Integration – MTH0002 – Main Stream – Spring 2023

Lecture Notes (7) – Dr. Fayad Galal

Chapter (3) : The Definite Integral
3.1 The Definite Integral as a Limit to Riemann Sums
Condition for Existence of the Definite Integral :
Theorem (3.1) :
If a function f is continuous on a ,b  , or if f is bounded on
a ,b  and discontinuous at finite number of points (jump or
removable discontinuities) ; i.e. it is piece-wise continuous on
a ,b  , then f is integrable on a ,b  .
(i) f is continuous on a ,b  . (ii) f is bounded on a ,b 
and discontinuous at
finite number of points
(jump or removable
discontinuities) .

b
 f is integrable on a ,b    f  x  dx exists .
a
1
Geometric Meaning of the Definite Integral :
Definition (3.2) :
If f is integrable and f  x   0 on a ,b  , then
b
 f  x  dx  Area under the curv e y  f  x  over a , b  .
a

n b
A  lim  f w k   x k   f  x  dx  Riemann sums
n   k 1
a

2
Remarks :
b b
(1) A   f  x  dx   f  x  d x   A  Net signed ar ea
a a

b b
(2)  f  x  dx (3)  f  x  dx
a a

 Net signed area  A1  Net signed area   A2

b c b
(4)  f  x  d x   f  x  dx   f  x  d x  Net signed area
a a c

 A1  A2

3
Example (1) :
7
Use the graph of the integrand to evaluate  f  x  dx if
2
 4 x2 ,  2  x 0

f x     x  4 , 0 x 3 .
 2 , 3  x 7

Solution

7
I   f  x  dx
2
0 3 7
  4  x 2 dx     x  4  dx    2 dx
2 0 3

 A1  A2  A3
1 4 1  1
  2         
2
 3  4 2   .
4  2  2

4
3.2 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part (1) :
Theorem (3.3) :
x
If f is continuous on a ,b  , then  f t  dt is continuous on
a
a ,b  and differentiable on  a ,b  and its derivative is f  x  :
d x 
      f x  .
f t d t
dx  a 
Proof
x
 Let F  x    f t  d t 1 
a
 Area under the graph of f
from a to x when f is
nonnegative and x  a .

 The derivative of F is
d F x  h   F x 
F  x   F'  x   lim 2 
dx h0 h
Remember that :
f x  h   f x 
* f '  x   lim
h0 h
 F x  h 
 Area under the graph of f
from a to x  h , h  0 .

5
 The difference
F  x  h   F  x   Area of rectangle of width h and
height f  x   h f  x  .

F x  h   F x  h f x 
 lim  lim  f x  3 
h0 h h  0 h

d x 
* From 1  ,  2  and  3    f t  dt   f  x  .
dx  a 
Example (1) :
d x 
Evaluate 
dx  5
ln t 2
 
sec 1
t d t . 

Solution
d x 

dx  5
ln 
t 2
 sec 1
t d t  2 1
  ln x  sec x  .

Using Theorem :
d x 
*       f x 
f t dt
dx  a 

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus , Part (2) :

Theorem (3.4) :
If f is continuous on a ,b  and F is any antiderivative of f ,
then
b
f  x  d x   F  x   a  F b   F  a  .
b

a

6
 Proof
 The fundamental theorem of calculus , part (1) is
d x 
  f t  d t   f  x 
dx  a 
in its differential form , the theorem becomes
x 
d   f t  dt   f  x  dx
a 
 Integrating both sides
x
 f t  d t  F  x   C , F'  f 1 
a
 Let x  a in  1  , yields
a
 f t  d t  0  F a   C  C   F a  2 
a
 From  1  and  2 
x
 f t  d t  F  x   F a  3 
a
 Let x  b in  3  , yields
b
 f t  d t  F b   F  a 
a

b
f  x  d x   F  x   a  F b   F  a  .
b
* Then 
a

7
Properties of the Definite Integral :
Theorem (3.5) :
If f and g are integrable on a ,b  , then
b b b
(i)  f  x  dx   f u  d u   f   d   ... .
a a a
a
(ii)  f  x  dx  0 .
a
b a
(iii)  f  x  dx    f  x  dx .
a b
b b b
(iv)   f  x   g  x   dx   f  x  dx   g  x  dx .
a a a
b b
(v)  k f  x  dx  k  f  x  dx , k is any real number .
a a
b c b
(vi)  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx .
a a c

b b
 u dv  u v    v du .
b
(vii) a
 Integration by Parts
a a

8
Remarks :

d a 
(1)   f t  d t    f  x  .
dx x 
g x  
  f t  d t   f  g  x   . g '  x  .
d
(2)
dx  a 

d  a 
(3)   f t  d t    f  h  x   . h'  x  .
d x h  x  

g x 
d  
f t  d t   f  g  x   . g '  x   f  h  x   . h'  x 
d x  h x 
(4) 
 

g x 
d  
f t  d t   f  g  x   . g '  x   f  h  x   . h'  x 
d x  h x 
(4) 
 
Proof
g x  g x 
d   d  a 
  f t  d t     f t  d t   f t  d t 
dx  h  x   dx  h  x  
 a

Remember that :
b c b b a
*  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx ,  f  x  dx    f  x  dx
a a c a b

d g x  hx  
   f t  d t   f t  dt  1 
dx  a a 
9
 du
 Let u  g  x    g'  x 
dx
g x  u
d d du
 f t  d t   f t  d t .
dx a du a dx
Remember that :
Chain Rule :
* dy dy du
If y  f u  and u  f  x  , then  .
dx du dx
Using Theorem :
d x 
*       f x 
f t dt
dx  a 

 f u  . g '  x   f  g  x   . g'  x  2 
dv
 Similarly Let v  h  x    h'  x 
dx
hx  v
d d dv
 f t  d t   f t  d t .
dx a dv a dx
 f v  . h'  x   f  h  x   . h'  x  3 
* From 1  ,  2  and  3 
g x 
d  
f t  d t   f  g  x   . g '  x   f  h  x   . h'  x  .
d x  h x 

 

10
Example (2) :
d cos x 
  e  tanht d t  .
t 3
Evaluate
dx  x 2 
Solution
d cos x 
  e  tanht d t 
t 3
dx  x 2 
Remember that :
g x 
d  
*   f t  dt   f  g  x   . g'  x   f  h  x   . h'  x 
dx  h  x  


 
3
e cos x  tanh cos x  .   sin x   e x  tanh x 2 .2 x 
3 2


   sin x  e cos x

 tanh cos x  2 x 3
 e x2
 tanh x 6 .

