Integral Calculus

Indefinite Integral

Def: 1. Integration is the inverse of differentiation

2. Integration is summation

Methods of Integration
1. Integration by substitution
2. Integration by parts
3. Integration by partial fraction
4. Integration by successive reduction

FORMULA

dx 1 x
1.  x 2  a 2 = a tan 1

a
+c, x=atan  , acot 

dx 1 xa
2.  x 2  a 2 = 2a ln x  a +c, partial fraction

dx 1 ax
3.  a 2  x 2 = 2a ln a  x +c , partial fraction

dx
Type  ax 2  bx  c

dx
Example: Workout  2 x 2  3x  1
dx dx dx
dx  1
 2 x 2  3 x  1 = 2( x 2  3 x  1 ) = 2  3 2 1 9 =
1  3 2 1
(x  )   2 (x  )  ( ) 2
2 2 4 2 16 4 4

3 1
1 x 
4 4  c ln 4 x  2  c
= 2.
1 ln
3 1 = 4x  4
2 x  
4 4
 px  q
Type  ax 2  bx  c dx

3x  4
Example: Workout  2 x 2  3x  1dx
3 9
3x  4 (4 x  3)  4 
 2 x 2  3x  1 =  4 2
dx 4 dx
2 x  3x  1
3 4x  3 7 dx
= 4  2 x 2  3x  1dx + 4  2 x 2  3x  1

3 dz 7 dx 3 7 dx
=4  z
+ 4  2 x 2  3x  1 = 2 lnz+ 4  2 x 2  3x  1 +C

FORMULA

dx
4.  x  a2
2 =ln(x+ x2  a2 )+c x=atan  , acot 

dx
5.  x2  a2
=ln(x+ x2  a2 )+c x=asec  , acosec 

dx x
6.  a x
2 2 = sin 1

a
+c x=asin  , acos 

dx
 x  a2
2 x=atan  dx= a sec 2  d 
a sec 2 d
 a tan   a
2 2 =  secd =ln(sec  +tan  )+c= ln(x+ x2  a2 )+c

dx
Type  ax  bx  c
2

dx
Example: Workout  2 x  3x  1
2

2
 dx dx
= 
dx 1
 2 x 2  3x  1
3 1
2( x 2  x  ) = 2
3 1 9
( x  )2  
2 2 4 2 16
dx
=
1  3 1 =
1 
ln  x  4 
3 3 1 
( x  ) 2  ( ) 2  +c
2 (x  ) 2  ( ) 2 2 4 4 
4 4

dx
Type  ( x  a )( x  b)
dx
Example: Workout  ( x  3)( x  4) x-4= z 2 dx=2zdz
dx 2 zdz dz
= ( x  3)( x  4) = (z  1 )z
2 2 2 =2  ( z  12 )
2 =2ln(z+ z 2  1 )+c

dx
Example: Workout  6  11x  10 x 2
dx

dx
=
1  3 11
6  11x  10 x 2
10  x  x2
5 10
dx
=
1  3 11 2 121
10  (x  ) 
5 20 400
dx 11
x
1  2 1 20
=  19 
 
11 2 = sin 1 +c
10  20   ( x  20 ) 10 19
 
20

px  q
Type  ax 2  bx  c
dx

3x  4
Example: Workout  2 x 2  3x  1
dx

3 9
3x  4 (4 x  3)  4 
 2 x 2  3x  1
dx =

4 4 dx
2 x  3x  1
2

3 4x  3 7 dx
=4  2 x  3x  1
2
dx +
4 2 x  3x  1
2

3

dz
+7 dx
=3 z +7 dx
+C
4 z 4 2 x  3x  1
2
2 4 2 x  3x  1
2

3
 (ax  b)
Type  cx  d
dx

2x  4
Example: Workout  3x  3
dx

2x  4 2x  4
 3x  3
dx = (3 x  3)(2 x  4)
dx

dx
Type  (ax  b) cx  d
cx  d = z 2
dx
Example: Workout  (1  x) x
dx
 (1  x) x x= z 2 dx=2zdz
2 zdz 2dz 1 1 z 1 1 x2
=  (1  z 2 ) z = 1 z2 = 2 ln 1  z +c= 2 ln 1  x 2 +c

dx 1
Type  (ax  b) px 2  qx  r
ax  b 
z
dx
Example: Workout  (1  x) 1 x  x2
dx 1 1 1
 (1  x) 1 x  x2
1+x  z , dx   z 2 dz x
z
1

