5 Inte LecSupTut

Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications
5
Integration and Its Applications
Learning Objectives
In this chapter, we will

(a) apply the standard formulae to solve indefinite integral including the
f '(x) 1 1
integration of , sin 2 x , cos 2 x , tan 2 x , 2 , ,
f(x) a x 2
a2  x2
1 1
and 2 ;
a x
2 2
x  a2
(b) solve integration by using a given substitution;
(c) solve integration by parts;
(d) define definite integral as a limit of sum and interpret it as the area
under a curve;
(e) apply anti-derivatives to evaluate definite integral;
(f) find the area of a region bounded by a curve and lines parallel to the
coordinate axes, between a curve and a line, or between two curves;
(g) find area below the x-axis;
(h) find the area under a curve defined parametrically;
(i) find the volume of revolution about the x- or y-axis;
(j) find the numerical value of a definite integral using a graphic calculator;
§ 5.1 Introduction
The first documented systematic technique capable of determining integrals
is the method of exhaustion of Eudoxus (ca. 370 BC), which sought to find
areas and volumes by breaking them up into an infinite number of shapes for
which the area or volume was known. This method was further developed
and employed by Archimedes and used to calculate areas for parabolas and
an approximation to the area of a circle (Figure 1.1).
1
Figure 1.1
(Source: http://personal.bgsu.edu/~carother/pi/Pi3a.html)
Newton and Leibniz

The major advance in integration came in the 17th century with the
independent discovery of the fundamental theorem of
calculus by Newton and Leibniz. The theorem demonstrates a connection
between integration and differentiation. The modern notation for the
indefinite integral was introduced by Gottfried Leibniz in 1675.
(Source: http://yirmumah.com/2008/10/16/will-draw-anything-495-newton-leibniz-calculus-cage-match/ )

§ 5.2 Integration as Anti‐derivative
Definition:
A function F is called an anti-derivative or an indefinite integral of a
d
given function f if F( x)  f ( x) .
dx
2
d 3
For example, since x  3x 2 , we say that x 3 is an anti-derivative of 3x 2 .
dx
Notice that 3x 2 has many anti-derivatives, since x3  1 , x3  2 and x3  1 all

have derivative 3x 2 . Thus in fact, if C is any constant, we have
d 3
( x  C )  3x 2  0  3x 2 .
dx
§ 5.3 Indefinite and Definite Integral
If the given function is f and F is an anti-derivative of f, this can be written as:

 f ( x) dx  F( x)  C .
 Note
Indefinite integration is the reverse process of differentiation, that is

INTEGRATING

f ( x) F( x)  C .

DIFFERENTIATING
Some Properties of Indefinite Integrals:
Let f and g be two functions. Then

(i)  k f ( x)dx  k  f ( x)dx , where k is a real constant.
(ii)  [f ( x)  g( x)]dx   f ( x) dx   g( x) dx .
Definite Integral
The definite integral of f(x) with respect to x with lower limit a and
b
upper limit b is written as  f ( x) dx . It is defined as
a
f ( x) dx  value of  f ( x) dx when x  b  value of  f ( x) dx when x  a

b
 a    
Thus if  f  x  dx  F  x   C , then
 f ( x) dx  F  b   C   F  a   C   F  b   F  a 
b
a
2 2
For example,  1
3 x 2 dx   x3   23  13  8  1  7 .
1
3
 Note
If x, t and u are variables, then  f  x  dx   f  t  dt   f  u  du.
b b b
a a a
Some Properties of Definite Integrals:

a
(i)  a
f ( x) dx  0 .
b a
(ii)  a
f ( x) dx    f ( x) dx .
b
b b
(iii)  a
k f ( x) dx  k  f ( x) dx , where k is a real constant.
a
c b c
(iv)  a
f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx , where a  b  c .
a b
Evaluating definite integrals using TI84+
In this section, we would explore the usage of the graphic calculator to

evaluate the definite integrals.
۞ Example 1
π
Evaluate the integral  0
x sin x dx using a graphic calculator.
We can make use of the graphic calculator by doing the following steps:
 Ensure that you have the correct mode

(FUNC mode).
 Press 2ND QUIT to return to Home Screen.
 Press ALPHA WINDOW and then select option

4: fnInt( .
 Key the expression into the calculator as

shown on the right, using the arrow keys to
move to the different sections.
 Press ENTER and the result will be given.
 Note
Graphing Calculator (G.C.) only gives you the approximate (or numerical)
value of the definite integral. If the question asks explicitly for EXACT
answer, you cannot use G.C.
4
§ 5.4 Techniques of Integration
In this section, we would learn the following five major techniques of

integration.
(A) Integration using Standard Forms

(B) Integration using Partial Fraction
(C) Integration of Modulus Functions
(D) Integration by Substitution
(E) Integration by Parts
(a) Integration using Standard Forms
(1) Polynomial Functions
Let n be a constant  n  1

n 1
x n 1  f  x  
  f  x   f '  x  dx  
n
x n
d x  C and C
n 1 n 1
۞ Example 2
Find
1 x
 3  
2
(i)  x dx (ii) x dx
 t  2t 
7
 1  2 x 
3
(iii) dx (iv) 2 3
 1 dt
Solution
1 x
(i)  1  2 x  dx
3
(ii)  dx
x
1
 1  2 x   2  dx
3
=  1 x 
2     dx
 x x
1 1  2 x 
4
=  C   12 1

2 4    x  x 2  dx
 
1 2x
4
= C 1 1
 1 1 12 1
8  1 x 2 1 x C
 2 1 2 1
1
2 32
= 2x 2  x C
3
5
   
7
 t 2t  1 dt
2 2 3
(iii) 3 x dx (iv)
  9  6  1
   2t  1  6t  dt
7
x  x dx 3 2
6
6 32 1 2 1 1
 
7 1
 9x  1 x  x C   2t 3  1  C
2 1 2 6 7 1
1
 
3 8
1 2  2t 3  1  C
 9x  4x 2  x C 48
2

Let f  t   2t 3  1
then f '  t   6t 2

f ' x
(2) Fractions of the Form
f  x
1 1
 x dx  ln x  C and  f  x  f '  x  dx  ln f  x  C
Proof :
 ln f  x  if f  x  0
ln f  x   
ln  f  x   if f  x  0
 f ' x
 if f  x  0
d  f  x f ' x
 ln f  x     
dx  
 f '  x  if f  x
f  x  0
 f  x 

f ' x
 dx  ln f  x   C
f  x
۞ Example 3
Find
1 x 1
(i)  1  3x dx (ii) x 2
 2x  6
dx
1
(iii)  t ln t dt (iv)  cot  d
6
Solution
1 x 1
(i) 
1  3x
dx (ii) x
 2x  6
2
dx
1 3 1 2x  2
  2 dx
 
3 1  3 x
dx
2 x  2x  6
1 1
  ln 1  3x  C  ln x 2  2 x  6  C
3 2

1
(iii)  t ln t dt (iv)  cot x dx
1 cos x
 dx
  t dt sin x
ln t  ln sin x  C
 ln ln t  C
Given in MF15

(3) Exponential Functions
e dx  e x  C e f '( x) dx  ef ( x )  C
f ( x)
(a) x
and
1 x 1 f ( x)
a dx  a C a f '( x) dx  a C
f ( x)
(b) x
and
ln a ln a

۞ Example 4
Find
 e dx  xe dx
2
2 x 1 x
(i) (ii)
ex
 e x  e x dx 3
1 x
(iii) (iv) dx
Solution
(i)  e 2 x 1dx  xe dx
2
x
(ii)
1 2 x 1 1
e  2  dx  2 x  dx
2 2 
 x2
  e
1 1 2
 e 2 x 1  C   e x  C
2 2
7
ex
(iii)  x  x dx  3 dx
1 x
(iv)
e e
ex ex    3  1 dx
1 x
  x  x  x dx
e e e 1 1 x
e 2x  3 C
  2x dx ln 3
e 1
1 2e 2 x a x  eln a  e x ln a
x
  2x dx
2 e 1 Thus,
1 x (1 x )ln 3
1  3 dx   e dx
 ln e 2 x  1  C
2 1 (1 x )ln 3
 e 
1 ln 3
 ln(e 2 x  1)  C
2 31 x
 C
ln 3
(4) Trigonometric Functions
Type 1: Integrals of Standard Trigonometric Functions
1.  sin x dx   cos x  C  f '  x  sin f  x  dx   cos f  x   C

2.  cos x dx  sin x  C  f '  x  cos f  x  dx  sin f  x   C
3. *  tan x dx  ln sec x  C  f '  x  tan f  x  dx  ln sec f  x   C
4. *  cot x dx  ln sin x  C  f '  x  cot f  x  dx  ln sin f  x   C
5. *
cosec x dx  f '  x  cosec f  x  dx
  ln cosec x  cot x  C   ln cosec  f  x    cot f  x    C
6. *
sec x dx  f '  x  sec f  x  dx
 ln sec x  tan x  C  ln sec f  x    tan f  x    C
 sec x dx  tan x  C  f '  x  sec f  x  dx  tan f  x   C

2 2
7.
 f '( x)cosec f  x  dx   cot f  x   C

2
 cosec x dx   cot x  C
2
8.
8
 f '( x) sec f  x  tan f  x  dx

9.  sec x tan x dx  sec x  C  sec f  x    C
10.
 cosec x cot x dx  f '( x)cosec f  x  cot f  x  dx
 cosec x  C  cosec f  x    C
Note that the basic formulae with asterisks(*) are given in MF15 (but in a
slightly different format).
۞ Example 5
Find
 π
 cos  2 x  3  dx  x sin  x  dx
2
(i) (ii)
Solution
 π
(i)  cos  2 x   dx
 x sin  x  dx
2
 3 (ii)
1  π 1
  cos  2 x    2  dx
2  3