Example (3) :
x
g x  t
Find f '  2  if f  x   e and g  x    dt .
2 1 t 3

Solution
 f  x   e g x   f '  x   e g  x  . g'  x 
 f '  2   e g  2  . g'  2  1 
x 2
t t
 g x    dt  g 2    dt  0 2 
2 1 t 3
2 1 t 3

Remember that :
a
*  f  x  dx  0
a
11
 d x t  x
g'  x  
dx  2 1  t 3
  d t  
 1x
3

Using Theorem :
d x 
*       f x
f t dt
dx  a 
2 2
 g'  2    3 
1  2 
3
9

* From 1  ,  2  and  3 
2  2
f '  2   e g  2  . g'  2   e 0 .    .
9  9

Example (4) :
 ex , x 0

1
Evaluate  f  x  dx if f  x    2 .
1  , x 0
1  x 2
Solution
1
I   f  x  dx
1
0 1
2
  e x dx  
1x 2
dx
1 0

0 1
 e x   2 t an  1 x 
1 0

 e 0  e  1   2 tan  1 1  tan  1 0 

12
 Remember that :

* e 0  1 , tan  1 0  0 , tan  1 1 
4

 1   1 
 1    2   0   1   .
 e 4  e 2

Example (5) :
4
Evaluate  x  2 dx .
0
Solution
 x 2 , x 2 0  x  2
 x 2 
  x  2  , x  2  0  x  2
4
* I  x  2 dx
0
2 4
 2  x dx   x  2 dx
0 2
2 4
 2  x 3/ 2   x  2 3/ 2 
   
  3 / 2  0  3/ 2  2
2 2 8 2
   0  2 3 / 2    2 3 / 2  0   .
3 3 3
13
Example (6) :
1
sinh  1 x
Evaluate  dx .
0 1x 2

Solution
sinh  1 x
 
1 1
1 1 1
I  dx   sinh x . dx
0 1x 2
0 1x 2

 Direct Method
Using Integral :
n 1
 g  x  
 g  x   . g'  x  dx  
n
*  n 1
C , n   1

 
1
  sinh  1 x 
1 2

2   0


  sinh  1 1
1
   
  1  sinh  1 1
 0 
2 2 2
 sinh  1 0
2   2  

1
 
2
 sinh  1 1 .
2
Remember that :
* sinh  1 0  0
Another Method :
1
sinh  1 x
I  dx  Substitution Method
0 1x 2

1
Let u  sinh  1 x  du  dx
1x 2

at x  0  u  sinh  1 0  0
at x  1  u  sinh  1 1
14
 sinh  1 1
1 2 sinh  1 1 1 
  0 
2
  u d u  u   sinh  1 1
0 2 0 2  
1
 
2
 sinh  1 1 .
2

Example (7) :
 /2
cos x
Evaluate  sin 2 x  4 sin x  3 dx .
0
Solution
 /2
cos x
I   sin x  4 sin x  3
2
dx  Substitution Method
0

Let u  sin x  d u  cos x dx

at x  0  u  sin 0  0
 
at x  u  sin 1
2 2
1
1
 2 du  Completing Square Form (A)(i)
0 u  4u  3
1 1
1 1
 du    du
0 u  2   1 0 1  u  2 
2 2

Using Integral :
Modified Standard Forms :
 1  x b 
 tanh  1   C , x b  a
* 1  a  a 
 dx  
a2  x  b   x b 
2
 1
cot h  1 
  C , x b  a
a  a 
15
 x  x 
y  tanh  1   y  coth  1  
a  a 

x a
x a

  cot h  1 u  2   , u  2  1  coth  1  2   coth  1  3 

1
0
Remember that :
1 
* coth  1 x  tanh  1   , x  1
x 

Another Method :
1 1
1 1
I  2 du   du
0 u  4u  3 0 u  1 u  3 
 Integration by Partial Fractions Case (i)
1 A B
 
u  1 u  3  u  1 u  3
 To find the values of A and B  Use Cover-up Method
 1  1  1  1
A   , B     .
u 3  u 1 2 u 1  u 3 2

16
 1 / 2 1 / 2
1

I     du
0 u 1 u 3 
Using Integral :
g'  x 
*  dx  ln g  x   C , g  x   0
g x 
1 1
 ln u  1  ln u  3  0
2
1
  ln 2  ln 4    ln 1  ln 3  
2
Remember that :
If a  0 , b  0 and r   , then
* a 
ln  a b   ln a  ln b , ln    ln a  ln b , ln x r  r ln x , ln 1  0
b 

1 6  3
 ln    ln .
2 4  2
Remember that :
1  x 1 
* coth  1 x  ln   , x 1
2  x 1 

Example (8) :
ln 2
ex ex 1
Evaluate  e 3
x
dx .
0
Solution
ln 2
ex ex 1
I   e 3
x
dx  Substitution Method
0

Let z  ex  dz  e x d x

17
 at x 0  z  e0  1
at x  ln 2  z  e ln 2  2
2
z 1
 dz  Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A)(i)
1 z 3
Letu  z 1  u 2  z  1  2 u du  d z
at z  1  u  0
at z  2  u  1


