Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

5
Integration and Its Applications 
Learning Objectives

In this chapter, we will

(a) apply the standard formulae to solve indefinite integral including the
f '(x) 1 1
integration of , sin 2 x , cos 2 x , tan 2 x , 2 , ,
f(x) a x 2
a2  x2
1 1
and 2 ;
a x
2 2
x  a2
(b) solve integration by using a given substitution;
(c) solve integration by parts;
(d) define definite integral as a limit of sum and interpret it as the area
under a curve;
(e) apply anti-derivatives to evaluate definite integral;
(f) find the area of a region bounded by a curve and lines parallel to the
coordinate axes, between a curve and a line, or between two curves;
(g) find area below the x-axis;
(h) find the area under a curve defined parametrically;
(i) find the volume of revolution about the x- or y-axis;
(j) find the numerical value of a definite integral using a graphic calculator;

§   5.1   Introduction
The first documented systematic technique capable of determining integrals
is the method of exhaustion of Eudoxus (ca. 370 BC), which sought to find
areas and volumes by breaking them up into an infinite number of shapes for
which the area or volume was known. This method was further developed
and employed by Archimedes and used to calculate areas for parabolas and
an approximation to the area of a circle (Figure 1.1).

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 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

Figure 1.1
(Source: http://personal.bgsu.edu/~carother/pi/Pi3a.html)

Newton and Leibniz

The major advance in integration came in the 17th century with the
independent discovery of the fundamental theorem of
calculus by Newton and Leibniz. The theorem demonstrates a connection
between integration and differentiation. The modern notation for the
indefinite integral was introduced by Gottfried Leibniz in 1675.

(Source: http://yirmumah.com/2008/10/16/will-draw-anything-495-newton-leibniz-calculus-cage-match/ )
 
§   5.2   Integration as Anti‐derivative  
Definition:
A function F is called an anti-derivative or an indefinite integral of a
d
given function f if F( x)  f ( x) .
dx

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 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

d 3
For example, since x  3x 2 , we say that x 3 is an anti-derivative of 3x 2 .  
dx

Notice that 3x 2 has many anti-derivatives, since x3  1 , x3  2 and x3  1 all

have derivative 3x 2 . Thus in fact, if C is any constant, we have
d 3
( x  C )  3x 2  0  3x 2 .
dx

§   5.3   Indefinite and Definite Integral 

If the given function is f and F is an anti-derivative of f, this can be written as:

 f ( x) dx  F( x)  C .
 Note
Indefinite integration is the reverse process of differentiation, that is

INTEGRATING

f ( x) F( x)  C .

DIFFERENTIATING

Some Properties of Indefinite Integrals:

Let f and g be two functions. Then

(i)  k f ( x)dx  k  f ( x)dx , where k is a real constant.
(ii)  [f ( x)  g( x)]dx   f ( x) dx   g( x) dx .
Definite Integral

The definite integral of f(x) with respect to x with lower limit a and
b
upper limit b is written as  f ( x) dx . It is defined as
a

f ( x) dx  value of  f ( x) dx when x  b  value of  f ( x) dx when x  a

b
 a    

Thus if  f  x  dx  F  x   C , then
 f ( x) dx  F  b   C   F  a   C   F  b   F  a 
b

a
2 2
For example,  1
3 x 2 dx   x3   23  13  8  1  7 .
1

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 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

 Note
If x, t and u are variables, then  f  x  dx   f  t  dt   f  u  du.
b b b

a a a

Some Properties of Definite Integrals:

a
(i)  a
f ( x) dx  0 .
b a
(ii)  a
f ( x) dx    f ( x) dx .
b
b b
(iii)  a
k f ( x) dx  k  f ( x) dx , where k is a real constant.
a
c b c
(iv)  a
f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx , where a  b  c .
a b

Evaluating definite integrals using TI84+

In this section, we would explore the usage of the graphic calculator to

evaluate the definite integrals.

۞ Example 1
π
Evaluate the integral  0
x sin x dx using a graphic calculator.
We can make use of the graphic calculator by doing the following steps:

 Ensure that you have the correct mode

(FUNC mode).

 Press 2ND QUIT to return to Home Screen.

 Press ALPHA WINDOW and then select option

4: fnInt( .

 Key the expression into the calculator as

shown on the right, using the arrow keys to
move to the different sections.

 Press ENTER and the result will be given.