2
 
sin x 2  2 x  dx
1
1  π
 sin  2 x    C  
  cos x 2  C
2
2  3
Type 2:  sin(mx) sin(nx) dx or  sin(mx) cos(nx) dx or  cos(mx)

cos(nx) dx
Use the following identities to transform the product to sum or difference:

1 1
1 sin P  sin Q  2sin  P  Q  cos  P  Q 
2 2
1 1
 2  sin P  sin Q  2 cos  P  Q  sin  P  Q 
2 2 Given in MF15
1 1
 3 cos P  cos Q  2 cos  P  Q  cos  P  Q 
2 2
1 1
 4  cos P  cos Q  2sin  P  Q  sin  P  Q 
2 2
9
۞ Example 6
Find
(i)  cos3x cos x dx (ii)  cos4t sin t dt
Solution
1
 i   cos 3x cos x dx    cos 4 x  cos 2 x  dx
2
11 1 
  sin 4 x  sin 2 x   C
24 2 
1
 ii   cos 4t sin t dt    sin 5t  sin 3t  dt
2
1 1 1 
   cos 5t  cos 3t   C
2 5 3 
 Note
When m and n are equal, we have  sin 2 nx dx or  cos 2 nx dx

or  sin nx cos nx dx . For the first two types, we will introduce the method in
the next part. For  sin nx cos nx dx , we can use the identity
1
sin 2 A  2sin A cos A (given in MF15) and change it to  sin 2nx dx .
2
Type 3:  sin2 x dx or  cos2 x dx or  tan2 x dx
Use the following identities :

cos 2 x  1  2sin 2 x 1  cos 2 x
Given in MF15 cos 2 x 
cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  1 2
1  tan 2 x  sec2 x 1  cos 2 x
sin 2 x 
2
۞ Example 7
Find
 cos 3x dx   2 tan 2 x  1 dx
2 2
(i) (ii)
Solution
10
 cos
2
(i) 3 x dx
  2 tan 2 x  1 dx
2
1 (ii)
  1  cos 6 x  dx
2    2  sec 2 2 x  1  1 dx
1 1 
  x  sin 6 x   C
2 6     2sec 2 2 x  3 dx
1 1  tan 2 x  3x  C
 x  sin 6 x  C
2 12
1
(5) Integrals of the Form  px 2
 qx  r
dx
 q r
Step 1: Re-write the denominator as p  x 2  x   .
 p p
 q r
Step 2: Complete the square for p  x 2  x   .
 p p
Step 3: Apply one of the following formulae, which are found in MF15
(note that some formulae may be presented in a different way). For each of
the formulae, a denotes a positive constant.
1 1 x
(i) x 2
a 2
dx  tan 1    C
a a
1 1 xa
(ii) x 2
a 2
dx  ln
2a x  a
C
1 1 ax
(iii)  dx  ln C
a x 22
2a a  x
To derive formula (i), refer to substitution method (to be discussed later) or

the use of implicit differentiation as shown below. To derive formulae (ii) &
(iii), refer to partial fractions method.
Derivation of formula (i)
11
x
Let y  tan 1  
a
x
then tan y  .
a
Differentiating both sides with respect to x,
dy 1

sec 2 y
dx a
dy 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a
   2      
dx a sec y a 1  tan y  a 
2
x
2 2
x x  a2
2
1   a
a a
1 1 x
 dx  tan 1    C
x a
2 2
a a
۞ Example 8
1
Evaluate  dx
3  4 x2
Solution
1 1 1 1
 3  4 x 2 dx   3 2  dx  4   2 dx
4  x  3
 x
2
4  
 2 
1 1  x
  tan 1  3   C
4 3  
 2 
2
1  2x 
 tan 1  C
2 3  3
۞ Example 9
1
Find  2 dx .
x  6x  5
Solution
1 1
 x 2  6 x  5 dx    x  3  2  2 2 d x
1 x 3 2 1 x 5
 ln  C  ln C
2  2 x  3  2 4 x 1
12
Alternative method:
1 1
1 1
  4  4 (by partial fractions)
x 2  6 x  5  x  5  x  1 x  5 x  1

1 1 1 1 1
x 2
 6x  5
dx  
4 x5
dx  
4 x 1
dx
1 1
 ln x  5  ln x  1  C
4 4
1 x5
 ln C
4 x 1
1 1 xa
Derivation of the Formula x 2
a 2
dx  ln
2a x  a
 C (refer to pg 11)
Proof:
1 1 1  1 1 
  
x a
2 2
 x  a  x  a  2a  x  a x  a 

1 1  1 1 
x 2
a 2
dx    
2a  x  a x  a 
 dx
1

2a
 ln x  a  ln x  a   C
1 xa
 ln C
2a x  a
1  xa
ln    C if x  a
2a  x  a 
1 1 ax
(Proof is similar for  2 dx  ln  C .)
a x 2
2a a  x
1
(6) Integrals of the Form  px  qx  r
2
dx where p < 0
 q r
Step 1: Re-write the quadratic expression as p  x 2  x   .
 p p
 q r
 p p
Step 3: Apply the following formula, which is found in MF15.
13
1 x
 a2  x2
dx  sin 1    C ,
a
x a
Derivation of the above formula

x x
y  sin 1    sin y 
a a
dy 1
Differentiating with respect to x, cos y 
dx a
dy 1 1 1 1    
        y   cos y  0 
dx a cos y a 1  sin y 
2 2 2 
1 1 1
 
a x
2
a2  x2
1  
a
d  1  x   1
 sin    
dx   a  a2  x2
1 x
 dx  sin 1    C
a2  x2 a
۞ Example 10
Find
1 1
(i)  dx (ii)  dx
x  2x2 8  4 x  4 x2
Solution
1 1
i   dx   dx
x  2 x2  x
2  x 2  
 2
1 1
  dx
2   x  
1 2
4
1 2
4
1  x 1 
 sin 1  1 4   C
2  4 
1
 sin 1  4 x  1  C
2
14
1 1
 ii   dx   dx
8  4 x  4 x2 
4 2 x x 2

1 1
  dx
2 2  x2  x  
1 1
2
 dx
 
3 2
  x  12 
2
2
1  x 1 
 sin 1  3 2   C
2  2 
1  2x 1 
 sin 1  C
2  3 
sx  t
(7) Integrals of the Form  px 2
 qx  r
dx
d
Step 1: If the numerator is a multiple of
dx
 
px 2  qx  r  2 px  q , we
f ' ( x)
have a standard form  f( x) dx .
Step 2: If it is not in the previous standard form, check whether the
denominator can be factorized. If it can be factorized, use partial
fraction to solve the integral.
Step 3: If the denominator cannot be factorized, write sx  t as

A
d
dx
 
px 2  qx  r  B , where A and B are constants to be
determined. Thus
d
sx  t  px 2  qx  r 
B
 A  dx 2  2
px  qx  r
2
px  qx  r px  qx  r
d
d x

px 2  qx  r 
Step 4: Integrate (to get ln px 2  qx  r );
px  qx  r
2
15
1
Step 5: Integrate using the standard form (5) (refer to pg 11).
px  qx  r
2
۞ Example 11
x 1
Find  2 dx .
x  x 1
Solution
d 2
Let x  1  A
dx

x  x 1  B 
 A  2 x  1  B
Equate corresponding coefficients:
 2A  1 1 3
  A , B
 A  B  1 2 2
x 1 1 2x 1 3 1
 x 2  x  1 dx  2  x 2  x  1 d x  2  x 2  x  1 d x
1 3 1
 ln x 2  x  1   2
dx
2 2  1  3
2
x   
 2  2 
 1
 x 
1 3 1 2 C
 ln x 2  x  1    3 tan 1 
2 2 2  3 
 
 2 
1  2x 1 
 ln x 2  x  1  3 tan 1  C
2  3 
(b) Integration using Partial Fraction
۞ Example 12
9 x2
Find  dx
( x  1) 2 ( x  2)
Solution
9x2 A B C
  
( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  2)
2 2
A( x  1)( x  2)  B( x  2)  C ( x  1) 2  9 x 2
16
Let x = 1, B = 3.
Let x = -2, C = 4.
By comparing the coefficient of x 2 , A = 5.
Hence
9x2 5 3 4
 ( x  1)2 ( x  2) dx   x  1  ( x  1)2  x  2 dx
3
 5ln | x  1|   4 ln | x  2 | C
x 1
(c) Integration of Modulus Functions
۞ Example 13
5
Find the exact value of  0
x 2  1 dx .
Solution
 x2  1 if x 2  1  0 i.e. x  1 or x  1
x 1  
2
 ( x  1) if x 2  1  0 i.e.  1  x  1
2
x 2  1 dx     x 2  1 dx   x  1 dx
5 1 5

2
Thus,
0 0 1
1 5
 x3   x3 
=    x    x
3 0  3 1
 1   ( 5)  1 
3
=    1    5    1 
3   3  3 
4 2 5
= 
3 3
17
 Tutorial 5A
For Questions 1-4, find the integrals:
x x 1 1
1. (i)  dx (ii)  dx (iii)  x ln x dx
1  4 x2 x  2x 1
2 2
1 1 1
(iv)  dx (v)  2 x dx (vi)  dx
x ln 3x e 1 2  e x
1  tan 2 x
(vii)  dx
1  2 tan x
1 1
2. (i)  dx (ii)  dx
2x  4x  5
2
1  12 x  4 x 2
1 1
(iii)  dt (iv)  dx
3  t 2  2t 3  2( x  1) 2
1 1
(v)  2 dx (vi)  dx
x  6x  4 1  2x  x2
2x 1
3. (i)   x  1 x  2  2 x  1 dx (ii)  x 1  x  dx
2
1
(iii)  x  2x 2
 1
dx
2 x 2  x  21 u
4. (i)  dx (ii) u dt
x2  9 2
 u 1
 sec 3  sec 3  tan 3  d  4sin 2 d