1
u 1 u2  4  4
2u du  2 

du

0 u 4
2
0 u 4
2

1 1
 4   1 u 
2 1 
 u 2  4  du  2 u  2 tan  
0  2  0
Using Integral :
1 1 x 
*  dx  tan  1    C
a2  x 2 a a 
 

1
 2  1  2 tan  1 
2



 0 2 tan 1
0 


Remember that :
* tan  1 0  0
  1  1 
 2 1  2 tan    .
  2 

18
Example (9) :
e2
ln x
Evaluate  x
dx .
1
Solution

Exp . , Trig . , Hy p . , A lg .
e2 
Log . , Inv .Trig . , Inv . Hy p .
1
I   ln x
x
dx
1
e2
1
  ln x .
 x
dx  Integration by Parts Case (ii)
1 u 

dv
1
Let u  ln x dv  dx
x
1
du  dx v 2 x
x
Remember that :
*  u dv  uv   v du
e2
  e2
1
 ln x 2 x    2 x dx
 u      x

 v 1 1 v
du
e2 e2
1
  2 x ln x   2  dx
1 x
1
2
e e2
  2 x ln x   4  x 
1 1
e2
 2  x  ln x  2  
1

19
  
 2  e 2 ln e 2  2  1  ln 1  2  
 
 2 e  2  2   0  2    4 .

Example (10) :
1
1
Evaluate  ta n x dx .
0
Solution
1 
Log . , Inv .Trig . , Inv . Hyp .

I  tan  1 x dx
0
1
  t an  1x . dx  Integration by Parts Case (ii)
0
 
u dv

Let u  t an  1 x d v  dx
1 1
du  . dx v x
1x 2 x
1
1 1
1 x
  x tan 
x   dx
0 2 0 1x
 Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A)(i)

Let z  x  z2 x  2 z dz  dx
at x 0  z 0
at x 1  z 1


 1

z 2

1 1   1
dz     1 
1 
 dz
4 0 1z2 4 0 1z2 
20
  1 1
   z  tan z 
4 0

 
  1  tan  1 1  0  tan  1 0 
4     
   
  1    1 .
4  4 2

Example (11) :
e / 2 sin  ln x 
Evaluate  x sec 5
 ln x 
dx .
1
Solution
e / 2 sin  ln x 
I   x sec 5
 ln x 
dx  Substitution Method
1
1
Let z  ln x  dz  dx
x
at x 1  z  ln 1  0

at x  e  / 2  z  ln e   /2
 
2
 /2
  cos 5 z sin z d z
0
Power of cos x is 5  Positive integer odd number
 /2
  cos 4 z sin z . cos z d z
0
Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1

21
  /2
 1  sin z 
2
  sin z . cos z d z  Substitution Method
2

0
Let u  sin z  d u  cos z d z
at z 0  u  sin 0  0
 
at z   u  sin 1
2 2

   
1 2 1
  1 u 2
u 1 / 2 du   1  2 u 2  u 4 u 1 / 2 d u
0 0

 
1
  u 1 / 2  2u 5 / 2  u 9 / 2 du
0
1
2 4 2 
  u 3 / 2  u7 / 2  u 11 / 2 
3 7 11 0
2 4 2  64
      0   .
 3 7 11  231

Example (12) :
2
x2
Evaluate  dx .
x 
3/2
0
2
4
Solution
2
x2
I  dx  Trigonometric Substitutions (ii)
x 
3/2
0
2
4
Let x  2 tan  ,      / 2 , / 2 
d x  2 sec 2  d 

22
 at x  0  0  2 tan     tan  1 0  0

at x  2  2  2 tan     t an  1 1 
4
 /4
4 tan 2 
  2 sec 2  d 
4 tan 
3/2
0
2
4
8  /4 tan 2 
sec 2  d 
8 0 t an 2   1

 
3/2

Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x
 /4
tan 2 
  sec 2  d  , sec   1 for      / 2 ,  / 2 
sec 
3
0
 /4  /4  /4
tan 2  sec 2   1
  d   d     sec   cos   d 
0 sec  0 se c  0
 /4
 ln sec   tan   sin   0
   
  ln sec  tan  sin   ln sec 0  tan 0  sin 0 
 4 4 4

  ln 2  1 

1 
2 
 
 ln 1  0  0 
  ln 2  1 
1
2
  .

Example (13) :
 /2
1
Evaluate  cos x  2 sin x  3
dx .
0
Solution
23
  /2
1
I   cos x  2 sin x  3
dx
0
 Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (B)(i)

x 
Let u  tan  
2 
2u 1  u2 2
 sin x  , cos x  , dx  du
1u 2
1u 2
1u 2

at x  0  u  tan 0  0
 
at x  u  tan 1
2 4
1
1 2
 du
1 u 2
 2u  1  u  1  u
2 2
0
2 2 
3 2 
1u 2
 1  u   1  u 
1
2
 du  Completing Square Form (A)(i)
0 2u  4u  4
2

1 1
1 1
 d u   du
u  2u  2 0 u  1   1
2 2
0
Using Integral :
Modified Standard Forms :
* 1 1  x b 
 dx  tan  1   C
a2  x  b   a 
2 a

1 
 tan u  1  
 1   tan 1
2  t an 1
1  tan 1
 
2  .
0 4

24
Example (14) :
1
Find a reduction formula for In   xn x 2  1 dx ,
0
n    1  , hence find I 5 .
Solution
1 1
In   x n
x  1 dx I n   x n  1 . x
2
x 2  1 dx
 

0 0 u dv
 Integration by Parts Case (i)
(See Example (2)(i) – Section 2.2)

1
L et u  xn1 dv  2 x x 2  1 dx
2
1 2
 
3/2
d u   n  1  x n  2 dx v  x 1
3
1
n 1 1 n 2 2
1
  
 
3/2 3/2
In   xn1 x2 1   3  x x 1 dx
3 0 0
1 3 / 2 n 1 1 n 2
 2
3

3 0 x 
x 2  1 x 2  1 dx 
1 3 / 2 n  1 1 n 1 
 2   x x  1 dx   x n  2
2
x 2  1 dx 
3 3 0 0 
2 2 n 1
In    I n  I n  2 
3 3
 n 1  2 2 n 1
I n 1    In 2
 3  3 3

25
  n  2  2 2 n 1
In    In 2   n  2 
 3  3 3

2 2 n 1
In   I n  2 , n    1  .
n2 n2

1
2 2 4
* I 5   x 5 x 2  1 dx   I3
0 7 7
2 2 2
I3   I1
5 5
1
1 1 1
  
1

3/ 2
I 1   2 x x 2  1 dx   x2 1   2 2 1
2 0 3 0 3

4 2 2 2 1 
I5 
2
7
2
 
7  5

5  3
 2 
2 1  .