 Note
Graphing Calculator (G.C.) only gives you the approximate (or numerical)
value of the definite integral. If the question asks explicitly for EXACT
answer, you cannot use G.C.

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 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

§   5.4   Techniques of Integration 

In this section, we would learn the following five major techniques of

integration. 

(A) Integration using Standard Forms

(B) Integration using Partial Fraction
(C) Integration of Modulus Functions
(D) Integration by Substitution
(E) Integration by Parts

(a)   Integration using Standard Forms

(1) Polynomial Functions

Let n be a constant  n  1

n 1
x n 1  f  x  
  f  x   f '  x  dx  
n
x n
d x  C and C
n 1 n 1

۞ Example 2
Find
1 x
 3  
2
(i)  x dx (ii) x dx

 t  2t 
7
 1  2 x 
3
(iii) dx (iv) 2 3
 1 dt

Solution
1 x
(i)  1  2 x  dx
3
(ii)  dx
x
1
 1  2 x   2  dx
3
=  1 x 
2     dx
 x x
1 1  2 x 
4

=  C   12 1

2 4    x  x 2  dx
 
1 2x
4

= C 1 1
 1 1 12 1
8  1 x 2 1 x C
 2 1 2 1
1
2 32
= 2x 2  x C
3
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 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

   
7
 t 2t  1 dt
2 2 3
(iii) 3 x dx (iv)

  9  6  1
   2t  1  6t  dt
7
x  x dx 3 2

6
6 32 1 2 1 1
 
7 1
 9x  1 x  x C   2t 3  1  C
2 1 2 6 7 1
1
 
3 8
1 2  2t 3  1  C
 9x  4x 2  x C 48
2
 
  Let f  t   2t 3  1
  then f '  t   6t 2
 
f ' x
(2) Fractions of the Form
f  x
1 1
 x dx  ln x  C and  f  x  f '  x  dx  ln f  x  C

Proof :
 ln f  x  if f  x  0
ln f  x   
ln  f  x   if f  x  0
 f ' x
 if f  x  0
d  f  x f ' x
 ln f  x     
dx  
 f '  x  if f  x
f  x  0
 f  x 

f ' x
 dx  ln f  x   C
f  x

۞ Example 3
Find
1 x 1
(i)  1  3x dx (ii) x 2
 2x  6
dx
1
(iii)  t ln t dt (iv)  cot  d

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 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

Solution
1 x 1
(i) 
1  3x
dx (ii) x
 2x  6
2
dx

1 3 1 2x  2
  2 dx
 
3 1  3 x
dx
2 x  2x  6
1 1
  ln 1  3x  C  ln x 2  2 x  6  C
3 2
 
1
(iii)  t ln t dt (iv)  cot x dx
1 cos x
 dx
  t dt sin x
ln t  ln sin x  C
 ln ln t  C
Given in MF15
 
(3) Exponential Functions

e dx  e x  C e f '( x) dx  ef ( x )  C
f ( x)
(a) x
and
1 x 1 f ( x)
a dx  a C a f '( x) dx  a C
f ( x)
(b) x
and
ln a ln a
 
۞ Example 4
Find
 e dx  xe dx
2
2 x 1 x
(i) (ii)
ex
 e x  e x dx 3
1 x
(iii) (iv) dx

Solution
(i)  e 2 x 1dx  xe dx
2
x
(ii)
1 2 x 1 1
e  2  dx  2 x  dx
2 2 
 x2
  e

1 1 2
 e 2 x 1  C   e x  C
2 2

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 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

ex
(iii)  x  x dx  3 dx
1 x
(iv)
e e
ex ex    3  1 dx
1 x
  x  x  x dx
e e e 1 1 x
e 2x  3 C
  2x dx ln 3
e 1
1 2e 2 x a x  eln a  e x ln a
x

  2x dx
2 e 1 Thus,
1 x (1 x )ln 3
1  3 dx   e dx
 ln e 2 x  1  C
2 1 (1 x )ln 3
 e 
1 ln 3
 ln(e 2 x  1)  C
2 31 x
 C
ln 3

(4) Trigonometric Functions

Type 1: Integrals of Standard Trigonometric Functions

1.  sin x dx   cos x  C  f '  x  sin f  x  dx   cos f  x   C

2.  cos x dx  sin x  C  f '  x  cos f  x  dx  sin f  x   C
3. *  tan x dx  ln sec x  C  f '  x  tan f  x  dx  ln sec f  x   C