2
5. (i) (ii)
  2  tan 2  d  sin 2 sin 4 d

2
(iii) (iv)
1 cosec(ln  ) cot(ln  )
(v)  1  cos 4 d (vi)  
d
6. Find the exact values of the following integrals:
18
ln 2 (e x  e x ) 2 3 x3  1 1 1
(i)  0 e2 x
dx (ii)  2 x 1
dx (iii)  0
2  x2
dx
1 x
1 2
(iv)  0 1  x 2 dx (v)  0
x 2  2 x  3 dx
7. (N03/I/3) By sketching the graphs of y  e x and y  e  x , or otherwise,

3
solve the inequality e x  e x  0 . Hence find  4
| e x  e  x | dx , giving your
answer correct to 3 significant figures.
8. (N04/II/3) Write down constants A and B such that, for all values of x,
6 x  16  A(2 x  4)  B
1 6 x  16
Hence find the exact value of  dx .
 2 x  4 x  13
2
9. (N06/I/10) Prove that sin 3  3sin   4sin 3  . (The formulae for sin 2
and cos 2 may be quoted without proof.)
1

Hence, evaluate  0
3
sin 3  d .
3 9x2
10. (N04/I/13) Use partial fractions to evaluate  2 ( x  1) 2 ( x  2)
dx , giving
your answer in an exact form.
1
1
11. (N08/I/5(i)) Find the exact value of  0
3
1  9x2
dx .
19
Answers
1 1 1
1 (i) ln 1  4 x 2  C (ii) ln x 2  2 x  1  C (iii) ln ln x  C
8 2 2
1 e2 x  1 1
(iv) ln ln 3 x  C (v) ln 2 x  C (vi) ln 2e x  1  C
2 e 2
1
(vii) ln 1  2 tan x  C
2
6  6  1 1  10 
2 (i) tan 1  ( x  1)   C (ii) sin  (2 x  3)   C
6  3  2  10 
 t 1  6  6 
(iii) sin 1  C (iv) tan 1   x  1  C
 2  6  3 
13 x  3  13 2 2  x 1
(v) ln C (vi) ln C
26 x  3  13 4 2  x 1
2 x 1
3 (i) ln x  1  2 ln x  2  ln 2 x  1   C (ii) ln  C
9 1 x x
1
(iii) ln x  ln  2 x 2  1  C
2
1 x
4 (i) 2 x  ln( x 2  9)  tan 1    C
2 3
1 3  3 
(ii) ln u 2  u  1  tan 1  (2u  1)   C
2 3  3 
1 1 sin 4 1
5 (i) tan 3  sec 3  C (ii) 2  C (iii) 3  tan 2  C
3 3 2 2
1 1 1
(iv)  sin 6  sin 2  C (v) tan 2  C (vi) cosec(ln  )  C
12 4 4
33 29 π π 1
6 (i) ln 2  (ii) (iii) (iv)  ln 2 (v) 4
64 6 4 4 2
 5
7 x > 0, 70.8 (3.s.f.) 8 A=3, B=4, 3ln 2  9
3 24
3 
10  4 ln 5  3ln 2 11
2 9
20
(d) Integration by Substitution
Generally, to find an integral  f ( x)dx by means of a given

substitution x  h  u  ,
dx
Step 1: find  h '(u ) ,
du
dx
Step 2: write  f  x  d x   f  h  u  
du   f  h  u   h '  u  du ,
du
Step 3: perform the integration with respect to the new variable u.
For indefinite integrals, convert the result back in terms of the
original variable x.
 Note
b
For definite integrals  f ( x)dx , the limits a and b refer to the value of x.
a
Hence, if we change the variable from x to u, the limits will not be a and b
anymore. We need to find the values of u that correspond to the given
values of x before doing step 2.
۞ Example 14
1 1 x
Derive the formula a 2
x 2
dx  tan 1    C by means of the
a a
substitution x  a tan  .
Proof
dx
x  a tan    a sec 2   dx  a sec2  d
d
1 1
 a 2  x2 dx   a 2  a 2 tan 2  a sec  d
2
1
 2 a sec2  d
a 1  tan  
2
1
 a sec 2  d
a sec 2 
2
1 1  x
  d     C where   tan 1  
a a a
1 x
 tan 1    C
a a
21
۞ Example 15
Using the given substitutions, find

1
e x e tan 2 x
(i)  dx (let u  x ) (ii)  dx (let u = tan-1 2x)
x 1  4x 2
1
(iii)  dx (let x  2sin  )
x 4  x2
2
Solution
 i  Given u x  ii  Let u  tan 1 2 x

du 1 1 du 2 2
   
dx 2 x 2u dx 1   2 x  1  4 x 2
2
e x
eu 1 1
 x
dx   2u du
u e
tan 1 2 x
1  4x 2
dx   eu du
2
 2 eu du 1
 eu  C
2
 2eu  C
1 1
 e tan 2 x  C
 2e x  C 2
 iii  Given x  2sin 
dx
 2 cos   dx  2 cos  d
d
π π
When x  2,   ; When x  3,  
4 3
π
3 1 1
 2
x2 4 x 2
dx   π3
4 4sin  4  4sin 
2 2
2 cos  d
π
1
  π3 2 cos  d
4 4sin  2 cos 
2
1 π3
  π cosec  d
2
4 4
π
1
   cot   π3
4 4
1 1  3 3
   1 
4 3  12
22
 Note
Parts (i), (ii) can be solved using one of the following standard forms:
f  x
 e f '( x) dx  e  C
f ( x)
۞ Example 16
Use the substitution x  cos  to find the exact value of

 sin 
 2
 /2 1  cos 
d .
Solution
dx 1
  sin   d   dx
d sin 
when    , x  cos   1,
 
when   , x  cos  0,
2 2
 sin 
 
2 1  cos 
2
d
-1 sin  1
 ( ) dx
0 1 x 2
sin 
-1 1
 dx
0 1  x2
 [tan 1 ( x)]01
 [tan 1 ( x)]01

 0  ( )
4


4
(e) Integration by Parts
In differential calculus, we have the product rule which states that

 uv   u    v   where u and v are functions of x .
d dv du
dx  dx   dx 
Integrating both sides of the equation with respect to x, we obtain
23
d  dv   du 
 dx  uv  dx   u  dx  dx   v  dx  dx
 dv   du   dv   du 
 uv   u   dx   v   dx   u  dx  dx  u v   v  dx  dx
 dx   dx 
We can re-write it as:  u v 'dx  u v   u ' v dx
Advice on choosing u
Remembering the acronym LIATE helps in deciding the order of priority.
L I A T E
Logarithmic Inverse Trigo. Algebraic Trigonometric Exponential
In short, u should be the factor that is more difficult to integrate.
۞ Example 17
π
Find (i)  x ln x dx
3
(ii)  x cos 3 x dx
2
0
Solution
(i) Referring to 'LIATE', we take

u  ln x and v '  x 3
du 1 x4
Then u '   and v   x 3dx 
dx x 4
Using  uv 'dx  uv   u ' v dx
 x4   1   x4 
 x 3
ln x dx   ln x          dx
 4   x  4 
1 1
 x 4 ln x   x3dx
4 4
1 4 1  x4  1 1
 x ln x     C  x 4 ln x  x 4  C
4 4 4  4 16
24
sin 3 x
 ii  Take u  x and v '  cos 3 x , then u' = 1 and v =
3
π
π
  sin 3x   2 π
 sin 3 x 
 x cos 3x dx   x     0 1 
  dx
2 2
0
  3 0  3 
π
π  1  1  cos 3x  2
     
2 3 3 3  0
π 1 3π 
   cos  cos 0 
6 9 2 
π 1
 
6 9

۞ Example 18
2
Find (i) 
1
ln x dx (ii)  tan 1 2 x dx
Solution
(i) Express ln x as  ln x 1 ,

then, referring to 'LIATE', we take u  ln x and v '  1
du 1
Then u '   and v   1dx  x
dx x
2 1 
ln x dx  ln x  x  1      x  dx  2 ln 2   x 1  2 ln 2  1
2 2

2
1 1
x
25
2
 ii  Take u  tan 1 2 x and v '  1 , then u' = and v = x
1  4 x2
2
 tan
1
2 x dx  tan 1 2 x  x     x  dx
1 2x
2
1 1

 x tan 1 2 x  
4 1  4x2
 8 x  dx
1
 
 x tan 1 2 x  ln 1  4 x 2  C
4
1
   
 x tan 1 2 x  ln 1  4 x 2  C [1  4 x 2  0]
4
Repeated Use
Sometimes we have to use integration by parts more than once to obtain an
answer.
۞ Example 19
Find (i)  x 2 e3 x dx (ii)  e 2 x cos x dx
Solution
2e 
3x
e3 x
(i)  x 2 3x
e dx  x   
  2 x  dx Let u  x 2 and v '  e3 x
 3  3
e3 x
   