26
3.3 Some Important Integrals :
(A) Important Integral (3.6) :
 /2  /2
In   sin x dx 
n
 cos n x dx , n    1 
0 0


 n  1  n  3  n  5  ...  if n is an even number
 * 2
n  n  2  n  4  ...  1 if n is an od d number

Proof
 From reduction formula (See Example (4)(i) – Section 2.2)
1 n 1
I n   sin n x dx   sin n  1 x cos x  In 2 , n 
n n
 /2
* Then I n   sin n x dx
0
 /2
 1 n1  n 1
   sin x cos x   In 2
 n 0 n
n1
1    n1  n 1
    sin  cos   sin 0  cos 0   In 2
n   2 2  n
Remember that :
 
* sin0  0 , sin  1 , cos 0  1 , cos 0
2 2
1 n 1
  0 0   In 2
n n
 /2
n 1
In   sin x dx 
n
I n  2 , n    1  1 
0 n

27
 n 3
 Also In 2  In4 2 
n2
* From 1  and  2 
n 1 n 3
In  I ,
n n  2 n4
and so on .
n  1 n  3 n  5 ...  I 0 if n is an ev en number
In  * 
n n  2 n  4 ...  I 1 if n is an odd num ber
 /2  /2
I0   sin x d x  
0
 1 dx
0 0
 /2  
 x  0  0  .
2 2
 /2
 I1   sin 1 x dx
0
 /2   
   cos x  0    cos  cos 0    0  1   1 .
 2 
* Then
/ 2
In   sin n x dx , n    1 
0


 n  1  n  3  n  5  ...  if n is an even number
 * 2
n  n  2  n  4  ...  1 if n is an od d number

 /2
* Similarly for evaluating I n   cos n x dx , n    1  .
0

28
Example (1) :
 /2
Evaluate  sin 10 x dx .
0
Solution
 /2
I   sin 10 x dx  Important Integrals Form (A)
0
Using Integral :
 /2
In   sin n x dx , n    1 
0
*

 n  1  n  3  n  5  ...  if n is an even positive integer number
n  n  2  n  4  ... 2

9 .7 . 5 . 3 . 1  63 
I   .
10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 2 512
Example (2) :
 /2
Evaluate  cos 9 x dx .
0
Solution
 /2
I   cos 9 x dx  Important Integrals Form (A)
0

Using Integral :
 /2
In   cos n x dx , n    1 
0
*

 n  1  n  3  n  5  ... 1 if n is an odd positive integer number
n  n  2  n  4  ...

8 .6 .4 . 2 128
I  1 .
9 .7 . 5 . 3 315
29
Example (3) :
 /2
Deduce a reduction formula for In   cos n x dx ,
0
n    1  , hence find I 8 .
Solution
* First we must deduce a reduction formula for
 /2
In   cos n x dx , n    1 
0
 /2
 cos n  1 x . cos x dx
    Integration by Parts
0 u dv
n1
Let u  cos x  d v  cos x dx
n 2
d u    n  1 cos x  sin x dx v  sin x

 /2  /2
I n  cos n1
x sin x   n  1   cos n  2 x sin 2 x dx
0
0
Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1

 n1 
  n1
  cos  sin  cos 0  sin 0 
 2 2 
 /2
 n  1   
cos n  2 x 1  cos 2 x dx 
0
Remember that :
 
* sin0  0 , sin  1 , cos 0  1 , cos 0
2 2

I n  0  0    n  1   I n  2  I n 
30
I n 1   n  1     n  1  I n  2

n I n  n  1  I n  2  n 
n 1
In  I n  2 , n    1  .
n
 /2
7
* I 8   cos 8 x dx  I 6
0 8
5 3 1
I6  I4 , I4  I2 , I2  I0
6 4 2
 /2  /2
 /2 
I0   cos 0 x dx   1 dx   x  0 
0 0 2
7 5 3 1  35 
I8  . . . .  .
8 6 4 2 2 256

Example (4) :
2
x7
Evaluate  dx .
0 4 x2
Solution
2
x7
I  dx  Trigonometric Substitutions (i)
0 4 x 2

Let x  2 sin  ,      / 2 , / 2 
dx  2 cos  d 
at x  0  0  2 sin     sin  1 0  0
1 
at x  2  2  2 sin     sin 1
2
31
  /2
2 7 sin7 
  2 cos  d 
0 4  4 sin  2

 /2  /2
sin7  sin7 
2 7
 cos  d   2 7
 cos  d 
0 cos  2
0 cos 
 /2
 27  sin7  d  , cos   0 for      / 2 ,  / 2 
0
Using Integral :
 /2
In   sin n x dx , n    1 
0
*

 n  1  n  3  n  5  ... 1 if n is an odd positive integer number
n  n  2  n  4  ...