4. *  cot x dx  ln sin x  C  f '  x  cot f  x  dx  ln sin f  x   C

5. *
cosec x dx  f '  x  cosec f  x  dx
  ln cosec x  cot x  C   ln cosec  f  x    cot f  x    C

6. *
sec x dx  f '  x  sec f  x  dx
 ln sec x  tan x  C  ln sec f  x    tan f  x    C

 sec x dx  tan x  C  f '  x  sec f  x  dx  tan f  x   C

2 2
7.

 f '( x)cosec f  x  dx   cot f  x   C

2

 cosec x dx   cot x  C
2
8.

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 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

 f '( x) sec f  x  tan f  x  dx

9.  sec x tan x dx  sec x  C  sec f  x    C

10.
 cosec x cot x dx  f '( x)cosec f  x  cot f  x  dx
 cosec x  C  cosec f  x    C

Note that the basic formulae with asterisks(*) are given in MF15 (but in a
slightly different format).

۞ Example 5
Find
 π
 cos  2 x  3  dx  x sin  x  dx
2
(i) (ii)

Solution
 π
(i)  cos  2 x   dx
 x sin  x  dx
2
 3 (ii)
1  π 1
  cos  2 x    2  dx
2  3

2
 
sin x 2  2 x  dx

1
1  π
 sin  2 x    C  
  cos x 2  C
2
2  3

Type 2:  sin(mx) sin(nx) dx or  sin(mx) cos(nx) dx or  cos(mx)

cos(nx) dx

Use the following identities to transform the product to sum or difference:

1 1
1 sin P  sin Q  2sin  P  Q  cos  P  Q 
2 2
1 1
 2  sin P  sin Q  2 cos  P  Q  sin  P  Q 
2 2 Given in MF15
1 1
 3 cos P  cos Q  2 cos  P  Q  cos  P  Q 
2 2
1 1
 4  cos P  cos Q  2sin  P  Q  sin  P  Q 
2 2

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 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

۞ Example 6
Find
(i)  cos3x cos x dx (ii)  cos4t sin t dt
Solution
1
 i   cos 3x cos x dx    cos 4 x  cos 2 x  dx
2
11 1 
  sin 4 x  sin 2 x   C
24 2 
1
 ii   cos 4t sin t dt    sin 5t  sin 3t  dt
2
1 1 1 
   cos 5t  cos 3t   C
2 5 3 

 Note

When m and n are equal, we have  sin 2 nx dx or  cos 2 nx dx

or  sin nx cos nx dx . For the first two types, we will introduce the method in
the next part. For  sin nx cos nx dx , we can use the identity
1
sin 2 A  2sin A cos A (given in MF15) and change it to  sin 2nx dx .
2

Type 3:  sin2 x dx or  cos2 x dx or  tan2 x dx

Use the following identities :

cos 2 x  1  2sin 2 x 1  cos 2 x
Given in MF15 cos 2 x 
cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  1 2
1  tan 2 x  sec2 x 1  cos 2 x
sin 2 x 
change tan2 to sec2 before 2
integrating
۞ Example 7
Find
 cos 3x dx   2 tan 2 x  1 dx
2 2
(i) (ii)

Solution

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 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

 cos
2
(i) 3 x dx
  2 tan 2 x  1 dx
2
1 (ii)
  1  cos 6 x  dx
2    2  sec 2 2 x  1  1 dx
1 1 
  x  sin 6 x   C
2 6     2sec 2 2 x  3 dx
1 1  tan 2 x  3x  C
 x  sin 6 x  C
2 12

1
(5) Integrals of the Form  px 2
 qx  r
dx

 q r
Step 1: Re-write the denominator as p  x 2  x   .
 p p
 q r
Step 2: Complete the square for p  x 2  x   .
 p p

Step 3: Apply one of the following formulae, which are found in MF15
(note that some formulae may be presented in a different way). For each of
the formulae, a denotes a positive constant.

1 1 x
(i) x 2
a 2
dx  tan 1    C
a a

1 1 xa
(ii) x 2
a 2
dx  ln
2a x  a
C

1 1 ax
(iii)  dx  ln C
a x 22
2a a  x

To derive formula (i), refer to substitution method (to be discussed later) or

the use of implicit differentiation as shown below. To derive formulae (ii) &
(iii), refer to partial fractions method.