1 2 3 1 3z  z 2  1
2
1 1
-  z  1
1
1 x  x = 2
= z - z2  1=  2 1 =
z z z z z2
1
 dz
z2 dz
= 1 3z  z 2  1
=  3z  z 2  1
z z2
dz
dz 
=   1  3z  z 2
= 3
1  (z  )2 
9
2 4
dz

2
=-  5
  3 2
 2   (z  2)
 

4
 1
x dx
2
Type  1
x  z 6 , dx  6 z 5 dz
1 x 3

3 5
z 6 z dz z 8 dz
=  1  z 2 =6  1  z 2
z 6 ( z 2  1)  z 4 ( z 2  1)  z 2 ( z 2  1)  ( z 2  1)  1
=6  dz
z2 1
1
=6  ( z 6  z 4  z 2  1)dz +6  z 2  1 dz
z7 z5 z3 1
=6( 7

5
+ 3
-z)+ 6 tan 1 z +c z  x6
x dx
Integrate  3
1 x 4

Integration by parts
 du 
FORMULA  uvdx  u  vdx    dx  vdx dx
d(uw)=udw+wdu
uw =  udw   wdu
dw du dw
uw=  u dx dx +  w dx dx let dx =v w   vdx
 du 
u  vdx =  uvdx +   dx  vdx 
 du 
 uvdx  u  vdx    dx  vdx dx
 dx 
Ex.  xe dx  x  e x dx   
x

 dx  e x dx dx = xe x   e x dx = xe x  e x  c

Ex. 2 x
 x

 x e dx  x  e dx   2 x  e dx dx = x 2 e x  2[ xe   e dx ]
2 x x x

= x 2 e x  2 xe x  2 +c
 x e dx  ( x 3 e x  3 x 2 e x  3x  3 ) e x +c
3 x

 ln xdx  sin  cos

1 1
xdx xdx

1
 ln x 1 dx  ln x .x   x xdx = xlnx-x+c

5
LIATE L=Logarithm I=Inverse A=Algebraic T=Trigonometric
E=Exponential

Example: Workout  x sin xdx

 x sin xdx , u=x v=sinx
 x sin xdx u=sin 1 x v=x
1

 e sin xdx u= e , sin x or, v=sinx,

x x
ex

Workout  e sin bxdx ,  e cos bxdx

ax ax

sin bx sin bx
I=  e cos bxdx = e b   ae b dx
ax ax ax

e ax sin bx a
= e
ax
 sin bxdx
b b
e ax sin bx a  ax  cos bx  ax  cos bx  
=  e      ae   dx
b b   b   b  
e ax sin bx a ax a 2 e ax cos bxdx
=  e cos bx  
b b2 b2
e ax sin bx a ax a2
= b
 2 e cos bx  2 I
b b
 a 
2
1  2  I= ae sin bx  be cos bx
ax ax

 b  b2
ae ax sin bx  be ax cos bx
 I=
 a 2
 b  2

 2


 b
b2
ae ax sin bx  be ax cos bx
I= a2  b2
+c

FORMULA
x2  a2 a2
7.  x 2  a 2 dx =x 2

2
ln(x+ x2  a2 ) x=atan  , acot 
x2  a2 a2
8.  x 2  a 2 dx =x 2

2
ln(x+ x2  a2 )x=asec  , acosec 
a2  x2 a2
9.  a 2  x 2 dx =x 2

2
sin 1
x
a
x=asin  , acos 

The results can be obtained by two methods

Integration by substitution and Integration by parts
1 2x
I=  x 2  a 2 1 dx = x2  a2 .x -2  x  a2
2
. x dx