6 .4 . 2 2048
I  27 1 .
7 .5 .3 35

(B) Important Integral (3.7) :

 /2
Im,n   sin m x cos n x dx , m , n    1 
0


 2 if m even , n even

 m  1  m  3  ...  n  1  n  3  ...  m even , n odd
 * 1 if 
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4  ...  m odd , n ev en
1
 if m odd , n odd
2

32
 Proof
 From reduction formulas (See Example (9) – Section 2.2)
I m , n   sin m x cos n dx

1 m 1
 sin m 1 x cos n 1 x  I m 2 , n , m , n   1 
m n m n

 Also I m , n   sin m x cos n dx

1 n 1
 sin m 1 x cos n 1 x  I m , n 2 , m , n   2 
m n m n

* Then from 1 
 /2
Im,n   sin m x cos n x dx
0
1    /2 m 1
  sin m 1
x cos n 1
x   I m 2 , n
m n   0 m n
m 1 n 1
1      m 1 n 1 
   sin   cos    sin 0  cos 0  
m  n   2  2 
m 1
 I m 2 , n
m n
Remember that :
 
* sin0  0 , sin  1 , cos 0  1 , cos 0
2 2

1  m 1 n 1 m 1 n 1  m  1
  1   0   0   1    I
m n  m  n m 2 , n
m 1
 I m  2 , n , m    1  3 
m n
33
* Then from  2 
/ 2
Im,n   sin m x cos n x dx
0
1 m 1 n 1   / 2 n 1
  sin x cos x  I m , n 2
m n   0 m n
m 1 n 1
1      m 1 n 1 
   sin   cos    sin 0  cos 0  
m  n   2  2 
n 1
 I m , n 2
m n
1  m 1 n 1 m 1 n 1  n 1

    
1 0      
0 1  I m , n 2
m n m n
n 1
 I , n    1  4 
m  n m , n 2
* From  3  and 4 
m 1 n 1
Im,n  I m  2 , n  2 , m , n    1  ,
m n m n 2
and so on .
 I 0 , 1 if m even , n odd

Im,n 
 m  1  m  3  ...  n  1  n  3  ...  I 1 , 0 if m odd , n even
*
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4  ...  I 0 , 0 if m even , n even
I
 1 , 1 if m od d , n od d
 /2  /2
I0 , 1   sin x cos x dx  
0 1
 cos x dx
0 0
 /2 
  sin x  0  sin  sin 0  1  0  1 .
2
34
  /2  /2
I1,0   sin x cos x dx  
1 0
 sin x dx
0 0
 /2   
   cos x  0    cos  cos 0    0  1   1 .
 2 
 /2  /2
 I0 , 0   sin 0 x cos 0 x dx   1 dx
0 0
 /2  
 x  0  0  .
2 2
 /2
 I1,1   sin 1 x cos 1 x dx
0
 /2
  sin x  2  1  
2 
   sin    sin 0 
2
  
 2  0 2   2 
1 1
 1  0   .
2 2
* Then
 /2
Im,n   sin m x cos n x dx , m , n    1 
0


 2 if m even , n even

 m  1  m  3  ...  n  1  n  3  ...  m even , n odd
 * 1 if 
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4  ...  m odd , n ev en
1
 if m odd , n odd
2
35
Example (5) :
 /2
Evaluate  sin 5 x cos 4 x dx .
0
Solution
 /2
I   sin 5 x cos 4 x dx  Important Integrals Form (B)
0
Using Integral :
 /2
Im, n   sin m x cos n x dx , m , n    1 
0
*

 m  1  m  3  ...  n  1  n  3  ... 1 if m is odd , n is ev en
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4  ...
4 .2 .3 .1 8
I  1 .
9 .7 . 5 . 3 315
Example (6) :
 /2
Evaluate  sin 5 x cos 7 x dx .
0
Solution
 /2
I   sin 5 x cos 7 x dx  Important Integrals Form (B)
0
Using Integral :
 /2
Im, n   sin m x cos n x dx , m , n    1 
0
*

 m  1  m  3  ...  n  1  n  3  ... 1
if m is odd , n is odd
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4  ... 2

4 . 2 .6 .4 . 2 1 1
I   .
12 . 10 . 8 . 6 . 4 2 120
36
Example (7) :
a
Evaluate  x4 a 2  x 2 dx .
0
Solution
a
I   x4 a 2  x 2 dx  Trigonometric Substitutions (i)
0
Let x  a sin  ,     / 2 , / 2 
dx  a cos  d 
at x  0  0  a sin   0  sin     sin 1 0  0

at x  a  a  a sin   1  sin     sin 1 1 
2
 /2
I   a 4 sin 4  a 2  a 2 sin 2  a cos  d  ,
0
cos   0 for      / 2 ,  / 2 
Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1
 /2
 a6  sin 4  cos 2  d   Important Integrals Form (B)
0
Using Integral :
/ 2
Im, n   sin m x cos n x dx , m , n    1 
0
*

 m  1  m  3  ...  n  1  n  3  ...  if m is even , n is even
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4  ... 2

3 .1 .1  a6 
I a 6
 .
6 .4 . 2 2 32

37
3.4 Some Important Theorems :
(A) Symmetry Theorem (3.8) :
Let f be integrable on   a , a  .
(i) If f is an even function ; f   x   f  x  , then
a a
 f  x  dx  2  f  x  dx .
a 0

(ii) If f is an odd function ; f   x    f  x  , then

a
 f  x  dx  0 .
a

38
 Proof
a 0 a
* I   f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
a a 0
Remember that :
b c b
*  f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
a a c

 I1  I 2 1 
0
 I1   f  x  dx  Substitution Method
a
Let u x  du   dx
at x   a  u a
at x  0  u 0
0 a
  f   u  du   f   u  du
a 0
Remember that :
b a b b
*   f  x  dx   f  x  dx ,  f  x  dx   f u  du
a b a a
a
I 1   f   x  dx 2 
0

(i) From  2  if f is an even function ; f   x   f  x 

a
I 1   f  x  dx 3 
0
* From 1  and  3 
a 0 a
I   f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
a a 0