Derivation of formula (i)

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 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

x
Let y  tan 1  
a
x
then tan y  .
a
Differentiating both sides with respect to x,
dy 1

sec 2 y
dx a
dy 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a
   2      
dx a sec y a 1  tan y  a 
2
x
2 2
x x  a2
2

1   a
a a
1 1 x
 dx  tan 1    C
x a
2 2
a a

۞ Example 8
1
Evaluate  dx
3  4 x2
Solution
1 1 1 1
 3  4 x 2 dx   3 2  dx  4   2 dx
4  x  3
 x
2
4  
 2 
1 1  x
  tan 1  3   C
4 3  
 2 
2
1  2x 
 tan 1  C
2 3  3

۞ Example 9
1
Find  2 dx .
x  6x  5
Solution
1 1
 x 2  6 x  5 dx    x  3  2  2 2 d x
1 x 3 2 1 x 5
 ln  C  ln C
2  2 x  3  2 4 x 1

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 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

Alternative method:
1 1  
1 1
  4  4 (by partial fractions)  
x 2  6 x  5  x  5  x  1 x  5 x  1
 
1 1 1 1 1
x 2
 6x  5
dx  
4 x5
dx  
4 x 1
dx  
1 1  
 ln x  5  ln x  1  C  
4 4
1 x5  
 ln C
4 x 1  

1 1 xa
Derivation of the Formula x 2
a 2
dx  ln
2a x  a
 C (refer to pg 11)

Proof:
1 1 1  1 1 
  
x a
2 2
 x  a  x  a  2a  x  a x  a 


1 1  1 1 
x 2
a 2
dx    
2a  x  a x  a 
 dx
1

2a
 ln x  a  ln x  a   C
1 xa
 ln C
2a x  a
1  xa
ln    C if x  a
2a  x  a 
1 1 ax
(Proof is similar for  2 dx  ln  C .)
a x 2
2a a  x

1
(6) Integrals of the Form  px  qx  r
2
dx where p < 0

 q r
Step 1: Re-write the quadratic expression as p  x 2  x   .
 p p
 q r
Step 2: Complete the square for p  x 2  x   .
 p p

Step 3: Apply the following formula, which is found in MF15.

13
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

1 x
 a2  x2
dx  sin 1    C ,
a
x a

Derivation of the above formula

x x
y  sin 1    sin y 
a a
dy 1
Differentiating with respect to x, cos y 
dx a
dy 1 1 1 1    
        y   cos y  0 
dx a cos y a 1  sin y 
2 2 2 
1 1 1
 
a x
2
a2  x2
1  
a
d  1  x   1
 sin    
dx   a  a2  x2
1 x
 dx  sin 1    C
a2  x2 a

۞ Example 10
Find
1 1
(i)  dx (ii)  dx
x  2x2 8  4 x  4 x2

Solution
1 1
i   dx   dx
x  2 x2  x
2  x 2  
 2
1 1
  dx
2   x  
1 2
4
1 2
4

1  x 1 
 sin 1  1 4   C
2  4 
1
 sin 1  4 x  1  C
2

14
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

1 1
 ii   dx   dx
8  4 x  4 x2 
4 2 x x 2

1 1
  dx
2 2  x2  x  
1 1
2
 dx
 
3 2
  x  12 
2
2

1  x 1 
 sin 1  3 2   C
2  2 
1  2x 1 
 sin 1  C
2  3 

sx  t
(7) Integrals of the Form  px 2
 qx  r
dx

d
Step 1: If the numerator is a multiple of
dx
 
px 2  qx  r  2 px  q , we

f ' ( x)
have a standard form  f( x) dx .
Step 2: If it is not in the previous standard form, check whether the
denominator can be factorized. If it can be factorized, use partial
fraction to solve the integral.