3x
1 2 Then u ' 2 x and v e dx
 x 2 e3 x   x e3 x dx 3
3 3
1 2 3x 2
3 3
 
 x e    x  e3 x dx [ Let u1  x, v1 '  e3 x ]
1 2   e3 x  e3 x 
 x 2 e3 x   x    1 dx 
3 3  3  3 
1 2 3 x 2   e3 x  e3 x 
 x e  x   C
3 3  3  9 
1 2 2 
 e3 x  x 2  x    C
3 9 27 
26
 ii  I    cos x   e2 x  dx [Let u  cos x, v '  e 2 x ]

 e2 x   e2 x 
  cos x    
   sin x    dx
 2   2 
1 1
 e 2 x cos x    sin x  e 2 x dx [Let u  sin x, v '  e 2 x ]
2 2
1 1  e2 x   e2 x  
 e 2 x cos x   sin x    
 cos x    dx 
2 2  2   2  
1 1 1
 e 2 x cos x  e 2 x sin x  I  C '
2 4 4
1 1 2x 1 2x
I  I  e cos x  e sin x  C '
4 2 4
 4  1 1  4
 I     e 2 x cos x  e 2 x sin x   C '
 5  2 4  5
1
 e 2 x  2 cos x  sin x   C
5
 Note
1. Integration by parts can be applied to integrate
(i) a product of two functions of which at least one of them is
directly integrable. (Example 17)
(ii) inverse trigonometric functions and logarithmic functions.
(Example 18)
2. Not all integrands that are products of two terms need to be integrated
  x e  dx ,  sin 3 cos 2 d
x2
by parts, for example, (using standard
formula).

27
 Tutorial 5B
1. (a) Using the given substitutions, find the following integrals.

cot 2 x
(i)  x dx (use u  x )
x 1
(ii)  x 2  1 dx (use x  tan  )
1
(iii)  e x  1 dx (use u  e  1 )
x
(b) Using the given substitutions, evaluate the following integrals, giving
your answer in exact form whenever possible.
1 1
(i)  dx (use u  3 x )
0
1 x 3
3 x
(ii)  dx (use u  2 x  1 )
 2 x  1
1 3
1
(iii)  x 1  x  dx (use x  sin 2  )
0
2. Using integration by parts, find the following integrals.

(i)  x3x dx (ii)  x 4 ln x 4 dx (iii)  x cosec 2 x dx
tan 1 x
(iv)  sin x dx
1
(v)  dx (vi)  e3 x cos 5 x dx
x2
(vii)  sec3 x dx
2 1 π
3. Find the exact value of (i)  ln x dx (ii)  x cos 2 x dx
1 x3 0
d x2
(b)  xe x dx .
2
4. (N02/I/6) (i) Write down (a) (e ),
dx
1

2
(ii) Find x 3 e x dx .
0
5. (N05/I/3) (i) State the derivative of sin( x 2 ) .

x
3
(ii) Find cos( x 2 )dx .
28
6. (N03/I/6) Use the substitution x  tan  to find the exact value of
1 1  x2
 0 (1  x 2 )2 dx
7. (N01/I/15)
3 11
(a) Use the fact that 7 cos x  4sin x  (cos x  sin x)  (cos x  sin x) to
2 2
find the exact value of
1
 7 cos x  4sin x
 0
2
cos x  sin x
dx
e
(b) Use integration by parts to find the exact value of  1
(ln x) 2 dx .
1 1
(c) Using the substitution x 
y
, or otherwise, find x ( x 2  1)
dx .
P( x)
8. (N05/I/14(Either)) The indefinite integral x3
1
dx , where P(x) is a
polynomial in x, is denoted by I.
(i) Find I when P( x)  x 2 .

(ii) By writing x3  1  ( x  1)( x 2  Ax  B) , where A and B are constants,
find I when (a) P( x)  x 2  x  1 , (b) P( x)  x  1
(iii)Using the results of parts (i) and (ii), or otherwise, find I when P(x)=1.
e
9. (N08/I/5 (ii)) Find, in terms of n and e,  1
x n ln xdx , when n  1 .
10. (N98/I/Q18(b)) If x  4 cos 2   7 sin 2  , show that 7  x  3cos 2  , and

find a similar expression for x  4 . By using the substitution
7 1
x  4 cos 2   7 sin 2  , evaluate  dx .
4
 x  4  7  x 
29
Answers
1(i) 2 cot x  2 x  C (ii) x 2  1  ln x  x 2  1  C

3
(iii) x  ln(1  e x )  C (iv) 3ln 2 
2
8 π
(v) (vi)
25 8
1 1 4 5 4
2(i) x3 x  3x  C (ii) x ln x  x 5  C
ln 3 (ln 3) 2 5 25
1
(iii)  x cot x  ln sin x  C (iv) x sin x  (1  x 2 )1/ 2  C
1 tan 1 x
(v) ln | x |  ln(1  x 2 )  C
2 x
3 3x 5
(vi) e cos 5 x  e3 x sin 5 x  C
34 34
1
(vii) (sec x tan x  ln sec x  tan x )  C
2
3 ln 2 π2
3(i)  (ii)
16 8 4
2 1 2
4(i) (a) 2 xe x (b) e x  C (ii) 0.5
2
1 2
5(i) 2 x cos( x 2 ) (ii) [ x sin( x 2 )  cos( x 2 )]  C
2
6 0.5
3 1
7 (a) (b) e – 2 (c)  sin 1  C
4 x
1
8 (i) ln | x 3  1| C
3
2 2 1
(ii) (a) ln | x  1| C (b) tan 1 (x  )  C
3 3 2
1 1 1 2 1
(c) ln | x  1|  ln | x 2  x  1|  tan 1 (x  )  C
3 6 3 3 2
n 1
ne  1
9 10 
(n  1) 2
30
Supplementary Exercises: Techniques of Integration

1. (HCI06/H2 Promo/7)
d  1 x  1
(i) Show that tan 1   . [3]
 1 x  1  x
2
dx
 1 x 
(ii) Hence evaluate  tan 1   dx . [3]
 1 x 
2. (HCI06/H2 Promo/9) By means of the substitution y  k cos x , where k

is a positive constant to be determined, evaluate the integral
1
y2
 0 1  4 y 2 dy , giving your answer in exact form.
2 [7]
1
3. (PJC06/H2 Promo/16) (a) Find  3  4 x2
dx . [3]
 x tan  x  dx .
1 2
(b) Find [3]
1
(c) Using the substitution, u  3  e x , find  3e x
dx . [5]
4. (RJC06/H2 Promo/13)
(a) Show that x 2  4 x  20 can be expressed in the form  x  A   B ,
2
where A and B are constants to be determined. Hence find

1
 x 2  4 x  20 dx . [3]
2
(b) Find  4 xe 2 x dx . [1]
x e
2
3 2x
Hence find dx . [3]
1 1
(c) By means of the substitution x 
u2
, find x x 1
dx . [5]
5. (TJC06/H2 Promo/1) Find the integrals

1
 1  x 
 1
2
(a) 2 esin x dx , [2]
x 5
(b) x 2
 16
dx . [3]
31
6. (TJC06/H2 Promo/2)
(i) By expressing sec3  as the product of sec 2  and sec , use

4
2 1
integration by parts to show that  sec3  d   ln( 2  1) .
0
2 2
[5]
(ii) By using the substitution x  3tan  , find the exact value of
3

0
x 2  9 dx . [3]
3 A Bx
7. (CJC06/H2 Promo/1) Express (x – 1)(x2 + 2) in the form x – 1 + x2 + 2 +
C
x + 2 where A, B and C are constants to be found. Hence or otherwise
2
3
find  (x – 1)(x2 + 2) dx. [6]
8. (ACJC06/H2 Promo/2)
1 e2 x 1
By first showing that
1  e2 x
 1 
1  e2 x
, find
 1  e2 x
dx . [3]
9. (ACJC06/H2 Promo/14) Find

(i)  sin 3 x cos3 x dx [4]
2 x
(ii)
 5  3x2  2 x
dx [5]
10. (NJC06/H2 Promo/8)

π
e6
(a) Find exactly  1
cos  ln x  dx . [5]
3 x3  12 x 2  11x  8 A 3x  4
(b) Given that   , find the
 x  1
2
x 2
 2  x  1
2
 x2  2
value of the constant A. Hence, evaluate
3 x 3  12 x 2  11x  8
  x  1
2
x 2
 2
dx . [5]
32
11. (AJC06/H2 Promo/10) (i) By writing x  A(1  x )  B , where A and B

are constants to be determined, prove that
1
 0
4
x
1 x
dx 
1
12
16  9 3 .
1
(ii) Hence, find the exact value of  0
4
 
x sin 1 x dx . [8]
33
Answers:
1  1 x  1 1 
1
1 x 2
; x tan 1 
 1 x  2

  ln 1  x  C
2
 2 k ;
2 32
1 1 2 x x2 1 1 ex
3 (a) sin  C , (b) tan 1 ( x 2 )  ln 1  x 4  C , (c) ln C
2 3 2 4 3 3  ex
1  x2 2 x2 1 2 x2
4 A  2, B  16 ; tan 1    c bi) e  c ii) e (2 x 2  1)  c
4  4  8
 1 
c) 2sin 1  c
 x
1 1 5 x  2 1 
5 esin x
 C ; ln x 2  16  tan 1  C 6 9  ln( 2  1) 
2 4 4  2 2 
1 –x –1 1 2 1 –1 x
7 x – 1 + x2 + 2 + x2 + 2 ; ln |x–1| – 2 ln (x +2) – 2 tan +c
2
e2 x 1 1
8 1 or ; x  ln 1  e 2 x  c
1 e 2x
1 e 2x
2
1 4 1
9 sin x  sin 6 x  c or
4 6
1 1 1 5  3x  1 
 cos 4 x  cos 6 x  c ; 5  3x 2  2 x  sin 1  c
4 6 3 3 3  4 
1 π6 1 2 3 4 x
10 e ( 3  1)  ; 2,  ln( x 2  2)  tan 1 ( )  c
4 2 x 1 2 2 2
11
1
72