39
 a a
  f  x  dx   f  x  d x
0 0
a
 2  f  x  dx .
0

(ii) From  2  if f is an odd function ; f   x    f  x 

a
I1    f  x  dx 4 
0
* From 1  and 4 
a 0 a
I   f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
a a 0
a a
  f  x  dx   f  x  dx  0 .
0 0

Example (1) :
 1x 
1/ 2
Evaluate  cos x ln 
 1 x 
 dx .
1/ 2
Solution
 1x 
1/ 2
I   cos x ln   dx  Symmetry Theorem (A)
1/ 2  1 x 
 1 x 
 Since f   x   cos   x  ln  
 1x 
1
 1x 
 cos x ln  
 1 x 
40
 Remember that :
1
 a  b 
* cos   x   cos x ,      , ln x r  r ln x , r  
b   a 
 1x 
  cos x ln     f x  ,
 1 x 
then f is an odd function , then
Using Symmetry Theorem :
If f is an odd function ; f   x    f  x  , then
* a
 f  x  dx  0
a

 1x 
1/ 2
 cos x ln   dx  0 .
 1 x 
1 / 2

Example (2) :
1
xe x
Evaluate  4  cosh x
dx .
1
Solution
1
xe x
I   4  cosh x
dx  Symmetry Theorem (A)
1

 x  e x
 Since f   x  
4  cosh   x 
x e x
   f x  ,
4  cosh x
Remember that :
*  x  x , cosh   x   cosh x

41
 then f is an odd function , then
Using Symmetry Theorem :
If f is an odd function ; f   x    f  x  , then
* a
 f  x  dx  0
a

1
xe x
 4  cosh x
dx  0 .
1

Example (3) :
1 2
Evaluate  x e x dx .
1
Solution
1
x2
I   x e dx  Symmetry Theorem (A)
1
  x 2
 Since f   x    x e  x e x2
 f x  ,
then f is an even function , then
Using Symmetry Theorem :
If f is an even funct ion ; f   x   f  x  , then
* a a
 f  x  dx  2  f  x  d x
a 0
1 1
x2 2
I 2  x e dx   2 x e x dx
0 0
Remember that :
 x , x 0
* x 
 x , x  0

42
 d x x 1
* x  or *  x dx  x x C
dx x x 2
g x 
* e . g'  x  dx  e g  x   C
1

 e x2 
 e 1  e0  e  1 .
  0

Example (4) :

x  6 x
Evaluate  sin   cos   d x .
4

 2  2
Solution

x  x
I   sin 4   cos 6   dx  Symmetry Theorem (A)
 2  2 
4 6
  x    x 
 Since f   x   sin     cos   2  
  2   
Remember that :
* sin   x    sin x , cos   x   cos x
4 6
  x    x 
   sin    cos   
  2    2 
x  x 
 sin 4   cos 6    f  x  ,
2  2 
then f is an even function , then
Using Symmetry Theorem :
If f is an even funct ion ; f   x   f  x  , then
* a a
 f  x  dx  2  f  x  d x
a 0

43
 
x  x 
I  2  sin 4   cos 6   dx  Substitution Method
0 2  2 
x 1
Let u   du  dx
2 2
at x  0  u  0

at x    u 
2
 /2
2  sin 4 u cos 6 u  2 du 
0
 /2
4  sin 4 u cos 6 u du  Important Integrals Form (B)
0
Using Integral :
/ 2
Im, n   sin m x cos n x dx , m , n    1 
0
*

 m  1  m  3  ...  n  1  n  3  ...  if m is even , n is even
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4  ... 2
3 .1 .5 .3 .1  3
I 4  .
10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 2 128

Example (5) :
 /4
Evaluate  tan 6  2 x  cos 10  2 x  dx .
 /4
Solution
 /4
I   tan 6  2 x  cos 10  2 x  d x  Symmetry Theorem (A)
 /4

Since f   x   t an   2 x   cos   2 x  

6 10


44
 Remember that :
* tan   x    tan x , cos   x   cos x

   tan  2 x  
cos  2 x  
6 10

 tan 6  2 x  cos 10  2 x   f  x  ,
then f is an even function , then
Using Symmetry Theorem :
If f is an even funct ion ; f   x   f  x  , then
* a a
 f  x  dx  2  f  x  d x
a 0
 /4
I 2  tan 6  2 x  cos 10  2 x  dx  Substitution Method
0
Let u  2x  du  2 d x
at x  0  u  0
 
at x   u
4 2
2 /2
 
6 10
tan u cos u du
2 0
 /2
  sin 6 u cos 4 u d u  Important Integrals Form (B)
0
Using Integral :
/ 2
Im, n   sin m x cos n x dx , m , n    1 
0
*
 m  1  m  3  ...  n  1  n  3  ... 
 if m is even , n is even
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4  ... 2
5 .3 .1 .3 .1  3
I   .
10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 2 512
45
(B) Theorem (3.9) :
Let f be integrable on 0 ,a  , then
a a
 f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx .
0 0

Proof
a
* I   f  x  dx  Substitution Method
0
Let u  a x  x  a  u  du   dx
at x 0  u a
at x a  u 0
0 a
  f  a u  d u   f  a u  d u
a 0
Remember that :
b a b b
*   f  x  dx   f  x  dx *  f  x  dx   f u  du
a b a a

a a
* Then  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx .
0 0

46
Remarks :
   
(1)  sin   x   sin . cos x  cos . sin x  cos x
2  2 2
   
 cos   x   cos . cos x  sin . sin x  sin x
2  2 2
(2)  sin    x   sin  . cos x  cos  . sin x  sin x
 cos    x   cos  . cos x  sin  . sin x   cos x

(3)  sin  2   x   sin 2  . cos x  cos 2  . sin x   sin x

 cos  2   x   cos 2  . cos x  sin 2  . sin x  cos x
Remember that :