6
 x2
=x x a
2 2
- x2  a2
dx

x2  a2  a2
=x x2  a2 - x2  a2
dx

1
=x x2  a2 - x 2  a 2 dx + a2  x  a2
2
dx

1
2I= x x2  a2 + a2  x2  a2
dx

x2  a2 a2
I= x 2
+ 2
ln(x+ x2  a2 )+c
Form  ax 2  bx  c dx

Example: Workout  2 x 2  3 x  1 dx

3 1 3 2 1 9
 2 x  3x  1 dx =  2( x  x  ) dx = 2  (x  )  
2 2
dx
2 2 4 2 16
3 2 1
= 2  (x 
4
)  ( ) 2 dx
4
 3 3 2 1 2 1  
x   (x  )  ( ) 3 3 1
= 2 [ 4 4 4 + 4 ln  x  4  ( x  )2  ( )2
4 4
 ]+c


2 2

Type  ( px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx

Example: Workout  (3x  4) 2 x 2  3 x  1 dx

3 9 3
 (3 x  4) 2 x 2  3 x  1 dx =   4 (4 x  3)  4  4  2 x 2  3x  1 dx =
4
=
7
 (4 x  3) 2 x 2  3 x  1 dx +4 2 x 2  3 x  1 dx

3 7 1 7
=4  z dz +4 2 x 2  3 x  1 dx =
2
z z +4 2 x 2  3 x  1 dx

Formula
 e (af ( x)  f ( x))dx  e f ( x)
ax ax

 e ( f ( x)  f ( x))dx  e f ( x)
x x

Proof:

7
 x2 1
Example: Workout e
x
dx
( x  1) 2
x2 1 x x 1 2
2
 x 1 2  x 1
e =  ( x  1) 2 dx e  x 1  dx = e x +C
x x
dx e 2 
( x  1) 2  ( x  1)  x 1
Quiz 3 upto this

dx
Type  a  b sin x  c cos x
dx dx dx dx
Examples  5  4 sin x ,  3  5 cos x ,  2 sin x  3 cos x ,  6  3 sin x  4 cos x

dx
Example: Workout  6  3 sin x  4 cos x
dx x x x
 6  3 sin x  4 cos x sinx=2sin 2 cos 2 cosx=cos 2 2
-sin
2
x
2
dx
= x x x
6  3.2 sin cos  4(cos 2  sin 2 )
x
2 2 2 2
x
sec 2 dx
2 x
= 2 x x x
z  tan
2
6(1  tan )  6 tan  4(1  tan 2 )
2 2 2
1 x
dz  sec 2
dx
2 2

dz
2dz 2dz dz 
=  6(1  z 2 )  6 z  4(1  z 2 ) =  2 z 2  6 z  10 =  z 2  3z  5 = ( z  ) 2  5  9
3
2 4
dz 3
z
 2 1 2
= (z  3 ) 2   11  = 11 tan 11  c
2

2  2 
 
2

a sin x  b cos x  c
Type  d sin x  e cos x  f
dx

sin x cos x 2 sin x  3 cos x

Examples  sin x  cos x dx ,  sin x  cos x dx ,  4 sin x  cos x
dx ,
2 sin x  3 cos x  5
 sin x  2 cos x  6
dx
3 sin x  14 cos x  6
Example: Workout  4 sin x  5 cos x  3
dx

8
 3 sin x  14 cos x  6
 4 sin x  5 cos x  3
dx

Nu. =l.Deno.+m. Diff. Coeff.of deno. +n

3 sin x  14 cos x  6 = l( 4 sin x  5 cos x  3 ).+m(4cosx-5sinx)+n

=(4l-5m)sinx+(5l+4m)cosx +(3l+n)

4l-5m=3 20l-25m=15 m=1 l=2 n=0

5l+4m=14 20l+16m=56
3l+n=6
3 sin x  14 cos x  6 = 2( 4 sin x  5 cos x  3 ).+(4cosx-5sinx)
3 sin x  14 cos x  6 4sinx  5cosx  3 4 cos x  5 sin x
 4 sin x  5 cos x  3
dx = 2 
4 sin x  5 cos x  3
dx + 
4 sin x  5 cos x  3
dx