  32  18 3 
34
§ 5.5 Applications of Integration
(a) The Definite Integral and Area
(1) Definite Integral as the Limit of a Sum
Consider finding the area of the region enclosed by the curve y = f(x), the x-
axis and the lines x  a and x  b , where f(x) is a continous real function
such that f ( x)  0 for a  x  b .
y T
y  f(x)
W
Q yn
P
R δAi
y1 y2 yi
δx δx δx δx
L S
0 a M N b
x
Let A be the area under the curve y = f(x), from x = a to b (i.e., RLST). Divide
the area A into many rectangular strips of equal width, e.g. MNQW. Let
the width of each strip be δx .
Let δAi be the area of a typical strip MNQW. Then, δAi  yi δx and the
required area A can now be found by summing the areas of all the strips from
x = a to x = b.
Thus we have A  δA1  δA1  δA2  ...  δAn

= sum of area of n rectangles, each with width δx from x =
a to x = b.
= ( y1  y2  ...  yn )δx
As δx  0 , the approximation becomes more accurate. Thus we obtain

A  lim  y1  y2    yn δx   y dx, where y  f ( x) .
b
 x0 a
(Area under a curve is the limit of a sum of the areas of rectangles.)
35
lim  y1  y2    yn δx   y dx is defined by German Mathematician

b
 x 0 a
Bernhard Riemann and hence the integration that we are learning now is also
called Riemann Integral.
۞ Example 20
The diagram shows part of the graph of y  x 2 with rectangles of equal
width approximating the area under the curve between x  0 and x  1 .
6
Show that the total area of the four rectangles shown is square units. In
25
general, when the x-axis between x  0 and x  1 is divided into n equal
parts, the area under the curve may be approximated by the total area, A, of
1
(n  1) rectangles each of width . Given that
n
1 (n  1)(2n  1)
12  22    n 2  n(n  1)(2n  1), show that A  and
6 6n 2
1
explain how the exact value of  0
x 2 dx may be deduced from this
expression.
y
1 x
0 5
3
1
5
Solution
Area of 4 rectangles  15  15   15  52   15  53   15  54 
2 2 2 2
1 2

125

1  22  32  42 
6
 units 2
25
36
1
Total area of  n  1 rectangles of width ,
n
2 2 2 2
11 12 13 1  n 1 
A            
nn nn nn n n 
1
 3 12  22  32     n  1 
2
n  
1  n  1 n  2n  1

n3 6

 n  1 2n  1
6n 2
1
 0
x 2 dx  Area under the curve, y  x 2 between x  0 and x  1
 1 
 lim  sum of the area of  n  1 rectangles of width , A 
n 
 n 
  n  1 2n  1 
 lim  
n 
 6n 2 
1

3
(2) Area of a Planar Surface
(i) Area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and the lines x = a and
x=b
Let A denote the area of the region required.
Case 1: The curve y  f  x  between x  a and x  b is above the x-axis, i.e.
f  x  0 .
b
Then A   y dx.
a
y  f ( x)
a b x
37
Case 2: The curve y  f  x  between x  a and x  b is below the x-axis, i.e.

f  x  0 .
b b
Then A   a
y dx    y dx.
a
a b
x
y  f ( x)
Case 3: The part of the curve y  f  x  between x  a and x  c is above

the x-axis, and the part of the curve between x  c and x  b is
c b
below the x-axis, i.e.  a
y dx  0 and  c
y dx  0 .
y  f ( x)
b
a c x
Let A1 be the area of the shaded region between x  a and x  c .

Let A2 be the area of the shaded region between x  c and x  b .
Then
c b c b
A = A1  A2   a
y dx   c
y dx   a
y dx   y dx .
c
There are two methods to calculate the area under a graph using graphic
calculator. Both methods are shown in Example 20.
۞ Example 21
Find the area of the regions bounded by the curve y  x( x  2)( x  1) and the
x-axis,
(a) correct to 3 decimal places.
(b) giving your answer in exact form
Solution
38
(a) Method 1: Consider the areas above and below the x-axis separately.
0 2
Area of region =  1
x( x  2)( x  1) dx  
0
x( x  2)( x  1) dx
= 0.41666667 + 2.666667 = 3.083 units 2 (3 d.p.)
Method 2: Use the function abs( which can be found by pressing ALPHA
WINDOW 1 to make ‘negative areas’ become positive. Sketch the graph of
y  x( x  2)( x  1) and find the area under this graph from x  1 to x  2 .
Note that we can also press ALPHA WINDOW 4 to choose fnInt( to find the
definite integral of a function. However using this method will not enable us
to see the graph. Therefore, always ‘make the graph positive’ by using the
function abs(.
 Note
If we calculate the required area without considering the area above and
below the x-axis separately, we will key in ‘Lower Limit’ as –1 and ‘Upper
Limit’ as 2 after Step (4) and obtain the answer –2.25, which is incorrect.
0 2
(b) Area of region =  1
x( x  2)( x  1) dx   0
x( x  2)( x  1) dx
0 2
=  -1
x 3  x 2  2 x dx   0
x 3  x 2  2 x dx
x 4 x3 x 4 x3
= [   x 2 ] 0-1  [   x 2 ] 20
4 3 4 3
1 1 8
= (   1)  4   4
4 3 3
5 8
= 
12 3
37
=
12
(ii) Area bounded by the curve x = g(y), the y-axis and the lines y = p
and y = q
39
Case 1: The curve between y  p and y  q is on the right of the y-axis, i.e.
q
 p
x dy  0 .
q Let A be the area of the shaded

region shown on the left.
x  g( y )
Then
p
q
A   x dy
p
Case 2: The curve between y  p and y  q is on the left of the y-axis, i.e.
q
 p
x dy  0 .
q Let A be the area of the shaded

region shown on the left. Then
x  g( y ) q q
p A  p
x dy    x d y .
p
Case 3: The part of the curve between y  p and y  e is on the left of the
y-axis and the part of the curve between y  e and y  q is on the
e q
right of the y-axis, i.e.  p
x dy  0 and  e
x dy  0 .
q
e x  g( y )
Let A1 be the area of the shaded region between y  p and y  e .

Let A2 be the area of the shaded region between y  e and y  q .
Then
e q e q
A1  A2   p
x dy   e
x dy    x dy   x dy .
p e
۞ Example 22
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y 2  a  x , and the y-axis
in terms of a, where a is a positive constant.
40
Solution
Let A denote the area of the region required. By letting a = 1 (or any other
positive constant), we can use the graphic calculator to obtain the shape of
the graph.
Method 1 (integrate with respect to y -axis):
When x = 0, y   a .
a
 a  y  dy 2 ay  13 y3 
a a a
A x dy  2  x dy  2  2
 a 0 0
0
3

    1  4
3
 2 a a  a  0   a 2 units 2
 3  3
Method 2 (integrate with respect to x-axis):
When y = 0, x = a.
a
  1  1 
a  x dx 2    1   a  x  2 
1
A  2  y dx  2 
a a
0 0
  2 1   0
a
4 3
 4 32
    a  x    a units 2
2
3 0 3
(iii) Area bounded by two curves
Let A be the area enclosed by the curves y = f(x), y = g(x) , and the lines
x  a and x  b .
41
If f  x   g  x  for all x in [a, b] , then A is the area of the shaded region

shown on the right.
y
y  f ( x)
Area bounded by y = f(x), y = g(x), x =
a, and x = b
b b
  f ( x) dx   g( x) dx
a a
=   f ( x)  g( x)  dx
b
a y  g( x)
x
a b
Similarly, if A is the area enclosed by the curves x = f(y)

and x = g(y), and the lines y  p and y  q , then
y
Area bounded by x = f(y), x = g(y), y = q
p, and y = q x  g( y )
q q
  f ( y ) dy   g( y ) dy
p p x  f ( y)
   f ( y )  g( y )  dy
q
p
p
۞ Example 23
Find an expression in terms of integrals for the area of the shaded regions
bounded by the two curves y  f ( x) and y  g( x) shown below.
A1 y  g( x)
A2
a b c
y  f ( x)
42
Solution
Let A1 and A2 denote the areas of the shaded regions.
A1   f  x   g  x   dx
b
A2   g  x   f  x   dx
c
A1  A2   f  x   g  x   dx   g  x   f  x   dx
b c
a b
۞ Example 24
Find the exact area of the region bounded by the two curves y  6 x  x 2 and
y  x 2  2x .
Solution
From G.C., the two curves y  6 x  x 2 and y  x 2  2 x intersect when

x  0 or 4 .
Alternatively,
6 x  x 2  x 2  2 x  2 x  x  4   0  x  0 or 4
Area of the region bounded by the two curves
4
 1  64
     
4 4
=   6 x  x 2  x 2  2 x  dx  2  4 x  x 2 dx  2  2 x 2  x 3   units 2
0 0
 3 0 3
43
(iv) Area under a curve given by parametric equations
We know that the area under a curve can be given by

