3.3 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Object

 f(x) dx   f g(u) g' (u) du

Image

•Choose u = g(x)
du
•Find  g ' ( x)
dx
•Substitute u = g(x), du = g ‘(x) dx. In this part, the integrand must be in term
of u only, meaning there is no x terms left. But if this happen, make another s
•Solve the integration
•Back substitute u with g(x) therefore the final answer is in terms of x.
Example :
By using a suitable substitution, find the following integration:
(a)  5x  4 6
dx (b)  3x 2
x 3
 1 dx
dx
(c ) 
1
2
9x (1  x ) dx
3 2
(d )
(1  x) 3

Solution :
(a)  5x  4 6
dx
du 1
Let u  5x  4  5 and dx  du
dx 5
1
  5x  4  dx   u6 
6
du
5
1  u7 
  c
57 


5x  4 
7
c
35
(b)  3x 2
x 3

 1 dx

Let u  (x 3  1)  du  3x 2 dx

  1) dx  u
2 3
3x (x du
u2
  c
2
(x 3  1)2
  c
2
 dx
(c )  (1  x) 3
Let u  (1  x)  du   dx
du  dx
dx
 (1  x) 3 
3
 (1  x) dx

  u  3 (  du)
 u 2 
    c
 2
(1  x)  2
  c
2
1
 c
2 (1  x) 2
 1
2
(d )  9 x (1  x ) dx
3 2

Let u  1  x 3  du   3x 2 dx
 3du  9x 2 dx
1

  ) dx   (3du)
2 3 2
9x (1 x u
1

  3  u 2 du
 3 
 u2 
  3   c
32
 
3

  2 (1  x 3 ) 2  c
 INTEGRATION BY PART
 A Method of integrating the product of two functions
WHEN & HOW TO USE
* If substitution doesn’t work.

 u dv  u v   v du
*  f(x).g(x) dx match with . u dv
* choose u & dv and
find du & v

Split the function into two simpler functions

u dv
dx
a simpler function
after differentiation a function that is possible
to integrate to obtain v
Example :
Find the following integrals using the integration by part techniques.
(a)  x cos x dx (b)  x ln x dx
Solution :

(a)  x cos x dx
Let u  x dv  cos x dx
du
 1, v   cos x dx  sin x
dx

 u dv  uv   v du
 x cos x dx  x sin x   sin x 1 dx
 x sin x   cos x   c
 x sin x  cos x  c
 1 d
(b)  x ln x dx
d
(ln u )     (u )
dx  u  dx

Let u  ln x dv  x dx
du 1 x2
 , v   x dx 
dx x 2

 udv  uv   v du
x2 x2 1
 x ln x dx  2 ln x   2  x dx
x2 1 1 2
 ln x    x  c
2 22
x2 x2
 ln x   c
2 4
Try yourself :

 xe  xe x  e x  c
x
1. dx

x x3 ln x x3
2
2. ln x dx   c
3 9
INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTION

f x 
 express
gx  as a partial fraction STEPS

before integration is attempted. * determine the shape of the

partial fractions
( numbers of factor g ( x ) )
•nonrepeated linear factor
ax  b
* find value A, B & C
* evaluate the integral

f(x) A B C
  
(x  a)(x  b)(x  c) (x  a) (x  b) (x  c)

 Only proper fractions can be converted directly into partial

fraction.
Example :
1
Find:
 (x  2)(x  3) dx

Solution :
1 A B
Let  
(x  2)(x  3) x2 x3
So 1  A(x  3)  B(x  2)
Substitute x  2 , 1  A  A  1
Substitute x  3 , 1  B  B 1
1 1 1
Thus  
(x  2)(x  3) x2 x3
1  1 1 
Hence     x  2  x  3  dx
(x  2)(x  3)
 ln x  2  ln x  3)  c
3.4 DEFINITE INTEGRAL
b

a
limits of
integration f ( x ) dx
 F ( x )a
b

 F b  F a 
… these are the two values the
integral is evaluated between
This is called a DEFINITE INTEGRAL,
since it can be evaluated to a value
Example :


3
Evaluate 6 x  3 dx
1

 
3 The limits are

 3x  3x 2 written outside
Integrate.. a square bracket
1
Note: no constant of integration is included
The definite integral is evaluated by “f(3) - f(1)”
Substitute…
  
 3  3  3  3  3  1  3  1
2 2

Example :


2
Evaluate 6 x  10 x dx
2

-2
2

 
Integrate..  6 x 10 x  3 2 2
    2x  5x 3 2
 3 2 
-2
-2
Substitute…


 2  2  5  2
3 2
  2  (  2 ) 3
 5  ( 2 ) 2

 1 6  2 0     1 6  2 0 
 3 6   4   3 2
THANK YOU