=2x +ln( 4 sin x  5 cos x  3 ) +c

Upto this for quiz3

Integration by partial fraction

dx
Example: Workout  ( x  1)( x  2)
dx 1 A B
 ( x  1)( x  2) ( x  1)( x  2)= ( x  1) + ( x  2)
1=A(x-2)+B(x-1) Putting x=1 A=-
1 x=2 B=1
1 1 1
= -
( x  1)( x  2) ( x  2) ( x  2)
dx dx dx
 ( x  1)( x  2) =  ( x  2) -  ( x  1) =ln(x-2)-ln(x-1)+c

dx
Example: Workout  ( x  a)( x  b)( x  c)
1 1 1
=
( x  a )( x  b)( x  c) ( x  a )(a  b)(a  c ) + (b  a)( x  b)(b  c) +
1
(c  a )(c  b)( x  c)

9
 dx 1 dx 1 dx
 ( x  a)( x  b)( x  c) = (a  b)(a  c)  x  a + (b  a)(b  c)  x  b +

1 dx
(c  a )(c  b)  xc
1 1 1
= (a  b)(a  c) ln(x-a) + (b  a)(b  c) ln(x-b) + (c  a)(c  b) ln(x-c)+c

dx
Example: Workout  ( x  a 2 )( x 2  b 2 )
2

dx 1 dx 1 dx
 (x 2
 a )( x 2  b 2 ) =
2
(b  a )
2 2  2 2 + 2 2 
( x  a ) (a  b ) ( x  b 2 )
2

1 1 x 1 1 x
= (b 2  a 2 ) a tan 1 a + (a 2  b 2 ) b tan 1 b +c

xdx
 (x  4)( x 2  6)
2 z  x2 dz  2 xdx

1 dz
= 
2 ( z  4)( z  6)

dx
Type  ( x  a) m
( x  b) n put ( x  a )  z ( x  b)

dx
Example: Workout  ( x  1) 2
( x  2) 3
( x  1)  z ( x  2)

2z  1 1
x(1  z )  2 z  1 x  dx  dz
1 z (1  z ) 2
2z  1 1
x2 2
1 z 1 z

1
1 dz
dx dz (1  z ) 2 (1  z ) 3 dz
 ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 3 = (1  z ) 2 = = =
 z 2 ( x  2) 2 ( x  2) 3 z2
1 z2
(1  z ) 5
1  3z  3z 2  z 3 1 1 1 z2
 z2
dz =  z 2
dz -3  z
dz +3  dz -  zdz =- z -3lnz+3z- 2
x 1
+c, z
x2

10
 dx dx
Example: Workout  cos x(5  3 cos x)  cos x(5  3 cos x) =
1 1 3 1 1 3 1
 [ 5 cos x  5 5  3 cos x ]dx = 5  sec xdx  5  5  3 cos x
dx

dx
Example: Workout  sin x(3  2 cos x)

dx sin xdx sin xdx

 sin x(3  2 cos x) =  sin 2
x (3  2 cos x ) =  (1  cos x)(1  cos x)(3  2 cos x)
dz
=   (1  z )(1  z )(3  2 z )
sin x cos x
Example: Workout  ( tan x  cot x ) dx=  ( cos x

sin x
) dx =

 sin x  cos x 
  dx
sin x cos x 
 
sin x  cos x dz
= 2  1  (sin x  cos x )
dx
 2 == 2  1 z2
 

Type  sin x cos xdx m n

i) m or n is odd
ii) m and n is even
iii) m+n is an even negative integer
Examples
i)  sin x cos xdx ,  sin x cos xdx ,  sin
2 5 5 4 5
x cos 3 xdx ,  sin 5
xdx ,  cos 3
xdx

ii)  sin x cos xdx ,  sin x ,  cos xdx

4 2 4 4

sin x 3
sin x
2
iii)  cos 5 x dx ,  7
dx
cos x 2

Example: Workout  sin x cos xdx 2 5

 sin x cos xdx =  sin x cos x cos xdx =  sin x(1  sin x) cos xdx
2 5 2 4 2 2 2

Example: Workout  sin x cos xdx  sin x cos xdx =  sin x sin 4 2 4 2 2 2
x cos 2 xdx