Step 3: If the denominator cannot be factorized, write sx  t as

A
d
dx
 
px 2  qx  r  B , where A and B are constants to be
determined. Thus
d
sx  t  px 2  qx  r 
B
 A  dx 2  2
px  qx  r
2
px  qx  r px  qx  r

d
d x

px 2  qx  r 
Step 4: Integrate (to get ln px 2  qx  r );
px  qx  r
2

15
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

1
Step 5: Integrate using the standard form (5) (refer to pg 11).
px  qx  r
2

۞ Example 11
x 1
Find  2 dx .
x  x 1
Solution
d 2
Let x  1  A
dx

x  x 1  B 
 A  2 x  1  B
Equate corresponding coefficients:
 2A  1 1 3
  A , B
 A  B  1 2 2
x 1 1 2x 1 3 1
 x 2  x  1 dx  2  x 2  x  1 d x  2  x 2  x  1 d x
1 3 1
 ln x 2  x  1   2
dx
2 2  1  3
2

x   
 2  2 
 1
 x 
1 3 1 2 C
 ln x 2  x  1    3 tan 1 
2 2 2  3 
 
 2 
1  2x 1 
 ln x 2  x  1  3 tan 1  C
2  3 

(b) Integration using Partial Fraction

۞ Example 12
9 x2
Find  dx
( x  1) 2 ( x  2)

Solution
9x2 A B C
  
( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  2)
2 2

A( x  1)( x  2)  B( x  2)  C ( x  1) 2  9 x 2

16
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

Let x = 1, B = 3.
Let x = -2, C = 4.
By comparing the coefficient of x 2 , A = 5.

Hence
9x2 5 3 4
 ( x  1)2 ( x  2) dx   x  1  ( x  1)2  x  2 dx
3
 5ln | x  1|   4 ln | x  2 | C
x 1

(c) Integration of Modulus Functions

۞ Example 13

5
Find the exact value of  0
x 2  1 dx .
Solution

 x2  1 if x 2  1  0 i.e. x  1 or x  1
x 1  
2

 ( x  1) if x 2  1  0 i.e.  1  x  1
2

x 2  1 dx     x 2  1 dx   x  1 dx
5 1 5

2
Thus,
0 0 1
1 5
 x3   x3 
=    x    x
3 0  3 1
 1   ( 5)  1 
3
=    1    5    1 
3   3  3 
4 2 5
= 
3 3

17
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

   Tutorial 5A

For Questions 1-4, find the integrals:

x x 1 1
1. (i)  dx (ii)  dx (iii)  x ln x dx
1  4 x2 x  2x 1
2 2

1 1 1
(iv)  dx (v)  2 x dx (vi)  dx
x ln 3x e 1 2  e x
1  tan 2 x
(vii)  dx
1  2 tan x

1 1
2. (i)  dx (ii)  dx
2x  4x  5
2
1  12 x  4 x 2
1 1
(iii)  dt (iv)  dx
3  t 2  2t 3  2( x  1) 2
1 1
(v)  2 dx (vi)  dx
x  6x  4 1  2x  x2

2x 1
3. (i)   x  1 x  2  2 x  1 dx (ii)  x 1  x  dx
2

1
(iii)  x  2x 2
 1
dx

2 x 2  x  21 u
4. (i)  dx (ii) u dt
x2  9 2
 u 1

 sec 3  sec 3  tan 3  d  4sin 2 d

2
5. (i) (ii)

  2  tan 2  d  sin 2 sin 4 d

2
(iii) (iv)

1 cosec(ln  ) cot(ln  )
(v)  1  cos 4 d (vi)  
d

6. Find the exact values of the following integrals:

18
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

ln 2 (e x  e x ) 2 3 x3  1 1 1
(i)  0 e2 x
dx (ii)  2 x 1
dx (iii)  0
2  x2
dx

1 x
1 2
(iv)  0 1  x 2 dx (v)  0
x 2  2 x  3 dx

7. (N03/I/3) By sketching the graphs of y  e x and y  e  x , or otherwise,

3
solve the inequality e x  e x  0 . Hence find  4
| e x  e  x | dx , giving your
answer correct to 3 significant figures.

8. (N04/II/3) Write down constants A and B such that, for all values of x,
6 x  16  A(2 x  4)  B
1 6 x  16
Hence find the exact value of  dx .
 2 x  4 x  13
2

9. (N06/I/10) Prove that sin 3  3sin   4sin 3  . (The formulae for sin 2
and cos 2 may be quoted without proof.)
1

Hence, evaluate  0
3
sin 3  d .

3 9x2
10. (N04/I/13) Use partial fractions to evaluate  2 ( x  1) 2 ( x  2)
dx , giving

your answer in an exact form.

1
1
11. (N08/I/5(i)) Find the exact value of  0
3
1  9x2
dx .

19