A   y dx or A   x dy .
If the equation of the curve is expressed in parametric form, say x  f (t ) ,

y  g(t ) , then
dx
A   y dx   g  t  dt   g  t  f '  t  d t
dt
dy
or A   x dy   f  t 
dt   f  t  g '  t  d t .
dt
This is similar to the method of integration by substitution. For definite
integrals, we will also need to find the values of t that correspond to the
given values of x and/or y.
۞ Example 25
An arc of the curve is called a cycloid if its parametric equations are given by
x  a (t  sin t ) , y  a(1  cos t ) for 0  t  2π . Prove that the area of the
region enclosed by the curve and the x-axis is 3πa 2 , where a is a given
positive constant.
Solution
Use G.C. to obtain the shape of the curve (by letting a = 1 or any positive
constant).
dx
x  a  t  sin t    a 1  cos t   dx  a 1  cos t  dt
dt
When y = 0, a(1  cos t )  0  cos t  1  t  0 or 2π
t  0  x  0, y  0 ; t  2π  x  2πa, y  0
44
2πa
The required area =  y dx
0
2π
 a 1  cos t   a 1  cos t  dt 
0
1  2 cos t  cos t  dt
2π
 a2  2
0
2π  1 
 a2  1  2 cos t  2  cos 2t  1  dt
0
 
2π
1 3 
 a  sin 2t  2sin t  t 
2
4 2 0
 3πa 2  shown 
(b) Volumes of Revolution
(1) Rotation about the x-axis

When the region R bounded by the curve y  f ( x) , the x-axis and the lines
x  a and x  b is rotated through 360 about the x-axis, the solid as shown
below is obtained. Our aim is to find a formula for the volume V of the solid.
y  f ( x)
Solid
R a b
a b
We divide the region R into n strips, each of width δx , as shown in the

diagram below. Each strip is regarded as a rectangle. When each rectangle is
rotated through 360 about the x-axis, we get a circular disc. There are n
such circular discs in the solid and we use the total volume of these n discs to
help us find the volume V of the solid.
45
a b
y  f ( x)
f ( xk )  yk
 
kth
a  x1 x2 x3 xk xk 1 xn x n  1  b
di
δx
kth rectangle
Let δ Vk denote the volume of the kth disc (see diagram above). Then
δ Vk  π yk 2 δx and the total volume of the n discs is
δ V1  δ V2    δ Vn  π y δx  π y2 δx    π yn δx .
1
2 2 2
When we use an infinite number of discs and find the total volume of these
discs, we will obtain the volume V of the solid. We write this as
V  lim  δ V1  δ V2    δ Vn 
n 
 lim  π y12 δx  π y2 2 δx    π yn 2 δx 
n 
 lim  π y12  π y2 2    π yn 2  δx   π y 2 dx
b
n  a
Thus,
b
volume of revolution about the x-axis = π  y 2 dx .
a
(2) Rotation about the y-axis
When the region R bounded by the curve x  g( y ) , the y-axis and the lines
y  p and y  q is rotated through 360 about the y-axis, we get the solid
as shown below.
46
q
q
R x  g( y )
x
p
y
p
disc
Using the circular disc above with a method similar to that used in the
previous part, we have
q
volume of revolution about the y-axis = π  x 2 dy .
p
۞ Example 26
The curve C is given by y  x . Find the exact value of the volume of the
solid formed by rotating
(i) the region S enclosed by C , the x-axis and the line x = 4, through 4
right angles about the x-axis;
(ii) the region T enclosed by C , the y-axis and the line y  2 , through 4
right angles about the y-axis, correct to 3 decimal places.
Solution
(i) When the region S is rotated about the x-axis, the volume generated
4
4 4 1 
Vx  π  y 2 dx  π  x dx  π  x 2   8π units3
0 0
2 0
47
(ii) When the region T is rotated about the y-axis, the volume generated
2 2
Vy  π  x 2 dy  π  y 4 dy  20.106 units3
0 0
(3) Rotation of region bounded by f(x) and g(x) about the x-axis
Let f and g be two functions defined on the interval [a, b] with

f ( x)  g( x)  0 for each x in [a, b]. Let R be the region bounded by
y  f ( x) , y  g( x) and the lines x  a and x  b . The volume of revolution
obtained by rotating the region R through 360 about the x-axis is given by
V  π   f ( x)  dx  π   g( x)  dx
b 2 b 2
a a
y y
y  f ( x) y  f ( x)
y  g( x) y  g( x)
a b x a b x
۞ Example 27
The diagram shows the region R , which is bounded by the y-axis, the line
1
y  3 and part of the curve y  x 2  1 lying in the first quadrant.
2
y
3
R
1
2 x
0
Find the volume of the solid formed when R is rotated through 2π radians
about the x-axis. Give your answer in terms of π .
48
Solution
1 2 1
When y = 3, 3  x  1  x 2  2  x 2  4  x  2 or  2(reject).
2 2
2
2 1  2
Volume generated  π  3 dx  π   x 2  1 d x
2
0 2
0
 
2 1 
 π  32   2   π   x 4  x 2  1 dx
0 4
 
2
1 1 
 18π  π  x5  x3  x 
 20 3 0
176
 π units3
15
۞ Example 28
a
Using the substitution x  a sin  , find  0
a 2  x 2 dx in terms of a . Hence
find the area enclosed by the curves x 2  y 2  4 and 4 x 2  y 2  16 for
which y  0 . If this area is rotated through π radians about the y-axis, find
the volume of the solid formed in terms of π .
Solution
dx
x  a sin    a cos   dx  a cos  d
d
π
x  0    0; x  a    [always choose  within the principal range]
2
π
a 2   a sin   a cos  d
a
 a 2  x 2 dx  
2
2
0 0
π
 a 2  2 cos 2  d
0
π
1
 a2  2
 cos 2  1 d
0 2
π
a2 1 2 πa 2
  2 sin 2    
2 0 4
49
4  x 2  16  4 x 2
4  x 2  16  4 x 2
3x 2  12
x  2
Area required
 2  16  4 x 2  4  x 2  dx
2
0  
 2  2 4  x 2  4  x 2  dx
2
0  
2
 2 4  x 2 dx  2π units 2
0
Volume required
4 2
 π  x22 dy  π  x12 dy
0 0
16  y 2
dy  π   4  y 2  dy
4 2
 π
0 4 0
4 2
π y3   y3 
 16 y    π  4 y  
4 3 0  3 0
16
 π units3
3
۞ Example 29 (J91/I/18 modified)
The equation x 2  y 2  1 represents the circle with centre at the origin and
radius 1 unit. By considering an appropriate region of this circle, or
1 π
otherwise, show that  1  x 2 dx  .
0 4
The diagram shows the circle with equation x 2  ( y  1) 2  1 , and the region
R which is bounded by the circle, the x-axis, and the line x  1 .
50
R
O 1
(i) Show that the volume of the solid formed when R is rotated through
2π radians about the x-axis may be expressed as
1
π   2  x 2  2 1  x 2  dx .
0 
(ii) Hence find the volume, giving your answer in terms of π .
(iii) Find the volume of the solid formed when R is rotated through 2π
radians about the y-axis. Give your answer in terms of π .
Solution
x2  y 2  1  y   1  x2
1 1 
 0 1  x dx  4  Area of unit circle   4 (shown)
2
(i) x 2   y  1  1  y  1  1  x 2
2
Volume generated about x -axis
 
1 2
 π  1  1  x 2 dx
0
 π  1  2 1  x 2  1  x 2   dx  π   2  x 2  2 1  x 2  dx (shown)
1 1
0  0 
(ii) Volume generated  π   2  x 2  dx  2π 

1 1
1  x 2 dx
0 0
1
 1  π π
 π  2 x  x 3   2π    10  3π  units3
 3 0 4 6
51
(iii) Volume generated about y -axis

1
 Volume of cylinder  π  1   y  1 dy
0
 2

 π(1) 2 (1)  π    y 2  2 y dy
1
0
1
 y3  2 1
 π  π    y 2   π  π    π units3
 3 0 3 3
۞ Example 30
An arc of the curve is called a cycloid if its parametric equations are given by
x  a (t  sin t ) , y  a (1  cos t ) for 0  t  2π . Find the volume of revolution
when the region enclosed by the curve and the x-axis is rotated through 2π
radians about the x-axis.
Solution
Use G.C. to obtain the shape of the curve (by letting a = 1 or any positive
constant).
dx
x  a  t  sin t    a 1  cos t   dx  a 1  cos t  dt
dt
When y = 0, a(1  cos t )  0  cos t  1  t  0 or 2π
t  0  x  0, y  0 ; t  2π  x  2πa, y  0
2 a
required volume    y 2 dx
0
2
 a 2 (1  cos t ) 2 a (1  cos t )dt
0
2
 a 3  (1  cos t )3 dt
0
 49.3a 3 unit 3
52
 Tutorial 5C
1
1. The diagram shows part of the graph y  between x  0 and x  1 .
1 x
The 4 rectangles drawn under the curve are of equal width, and their total
area is an approximation to the area under the curve from x = 0 to x  1 .
Calculate this approximation, giving 2 significant figures in your answer.
y
1
y
1 x
0 1 x
When there are n rectangles of equal width under the curve between
x  0 to x = 1, find an expression for their total area. Deduce that
 1 1 1 
lim      ln 2 .
n  n  1
 n2 n  n 
2. (N96/I/18) y
O n–1 n x
1
The diagram shows a sketch of the graph of y  . By considering
x
the shaded rectangle and the area of the region between the graph and x-
axis for n  1  x  n , where n  1 , show that
1
n

 2 n  n 1 .
1 1 1
Deduce that 1    2 n.
2 3 n
53
Show also that

1
n

 2 n 1  n . 
1 1 1
Deduce that 1     2 n 1  2 .
2 3 n
1 1 1
Hence find a value of N for which 1      1000 .
2 3 N
Areas and volumes involving parametric equations
3. (PJC/07/1/Q8) A curve has parametric equations x  1  2sin  ,

π π
y  cos  , where     .
2 2
(i) Sketch the curve, labeling clearly the intercepts with the x-axis.
(ii) Find the exact area of the region bounded by the curve, the x-axis,
the y-axis and the line x = 2.
1
4. A curve has parametric equations x  , y  2t , where t is a non-zero
t2
parameter.
(i) Sketch the curve.
The region R is bounded by the curve and the lines x = 4 and x = 16.
(ii) Find the area of R.