=  sin x(sin x cos x) dx

2 2

11
 1 1 1
=  sin 2
x ( 2 sin x cos x) 2 dx =
2 4
 sin
2
x sin 2 2 xdx = 16
 (1  cos 2 x)(1  cos 4 x)dx
1
= 16  (1  cos 2 x  cos 4 x  cos 2 x cos 4 x)dx 2cosAcosB=cos(A+B)+
cos(A-B)
1 1
= 16  (1  cos 2 x  cos 4 x  2 (cos 6 x  cos 2 x))dx

Alternative method
Example: Workout  sin x cos xdx 4 2

By De Moivre’s theorem is (cos x  i sin x) n

 cos nx  i sin nx

let z  cos x  i sin x

1
z n  (cos x  i sin x) n  cos nx  i sin nx  z 1  cos x  i sin x
z
1
n
 z  n  cos nx  i sin nx
z
1 1 1 1
z  2 cos x , z   2i sin x , z n  n  2 cos nx , z n  n  2i sin nx
z z z z
4 2 2 2
 1  1  2 1 
=  z  z 
1
2 4 i 4 sin 4 x 2 2 cos 2 x = z   z  
 z  z
z  2 
 z 
2 2
 1  1  1
=  z 2  2  z 2   z 4  2  z 4 
1 1
=  z 6  z 6  -2  z 4  z 4  -  z 2  z 2  +4
   
=2cos6x-2.2cos4x-2cos2x+4

1
 sin = 32  (cos6x-2cos4x-cos2x+2)dx
4
x cos 2 xdx

 sin do
8
xdx
3
sin x 2
Example: Workout  7
dx
cos x 2

3
3 3 5 5
sin x
2
2 2 2
 7
dx =  tan 2 x sec 2 xdx   z 2 dz 
5
z  tan 2 x
5
cos x
2

dx sec 4 x
 1 7 = 1
dx
sin x cos x
2 2
tan x
2

12
 Integration by successive reduction

Example: Find the reduction formula for In  x hence find

n
e ax dx

x
3 ax
e dx
In  x
n
e ax dx
e ax e ax
=x a
n
  nx n 1
a
dx
ax
n e n
= a  a  nx n 1e ax dx
x

e ax n
= x n a  a I n 1
e ax n
In  xn  I n 1
a a
I3  x
3
e ax dx

e ax 3
I3 = x3  I2
a a
e ax 3 e ax 2
= x 3 a  a ( x 2 a  a I1 )
x 3 e ax 3 x 2 e ax 6
= a 
a 2
 2 I1
a

x 3 e ax 3 x 2 e ax 6 e ax 1
= a

a 2

a 2 ( x
a

a
I0 )

x 3 e ax 3 x 2 e ax 6 xe ax 6e ax
= a

a2

a3

a4
c

Example: Find the reduction formula for In   tan hence find

n
xdx

 tan xdx
6

I   tan xdx
n
n

=  tan x tan xdx

n2 2

=  tan x(sec x  1)dx

n2 2

13
=  tan n2
x sec 2 xdx -  tan n2
xdx
tan n 1 x
= n 1
 I n2

tan n 1 x I 6   tan 6 xdx

In   I n2
n 1
tan 5 x
I6   I4
5
tan 5 x  tan 3 x 
= 5   3  I 2 
tan 5 x tan 3 x
= 5

3
 tan x  I 0

tan 5 x tan 3 x
= 5  3  tan x  x  c

4
Example: Find the reduction formula for I n   tan n xdx hence find
0

4

 tan
4
xdx
0

tan n 1 x
In   I n 2
n 1

 tan n 1 x  4 1
In    I n2  n  1  I n 2
 n 1 0
1 1 1   2
I4   I 2   (1  I 0 )   1   
3 3 3 4 4 3

