Integral

INTEGRAL

Indefinite and Definite Integral

Integration or anti-differentiation is the inverse operation of differentiation where the

original function is determined from its derivative.

dy
The process of determining from y:
dx
dy
Given y Find
dx

dy
The process of determining y from :
dx
dy
Find y Given
dx

The process of anti-differentiation will determine a ‘family of functions’ and these functions
will differ from each other by a constant (c).

Example:

Differentiation Integration
d
(2 x)  2   2dx  2 x
dx
d
(2 x  2)  2   2dx  2 x  2
dx
d
( 2 x  3)  2   2dx  2 x  3
dx

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Integral

y F1
F1 ( x )  2 x
F2
F2 ( x)  2 x  2
F3
2 F3 ( x )  2 x  3

0
The general form:
x F ( x)  2 x  c
-3 where c is an arbitrary
constant.

Definition of Indefinite Integration

The indefinite integral of f(x) is defined by

 f ( x) dx  F ( x)  c where

  is the integral sign, symbol for the sum (S) of area

 f(x) is called the integrand
 dx denotes the variable of integration
 F(x) is the anti-derivative
 c is the constant of integration

Example:
d  2 x 3  2 x 2 (10 x  3) x 2 (10 x  3)
Show that  
dx  5 x  1  (5 x  1) 2
. Hence, find   3(5 x  1) 2
dx

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Integral

Basic Rules of Integration

1.  0 dx  c c is a constant
2.  k dx  kx  c k and c are constants
n 1
x
x dx  c c is an arbitrary constant and n  -1
n
3.
n 1
4.  k f ( x)  k  f ( x)dx k is a constant
5.   f ( x)  g ( x) dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
6.   f ( x)  g ( x) dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
(ax  b) n 1
 (ax  b) dx  c c is an arbitrary constant and n  -1
n
7.
a (n  1)

Example: Find the following indefinite integrals.

x
5
a) dx

1
b)  x 3
dx

1
c)  x
dx

 (2 x  x  4) dx
3
d)

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Integral

2x  3
e)  x3
dx

 t (1  t
3
f) ) dt

g)  ( x  2)( x  1) dx

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Integral

3
8
h)  (3x) 2  9 x 2 dx

2
 1 
i)   3x  2 x  dx

  4 x  1
3
j) dx

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Integral

dx
k)  2(3  x) 3

Definition of Definite Integration

If f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], then f is integratable on [a, b]. Thus the
definite integral of f from x = a to x = b is as follows:

b b

 f ( x) dx   F ( x )  F (b)  F (a ) where
a a

 F(x) is the anti-derivative f(x)

 a is the lower limit of the integral
 b is the upper limit of the integral

Properties of Definite Integrals

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Integral

b b

1. k
a
f ( x) dx  k  f ( x) dx
a
k is a constant
a

2.  f ( x) dx  0
a
b a

3.  f ( x) dx    f ( x) dx
a b
if a > b
b b b

4.   f ( x)  g ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx
a a a
b c b

5.  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
a a c
for a  c  b
b

6.  k dx  k (b  a)
a
k is a constant

Example: Evaluate the following definite integrals

  2 x  1
4
a) dx
1

1
1
b) 
0 3  2x
dx

Integration of Exponential Function

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Integral

d
(e x )  e x e dx  e x  c
x
1. c is any constant
dx
d e ax
(e ax )  ae ax  e dx  c
ax
2. c is any constant, a0
dx a
d e ax  b
(e ax  b )  ae ax  b e
ax  b
3. dx  c c is any constant,
dx a
a0
d ax
(a x )  a x ln a  a dx  c
x
4. c is any constant, a1
dx ln a

Example:

Find the following indefinite integrals.

e
2x
a) dx

e  e  x dx
2
b)

e
 x7
c) dx

2
d) e x
dx

e 2 x  e 2 x
e)  e x dx

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Integral

 (e  1)(e  x  1) dx
x
f)

3
x
g) dx

5
2 x 1
h) dx

Integration of Logarithms Function

d 1 1
1.
dx
(ln x ) 
x  x dx  ln x  c ,x0

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Integral

d a 1 1
2.
dx
(ln ax  b ) 
ax  b  ax  b dx  a ln ax  b  c , ax + b  0
d f ( x ) f ( x)
3.
dx
(ln f ( x ) ) 
f ( x)  f ( x)
dx  ln f ( x )  c , f(x)  0

Example:

Find the following indefinite integrals.

1
a)  2 x dx

4
b)  2 x  1 dx

t  t3
c)  t 4 dx

2 1
d)  1  x  ( x  1) 2
dx

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Integral

Relationship between Marginal and Total

Marginal Cost – the rate of change in cost per unit change in production at an output level
of x units. Simply stated, it is cost of producing an additional unit of the product.

Total cost of producing x units, C ( x)   C ( x)dx

Marginal Revenue – the rate of change in revenue per unit change in production at an
output level of x units of the product. Marginal revenue is the additional revenue obtained
when an additional unit of the product is produced and sold.

Total revenue of selling x units, R( x)   R ( x)dx

The arbitrary constant of integration is usually zero since x = 0, revenue = 0.

Example:

1. The marginal cost, C’(x) for a certain product is given as C’(x) = 40 – 0.07x where x
is the level of output. Find
a) the total cost function if fixed costs are RM4000,
b) the cost to produce 200 units.
a) C ( x )   C ( x ) dx
  (40  0.07 x)dx
0.07 x 2
 40 x  c
2
 40 x  0.035 x 2  c where c is a constant

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Integral

To determine c, we use the information that when x = 0, C(0) = 4000.

4000  40(0)  0.035(0) 2  c

c  4000
 C ( x)  40 x  0.035 x 2  4000

b) C (200)  40( 200)  0.035(200) 2  4000

 RM 13400
The total cost incurred when 200 units are produced is RM13400.

2. The marginal revenue, R’(x) of a certain product is given as R’(x) = 40 – 0.02x

where x is the level of output. Find
a) the total revenue function
b) the demand function

a) R( x)   R ( x)dx
  ( 40  0.02 x) dx
0.02 x 2
 40 x 
2
 40 x  0.01x 2  c where c is a constant
To determine c, we use the information that revenue is nil when no units are sold,
that is, when x = 0, R(0) = 0.

0  40(0)  0.01(0) 2  c
c0
R ( x )  40 x  0.01x 2

b) R ( x)  px
40 x  0.01x 2  px
40 x  0.01x 2
p
x
p  40  0.01x
Exercise:

1. Integrate the following.

a) 4x
b) 6x  3
1
c)  3x
2x 2
d) 33 x
e) x2  x3  x4

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Integral

2. Evaluate the following.

3

a)  xdx
2
7

b)  dx
3
5

 (x  3 x) dx
2
c)
2
3

d) 
1
x dx
5

 (1  x
2
e) ) dx
2

3. The marginal cost of a product in ringgit, C’(x) is given by

C ( x)  24  0.024 x  0.006 x 2 where x is the level of output. The cost of producing
200 units is RM22700. Find
a) the cost function,
b) the fixed cost,
c) the cost when 500 units are produced.

4. The weekly marginal cost function, C’(x) and the weekly marginal revenue function,
R’(x) of a company assembling personal computers are given as
C ( x)  RM (3 x 2  118 x  1315) and R ( x )  RM (1000  4 x ) where x is the number of
computers assembled per week. If the fixed costs are RM5000, find
a) the profit function,
b) the increase in profit if the number of computers assembled increases from 30
to 35 per week,
c) the maximum profit per week,
d) the total revenue obtained and the price per unit when profit is maximized.

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