* sin  1 , sin   0 , sin 2   0
2

* cos  0 , cos    1 , cos 2   1
2

Example (6) :
a
x2
Evaluate  dx .
x  x  a 
2 2
0
Solution
a
x2
I  dx 1   Important Theorems (B)
x  x  a 
2 2
0
Using Theorem :
a a
*  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx
0 0
a
a  x  2
I  dx 2 
0 a  x   x
2 2

47
 Add  1  and  2 
a  x  2  x 2
a
2I  dx  2 
0 a  x   x
2 2

a
1 1 1 a
I   1 dx   x  0a  a  0   .
2 0 2 2 2

Example (7) :
 /2
sin m x
Evaluate  dx , m   .
0 cos x  sin x
m m

Solution
 /2
sin m x
I   dx , m   1 
0 cos x  sin x
m m

 Important Theorems (B)

Using Theorem :
a a
*  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx
0 0

 
 /2 sin m   x 
2 
     
dx
0 cos m   x   sin m   x 
2  2 
Remember that :
   
* sin   x   cos x , cos   x   sin x
2  2 
 /2
cos m x
I   dx 2 
0 sin x  cos x
m m

48
 Add  1  and  2 
 /2
sin m x  cos m x
2I   dx  2 
0 sin x  cos x
m m

1 /2 1  1   
 
2 0
/2
I  1 dx  x 0
  2  0   .
2 2 4

Example (8) :
 /2
sin 3 x
Evaluate  dx .
0 sin x  co s x
Solution
 /2
sin 3 x
I   dx 1   Important Theorems (B)
0 sin x  cos x
Using Theorem :
a a
*  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx
0 0

 
 /2 sin 3   x 
2 
     
dx
0 sin   x   cos   x 
2  2 
Remember that :
   
* sin   x   cos x , cos   x   sin x
2  2 
 /2
cos 3 x
I   dx 2 
0 cos x  sin x
 Add  1  and  2 

49
  /2
sin 3 x  cos 3 x
2I   dx  2 
0 sin x  cos x
Remember that :
*  a 3  b 3    a  b   a 2  ab  b 2 
1  /2  sin x  cos x   sin 2 x  sin x cos x  cos 2 x 
I 
2  sin x  cos x
dx
0
 /2

1
2   sin 2
x  sin x cos x  cos 2 x dx 
0
 /2  /2
1  sin 2 x  1  cos 2 x 

2   1 
2


dx 
2  x 
4 
0 0
1   1   1   1
      0     .
2  2 4   4  4

Example (9) :
 /4
Evaluate  ln  1  tan x  dx .
0
Solution
 /4
I   ln  1  tan x  d x  Important Theorems (B)
0
Using Theorem :
a a
*  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx
0 0
 /4
  
  ln  1  tan   x   dx
 4 
0

50
 Remember that :
tan a  tan b
* tan  a  b  
1  tan a . tan b

  
 /4
 tan  tan x 
4
  ln  1 
  dx
0  1  tan . tan x 
 4 
Remember that :

* tan 1
4
 /4
 1  tan x 1  tan x 
   1  tan x
ln  
1  t an x 
dx
0 
 /4
 2 
  ln   dx
0  1  t an x 
Remember that :
a 
* ln    ln a  ln b , a  0 , b  0
b 
 /4
   ln 2  ln  1  tan x   dx
0
 /4  /4  /4
I   ln 2 dx   ln  1  tan x  dx   ln 2 dx  I
0 0 0
 /4
2 I   ln 2   1 dx  2 
0
 /4
ln 2 ln 2  /4
I   1 d x   x  0
2 0 2
ln 2     ln 2
   0   .
2 4  8
51
Example (10) :

x sin x
Evaluate  1  cos x
2
dx .
0
Solution

x sin x
I  dx 1   Important Theorems (B)
0 1  cos x
2

Using Theorem :
a a
*  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx
0 0

   x  sin    x 
 dx
0 1  cos 2    x 
Remember that :
* sin   x   sin x , cos   x    cos x

   x  sin x
I  dx 2 
0 1  cos x 2

 Add  1  and  2 

 sin x
2I   dx  2 
1  cos x
0
2

  sin x
I   dx  Substitution Method
2 0 1  cos x
2

Let u  cos x  d u   sin x dx

at x  0  u  cos 0  1
at x    u  cos    1
1
 1  1
1

2  1 u 2
d u 
2  1 u 2
du
1 1

52
 Remember that :
b a
*   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
a b

 tan  1 u    tan  1 1  t an  1   1  
1
   1 2  
2
    2
     .
2 4  4  4
Remember that :
 
* tan  1 1  , tan  1   1    , tan  1  0   0
4 4
Another method :
 1
1
I 
2  1u 2
du  Symmetry Theorem (A)
1
1
1
 Since f   u    f u  ,

1   u  1u
2 2

then f is an even function , then

Using Symmetry Theorem :
If f is an even funct ion ; f   x   f  x  , then
* a a
 f  x  dx  2  f  x  d x
a 0

 1
1
I 2
2  1u 2
du
0
1
  tan  1 u    tan  1 1  t an  1 0 
0

  2
  0 .
4  4
53
(C) Theorem (3.10) :
Let f be integrable on 0 , 2 a  .
(i) If f  2 a  x   f  x  , then
2a a
 f  x  dx  2  f  x  dx .
0 0

(ii) If f  2 a  x    f  x  , then
2a
 f  x  dx  0 .
0

Proof
54
 2a a 2a
* I   f  x  dx   f  x  d x   f  x  dx
0 0 a
 I1  I 2 1 
2a
 I2   f  x  dx  Substitution Method
a
Let u  2a x  du   dx
at x a  u a
at x  2a  u 0
0 a
   f  2 a  u  d u   f  2 a  u  du
a 0
Remember that :
b a b b
*   f  x  dx   f  x  dx *  f  x  dx   f u  du
a b a a
a
I 2   f  2 a  x  dx 2 
0