1 1

4
(iii) Find the exact value of dt . Hence find the volume of the solid
1
2 t
generated when the region R is rotated through π radians about

the x-axis.
Areas and volumes
6x
5. (N04/I/10) The function f is defined for x  0 by f : x  .
x3
(i) Find f '(x).
(ii) State the range of f.
(iii) Sketch the curve y = f(x) and state the equation of its asymptote.
(iv) Find the area of the finite region bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-
axis and the line x = 6. Giving your answer in an exact form.
54
6. (RJC06/H2 Promo/7)
(i) Sketch, on the same diagram, the graphs of
1 x2
x 2  y 2  9 and y  e . 4
(ii) The finite region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves
1 x2
x 2  y 2  9, y  e 4 , the xaxis and the yaxis is denoted by R.
(a) Shade the region R.
(b) Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed when R is
rotated through 2π radians about the x-axis.
7. (J84/I/7) Given that R is the finite region enclosed by the two graphs of
y  x 2 and y  2  x 2 . Calculate
(i) the area of the region R,
(ii) the volume of the solid generated when the region R is rotated
through π radians about the y-axis.
1

8. A curve C has equation y  (4  x ) for  1  x  1 . The region R is
2 2
enclosed by C, the x-axis and the lines x  1 and x  1.

(i) Find the exact value of the area of R.
(ii) Find the exact value of the volume generated when R is rotated
through four right angles about the x-axis.
(iii) Show that the volume generated when R is rotated through two
right angles about the y-axis is π(4  2 3) .
9. (N02/I/14OR) O is the origin and A is the point on the curve

1
y  tan x where x   .
3
(i) Calculate the area of region R enclosed by the arc OA, the x-axis
1
and the line x   , giving your answer in an exact form.
3
(ii) The region S is enclosed by the arc OA, the y-axis and the line
y  3 . Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed when S
is rotated through 360o about the x-axis, giving your answer in an
exact form.
3
(iii) Find 
0
tan 1 ydy
55
10. N08/II/2
The diagram shows the curve C with equation y 2  x 1  x . The region

enclosed by C is denoted by R.
(i) Write down an integral that gives the area of R, and evaluate this
integral numerically.
(ii) The part of R above the x-axis is rotated through 2  radians about
the x-axis. by using the substitution u = 1 – x, or otherwise, find
the exact value of the volume obtained.
(iii) Find the exact coordinate of the maximum point of C.
11. N08/I/1
The diagram shows the curve with equation y  x 2 . The area of the region
bounded by the curve, the lines x=1, x=2 and the x-axis is equal to the area of
the region bounded by the curve, the lines y=a, y=4 and the y-axis, where a<4.
Find the value of a.
56
Answers
1 0.63
3 π
3 (i) Intercepts with x-axis: (–1, 0) , (3, 0) (ii) 
2 3
4 (ii) 16 (iii) 8π ln 2
18
5 (i) (ii) 0  f( x)  6 (iii) y = 6 (iv) 18(2 – ln3)
( x  3) 2
6 22.7
2
7 (i) 2 (ii) π
3
π π
8 (i) (ii) ln 3
3 2
 
9 (i) ln2 (ii) (4  3 3) (iii)  ln 2
3 3
4 2
10 (i) 0.999 (ii)  (iii) x 
15 3
11 a=2.73
57
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES ON INTEGRATION & ITS

APPLICATIONS
1. (VJC/07/C2BT1/12)
58
2. (CJC/07C2BT1/10)
The diagram shows the graph of y = x2 for 0  x  1. Rectangles, each of
1 n n
width n , are drawn as shown. Given that  r2 = 6 (n + 1)(2n + 1),
r=1
1
show that the total area A of all n rectangles is given by A = 6n2 (n +
1)(2n + 1). [2]
.....
1 2 3 1 x
n n n
1
Rectangles, each of width n , are now drawn below the curve as shown.
.....
1 2 3 1 x
n n n
Show that the total area B of all these rectangles is given by
1
B = 6n2 (n – 1)(2n – 1). [1]
Using integration, obtain the values of
lim A and lim B. [2]
n n
59
3. (PJC06/H2 Promo/10b) The curve L is defined by the parametric

equations
x  et , y t 2.
Find the area of the region enclosed by the curve L, the x-axis and the
lines x = e and x = e3. [4]
4. (CJC07/C2BT1/9)
The region R is bounded by the curves y = x , y = 2 – x and the x–
axis as shown.
Find the exact values of
(i) the area of R . [3]
(ii) the volume of the solid obtained when R is rotated through 2
radians about the x–axis. [3]
(iii) the volume of the solid obtained when R is rotated through 2
radians about the y–axis. [3]
5. (HCI06/H2 Promo/13)
1
Sketch the graph of y   1 , showing clearly all asymptotes. [2]
( x  2) 2
3
The region R is bounded by x -axis and the curve from x  0 to x  .
2
(i) Find the exact value of the area of R . [3]
(ii) The region R is rotated 2 radians about the y-axis. Find the
volume of the solid generated, giving your answer correct to 3
decimal places. [4]
6. (NJC06/H2 Promo/10)
(a) The region S, is enclosed by the x-axis and the curve given by the
parametric equations
60
3 1
x  1  t  2 , y  1  t  2 where 0  t  1 .
Find the exact area of S.
a2π

a
(You may use the result: a 2  x 2 dx  , a    ). [4]
0 4
1
 x  2 4
(b) The region R is bounded by the curve y    , the line x  2
 4 x 
and the line y  1 . By using the substitution x  2 1  cos 2   , or
otherwise, find the exact volume of the solid generated when R is
rotated through four right angles about the x-axis. [6]
7. (TJC06/H2 Promo/12)
Figure I
P (a, b)
x2 y2
(i) Figure I shows the graphs of x 2  y 2  9 and   1 . By
42 22
finding the coordinates of the point P, show that the area of the
a  1 
shaded portion, A1 , is given by A1 
0  
9  x2 
2
16  x 2  dx ,

where a is a constant to be determined to 3 decimal places.
Find the value of A1 , giving your answer correct to 3 decimal places.
[4]
Figure II
P (a, b)
61
x2 y2
(ii) Figure II shows the graphs of x 2  y 2  9 and   1 with the
42 22
area of shaded portion given by A2 . Find the value of A2 , giving
your answer to 3 decimal places. [2]
Figure III
P (a, b)
(iii) Hence, find the shaded area in Figure III, giving your answer
to 3 decimal places. [2]
(iv) Find the volume of the solid generated when the shaded
region in Figure III is rotated through  radians about the x-
axis. [4]
8. (AJC06/H2 Promo/12) The diagram shows the region R bounded by the

3e x
curve C with equation y  and the line y  3 . M is a point of
3e x  2
intersection of C and
the line y  3 . y
3e x
y
3e x  2
M y3
R
62
2 0 x
ln
3
(i) Find the exact value of the x-coordinate of the point M. [2]
(ii) Show that the area of the region R is 3ln 2  2 . [3]
(iii) Find the exact volume of the solid generated when R is rotated
through 2 about the x-axis. (You may consider the use of the
substitution u  e x .) [6]
9. (SRJC06/H2 Promo/10)
(a) Differentiate tan 1 ( x3 ) with respect to x and hence, or otherwise,
find
2 1 3
 x tan ( x ) dx . [4]
(b) The area of the region bounded by the curve y  ln x and the lines
y  1 and x  2 is denoted by R.
y y = ln x
1
R y=1
x
1 2
x=2
(i)Find the exact area of the region R. [6]
(ii)
Show that the exact volume of the solid formed when R is rotated
 e2 
360° about the y-axis is    6  4 ln 2  . [5]
 2 
 
10. (SRJC07/C2BT/15)
x
On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y  e 2 and x   y  2   1 ,
2
indicating clearly the points of intersection. [3]
63
x
(i) Find the area of the region R bounded by the two curves y  e 2 and
x   y  2  1 .
2
[3]
(ii) Find the volume of the solid generated when R is rotated through
2  radians about the y-axis. [Give your answers to 3 significant
figures.] [3]
11. (RJC07/C2BT1/3)
1
The region R, in the first quadrant, is bounded by the curves y  ,
x
x2 y2 1
  1 , the x-axis and the line x  .
3 5 2
(i) Draw a sketch showing the region R, stating the coordinates of
the points of intersection of the curves and any intersections with
the axes. [3]
(ii) Write down an expression involving integrals representing the
area of R, and hence determine its value. [2]
(iii) Find the volume of the solid formed when R is rotated about the
y-axis through one revolution. [4]
Answers:
3 3
1 (i) ln 3  1 (ii) ln 3  1 (iii) 0.161
2 2
1
2 3
3 9.34
4 8
4 (i) 3 (ii)  (iii) 3
5 (1, 0), (3, 0), (0,  0.75), Asymptotes at x = 2, y = –1 (i) 1 iii) 5.498
3  2
6 ;  2
8 2
7 1.858 ; 6.283 ; 32.564 unit 2 ; 38.546 unit 3 (or 121.096 unit 3 )
64
8 ln 2 ; 3ln 2  2
x3
3
  1
 