Example: Find the reduction formula for I n   sin n xdx hence find
 sin xdx
4

I n   sin n xdx

=  sin n 1
x sin xdx

= sin n 1
x (  cos x)   ( n  1) sin n  2 x cos x(  cos x ) dx
  sin n 1 x cos x  ( n  1)  sin n  2 x (1  sin 2 x )dx
  sin n 1 x cos x  (n  1)  sin n  2 xdx  (n  1)  sin n xdx
  sin n 1 x cos x  ( n  1) I n  2  ( n  1) I n
I n  (n  1) I n   sin n 1 x cos x  (n  1) I n  2
nI n   sin n 1 x cos x  (n  1) I n  2
sin n 1 x cos x n  1
In  
n

n
I n2 Find I4

14
 
2
Example: Find the reduction formula for I n   sin n xdx hence find
0

2

 sin
4
xdx
0

 sin n 1 x cos x  2 n 1 n 1
In     n I n 2  n I n 2
 n 0

 
3 31 3 1  3 2 2

I4  I2  I0   I 0   sin 0 xdx   dx 
4 42 4 2 2 16 2
0 0

Example: Find the reduction formula for In  e

ax
cos n xdx
n
In  e
ax
cos xdx

cos n xe ax n ax
   e cos n x sin xdx
a a
cos n xe ax n
= a

a
 e ax e ax 
n 1
cos x sin x   [(n  1) cos n  2 x ( sin x) sin x  cos n 1 x cos x] dx
 a a 

 e 
cos n xe ax n cos n 1 x sin xe ax n
= a

a 2
 2
a
ax
[(n  1) cos n  2 x[cos 2 x  1]  cos n x dx

e ax cosn 1 x{a cos x  n sin x} n n e ax cos n xdx  (n  1) e ax cos n  2 xdx

  
 2
a2 a 
 n2  e ax cos n 1 x{a cos x  n sin x} n(n  1)
1  2  I n   I n2
 a  a2 a2
e ax cos n 1 x{a cos x  n sin x} n( n  1)
In   2 I n2
n2  a2 n  a2

Example: Find the reduction formula for

n
I m ,n  x
m
(ln x ) dx
n x m 1 1 x m 1
I m,n   x (ln x) dx  (ln x)   n(ln x ) n 1
m n
dx
m 1 x m 1
x m 1 n
m 1 m 1 
 (ln x ) n  x m (ln x ) n 1 dx

x m 1 n
 (ln x) n  I m , n 1
m 1 m 1

15
 x m 1 n
I m ,n  (ln x) n  I m ,n 1
m 1 m 1

Example: Find the reduction formula for I m,n   cos

m
x cos nx dx

hence find  cos x cos 3x dx 3

I m,n   cos
m
x cos nx dx
sin nx sin nx
 cos m x   m cos m 1 x (  sin x ) dx cos(nx-x)=cosnx
n n
cosx+sinnx sinx
sin nx m
 cos m x   cos m 1 x sin nx sin x dx sinnx sinx =cos(n-
n n
sin nx m
1)x-cosnxcosx  cos m x n  n  cos m1 x[cos(n - 1)x - cosnxcosx]dx
sin nx m m
 cos m x   cos m 1 xcos(n - 1)x -  cos m xcosnx dx  
n n n
sin nx m m
 cos x m
 I m 1, n 1  I m , n
n n n
m
 m  cos x sin nx m
1   I m , n   I m 1,n 1
 n  n n

mn cos m x sin nx m

  I m ,n   I m 1,n 1
 n  n n

cos m x sin nx m
I m ,n   I m 1,n 1
mn mn
cos 3 x sin 3 x 3 cos 3 x sin 3 x 3  cos 2 x sin 2 x 2 
I 3, 3   I 2, 2     I 1,1 
6 6 6 6 4 4 

cos 3 x sin 3 x cos 2 x sin 2 x 1

   I 1,1
6 8 4
cos 3 x sin 3 x cos 2 x sin 2 x 1  cos x sin x 1 
     I 0, 0 
6 8 4 2 2 
cos 3 x sin 3 x cos 2 x sin 2 x cos x sin x 1
    x
6 8 8 2
I 0, 0   cos x cos 0 x dx   dx  x
0

16