* From 1  and  2  , then

2a a a
I   f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  2 a  x  d x 3 
0 0 0

(i) From  3  if f  2 a  x   f  x  , then

2a a a
I   f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
0 0 0
a
 2  f  x  dx .
0

55
(ii) From  3  if f  2 a  x    f  x  , then
2a a a
I   f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx  0 .
0 0 0
Example (11) :

 sin
3
Evaluate x cos 4 x dx .
0
Solution

I   sin 3 x cos 4 x dx  Important Theorems (C)
0

Since f    x   sin    x   cos    x  

3 4

Remember that :
* sin   x   sin x , cos   x    cos x

  sin x    cos x  4  sin 3 x cos 4 x f x  ,

3

Using Theorem :
2a a
* If f  2 a  x   f  x  , then  f  x  dx  2  f  x  dx
0 0
 /2
then I  2  sin 3 x cos 4 x dx
0
 Important Integrals Form (B)
Using Integral :
/ 2
Im, n   sin m x cos n x dx , m , n    1 
0
*

 m  1  m  3  ...  n  1  n  3  ... 1 if m is odd , n is ev en
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4  ...
2 .3 .1 4
I 2 1 .
7.5 .3 35
56
Example (12) :

Evaluate  sin 4  2 x  cos 6  2 x  dx .

Solution

I   sin 4  2 x  cos 6  2 x  dx  Symmetry Theorem (A)


Since f   x   sin   2 x   cos   2 x  

4 6

Remember that :
* sin   x    sin x , cos   x   cos x

   sin  2 x   cos  2 x  
4 6

 sin 4  2 x  cos 6  2 x   f  x  ,
Using Symmetry Theorem :
If f is an even funct ion ; f   x   f  x  , then
* a a
 f  x  dx  2  f  x  d x
a 0

then f is an even function , then


I  2  sin 4  2 x  cos 6  2 x  d x  Substitution Method
0
Let u  2x  du  2 dx
at x  0  u  0
at x    u  2 
2
2

2  sin 4 u cos 6 u d u  Important Theorems (C)
0

Since f  2   u   sin  2   u   cos  2   u  

4 6


57
 Remember that :
* sin  2   x    sin x , cos  2   x   cos x

   sin u  cos u  6  sin 4 u cos 6 u  f u  ,

4

Using Theorem :
2a a
* If f  2 a  x   f  x  , then  f  x  dx  2  f  x  dx
0 0

then I  2  sin 4 u cos 6 u d u
0
 Important Theorems (C)

Since f    u   sin    u   cos    u  

4 6

Remember that :
* sin   x   sin x , cos   x    cos x

  sin u    cos u  6  sin 4 u cos 6 u  f u  ,

4

Using Theorem :
2a a
* If f  2 a  x   f  x  , then  f  x  dx  2  f  x  dx
0 0
 /2
then I  2  2   sin 4 u cos 6 u du
0
 Important Integrals Form (B)
Using Integral :
/ 2
Im, n   sin m x cos n x dx , m , n    1 
0
*

 m  1  m  3  ...  n  1  n  3  ...  if m is even , n is even
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4  ... 2
3 .1 . 5 . 3 . 1  3
I 4  .
10 . 8 . 6 .4 . 2 2 128
58
Example (13) :

Evaluate  x sin 4 x cos 6 x dx .
0
Solution

I   x sin 4 x cos 6 x dx 1   Important Theorems (B)
0
Using Theorem :
a a
*  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx
0 0

     x  sin 4    x  cos 6    x  d x
0
Remember that :
* sin   x   sin x , cos   x    cos x

I      x  sin 4 x cos 6 x d x 2 
0
 Add  1  and  2 

2I   sin
4
x cos 6 x d x  2 
0


I   sin 
4
x cos 6 x d x Important Theorems (C)
2 0

Since f    x   sin    x   cos    x  

4 6


  sin x    cos x   sin 4 x cos 6 x  f  x  ,

4 6

Using Theorem :
2a a
* If f  2 a  x   f  x  , then  f  x  dx  2  f  x  dx
0 0

59
  /2

then I  2 .
2  sin 4 x cos 6 x dx
0
 Important Integrals Form (B)
Using Integral :
/ 2
Im, n   sin m x cos n x dx , m , n    1 
0
*

 m  1  m  3  ...  n  1  n  3  ...  if m is even , n is even
 m  n  m  n  2  m  n  4  ... 2
3 .1 . 5 . 3 . 1  32
I   .
10 . 8 . 6 .4 . 2 2 512
Example (14) :
 /2
Evaluate  ln  sin x  d x .
0
Solution
 /2
I   ln  sin x  d x 1   Important Theorems (B)
0
Using Theorem :
a a
*  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx
0 0
 /2
  
  ln  sin   x   dx
 2 
0
Remember that :
 
* sin   x   cos x
2 
 /2
I   ln cos x  d x 2 
0
60
 Add  1  and  2 
 /2
2I    ln  sin x   ln cos x   dx
0
 /2
  ln  sin x . cos x  dx  2 
0
1  /2 1 
2 0
I  ln  sin 2 x  dx
 2 
1  / 2  1   /2 
   ln   d x   ln  sin 2 x  dx 
2  0 2  0 
 Substitution Method
Let u  2x  du  2 d x
at x  0  u  0

at x   u 
2
1  /2 1 
    ln 2   x  0   ln  sin u  d u 
2 20 
 ln 2 1 
   ln  sin u  d u
4 40
 Important Theorems (C)
 Since f   u   ln  sin    u    ln  sin u    f u 
Remember that :
* sin   x   sin x
Using Theorem :
2a a
* If f  2 a  x   f  x  , then  f  x  dx  2  f  x  dx
0 0

61
  /2
 ln 2 1 
then I   2    ln  sin u  d u
4 4  0
 ln 2 1
  I
4 2
1  ln 2
I   2 
2 4
 ln 2
I   .
2

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