9 (a) tan 1 x3  ln 1  x 6  c (b)(i) e  2 ln 2  4
6
10 (i) 0.559 (ii) 5.32
11 (i) 1.79, 0.560  , ( 3,0) (ii) 1.25 (iii) 7.86
65
Summary
1. Standard Formulae for polynomial, logarithm and exponential
n 1
x n 1  f  x  
 x dx  C
n
 f  x  f '  x  dx  n  1  C

n
n 1
1 1
 x dx  ln x  C  f  x  f '  x  dx  ln f  x   C
e dx  e x  C e f '( x) dx  ef ( x )  C
x f ( x)
1 x 1 f ( x)
a dx  a C a f '( x) dx  a C
x f ( x)
ln a ln a
2. Trigonometry
 Standard Formulae
1.  sin x dx   cos x  C  f '  x  sin f  x  dx   cos f  x   C

2.  cos x dx  sin x  C  f '  x  cos f  x  dx  sin f  x   C
3. *  tan x dx  ln sec x  C  f '  x  tan f  x  dx  ln sec f  x   C
4. *  cot x dx  ln sin x  C  f '  x  cot f  x  dx  ln sin f  x   C
5. *
cosec x dx  f '  x  cosec f  x  dx
  ln cosec x  cot x  C   ln cosec  f  x    cot f  x    C
6. *
sec x dx  f '  x  sec f  x  dx
 ln sec x  tan x  C  ln sec f  x    tan f  x    C
 sec x dx  tan x  C  f '  x  sec f  x  dx  tan f  x   C

2 2
7.
 f '( x)cosec f  x  dx   cot f  x   C

2
 cosec x dx   cot x  C
2
8.
66
 f '( x) sec f  x  tan f  x  dx

9.  sec x tan x dx  sec x  C  sec  f  x    C
10.
 cosec x cot x dx  f '( x)cosec f  x  cot f  x  dx
 cosec x  C  cosec f  x    C
Note that the basic formulae with asterisks(*) are given in MF15 (but in a
slightly different format).
  sin(mx) sin(nx) dx or  sin(mx) cos(nx) dx or  cos(mx) cos(nx) dx
Use the following identities to transform the product to sum or difference:

1 1
1 sin P  sin Q  2sin  P  Q  cos  P  Q 
2 2
1 1
 2  sin P  sin Q  2 cos  P  Q  sin  P  Q 
2 2 Given in MF15
1 1
 3 cos P  cos Q  2 cos  P  Q  cos  P  Q 
2 2
1 1
 4  cos P  cos Q  2sin  P  Q  sin  P  Q 
2 2
(5) sin 2 A  2sin A cos A
  sin2 x dx or  cos2 x dx or  tan2 x dx
Use the following identities:

cos 2 x  1  2sin 2 x
Given in MF15
cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  1
1  tan 2 x  sec2 x
1
3. Integrals of the Form  px
 qx  r2
dx
 q r
Step 1: Re-write the denominator as p  x 2  x   .
 p p
 q r
 p p
67
Step 3: Apply one of the following formulae, which are found in MF15.
1 1 x
(i) x 2
a 2
dx  tan 1    C
a a
1 1 xa
(ii) x 2
a 2
dx  ln
2a x  a
C
1 1 ax
(iii)  dx  ln C
a x 2
2
2a a  x
4. Integrals of the Form

1
 px 2  qx  r
dx where p < 0
 q r
Step 1: Re-write the quadratic expression as p  x 2  x   .
 p p
 q r
 p p
Step 3: Apply the following formula, which is found in MF15.
1 x
 a x
2
dx  sin 1    C ,
2
a
x a
5. Integrals of the Form

sx  t
 px 2
 qx  r
dx
d
Step 1: If the numerator is a multiple of
dx
 
px 2  qx  r  2 px  q , we
f ' ( x)
have a standard form  f( x) dx .
Step 2: If it is not in the previous standard form, check whether the
denominator can be factorized. If it can be factorized, use partial
fraction to solve the integral.
68
Step 3: If the denominator cannot be factorized, write sx  t as

A
d
dx
 
px 2  qx  r  B , where A and B are constants to be determined.
Thus
d
sx  t d x
 px 2  qx  r  B
 A  2
px  qx  r
2
px  qx  r
2
px  qx  r
d

px 2  qx  r 
Step 4: Integrate dx 2 (to get ln px 2  qx  r );
px  qx  r
1
Step 5: Integrate
px  qx  r
2
6. Integration by Substitution
Generally, to find an integral  f ( x)dx by means of a given

substitution x  h  u  ,
dx
Step 1: find  h '(u ) ,
du
dx
Step 2: write  f  x  d x   f  h  u  
du   f  h  u   h '  u  du ,
du
Step 3: perform the integration with respect to the new variable u.
For indefinite integrals, convert the result back in terms of the
original variable x.
7. Integration by Parts
 u v 'dx  u v   u ' v dx
Remembering the acronym LIATE helps in deciding the order of priority.

L I A T E
Logarithmic Inverse Trigo. Algebraic Trigonometric Exponential
69
8. Area under the curve
 bounded by the curve and x-axis

b
o curve above x-axis A   y dx.
a
b b
o curve below x-axis A   a
y dx    y dx.
a
 bounded by the curve and y-axis

q
o curve on the right side of y-axis A   x dy
p
q q
o curve on the left side of y-axis A   p
x dy    x dy
p
 Area bounded by y = f(x), y = g(x), x = a, and x = b

b b
  f ( x) dx   g( x) dx
a a
=   f ( x)  g( x)  dx
b
 Area bounded by x = f(y), x = g(y), y = p, and y = q

q q
  f ( y ) dy   g( y ) dy
p p
   f ( y )  g( y )  dy
q
 Area under the curve given by parametric equations

dx
A   y dx   g  t  dt   g  t  f '  t  dt OR
dt
dy
A   x dy   f  t  dt   f  t  g '  t  dt
dt
9. Volume of revolution
b
 Volume of revolution about the x-axis = π  y 2 dx .
a
q
 Volume of revolution about the y-axis = π  x 2 dy .
p
 Rotation of region bounded by f(x) and g(x) about the x-axis

V  π   f ( x)  dx  π   g( x)  dx
b 2 b 2
a a
70

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Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

In this chapter, we will

Newton and Leibniz

Notice that 3x 2 has many anti-derivatives, since x3  1 , x3  2 and x3  1 all

If the given function is f and F is an anti-derivative of f, this can be written as:

Some Properties of Indefinite Integrals:

Let f and g be two functions. Then

f ( x) dx  value of  f ( x) dx when x  b  value of  f ( x) dx when x  a

Some Properties of Definite Integrals:

Evaluating definite integrals using TI84+

In this section, we would explore the usage of the graphic calculator to

 Ensure that you have the correct mode

 Press 2ND QUIT to return to Home Screen.

 Press ALPHA WINDOW and then select option

 Key the expression into the calculator as

 Press ENTER and the result will be given.

In this section, we would learn the following five major techniques of

(A) Integration using Standard Forms

(1) Polynomial Functions

Let n be a constant  n  1

(4) Trigonometric Functions

Type 1: Integrals of Standard Trigonometric Functions

1.  sin x dx   cos x  C  f '  x  sin f  x  dx   cos f  x   C

4. *  cot x dx  ln sin x  C  f '  x  cot f  x  dx  ln sin f  x   C

 sec x dx  tan x  C  f '  x  sec f  x  dx  tan f  x   C

 f '( x)cosec f  x  dx   cot f  x   C

 f '( x) sec f  x  tan f  x  dx

Type 2:  sin(mx) sin(nx) dx or  sin(mx) cos(nx) dx or  cos(mx)

Use the following identities to transform the product to sum or difference:

When m and n are equal, we have  sin 2 nx dx or  cos 2 nx dx

Type 3:  sin2 x dx or  cos2 x dx or  tan2 x dx

Use the following identities :

To derive formula (i), refer to substitution method (to be discussed later) or

Derivation of formula (i)

Step 3: Apply the following formula, which is found in MF15.

Derivation of the above formula

Step 3: If the denominator cannot be factorized, write sx  t as

(b) Integration using Partial Fraction

(c) Integration of Modulus Functions

For Questions 1-4, find the integrals:

 sec 3  sec 3  tan 3  d  4sin 2 d

  2  tan 2  d  sin 2 sin 4 d

6. Find the exact values of the following integrals:

7. (N03/I/3) By sketching the graphs of y  e x and y  e  x , or otherwise,

your answer in an exact form.

(d) Integration by Substitution

Generally, to find an integral  f ( x)dx by means of a given

Using the given substitutions, find

 i  Given u x  ii  Let u  tan 1 2 x

Use the substitution x  cos  to find the exact value of

(e) Integration by Parts

In differential calculus, we have the product rule which states that

Integrating both sides of the equation with respect to x, we obtain

We can re-write it as:  u v 'dx  u v   u ' v dx

In short, u should be the factor that is more difficult to integrate.

(i) Referring to 'LIATE', we take

(i) Express ln x as  ln x 1 ,

 ii  I    cos x   e2 x  dx [Let u  cos x, v '  e 2 x ]

1. (a) Using the given substitutions, find the following integrals.

2. Using integration by parts, find the following integrals.

5. (N05/I/3) (i) State the derivative of sin( x 2 ) .

6. (N03/I/6) Use the substitution x  tan  to find the exact value of

(i) Find I when P( x)  x 2 .

10. (N98/I/Q18(b)) If x  4 cos 2   7 sin 2  , show that 7  x  3cos 2  , and