Introduction .

A function  (x ) is called a primitive or an antiderivative of a function f (x ) if  ' ( x )  f ( x ).

x5 d  x5 
For example, is a primitive of x 4 because    x4
5 dx  5 

Let  (x ) be a primitive of a function f (x ) and let c be any constant.

d
Then [ ( x)  c]   ' ( x)  f ( x) [  ' ( x)  f ( x)]
dx
  ( x )  c is also a primitive of f (x ).
Thus, if a function f (x ) possesses a primitive, then it possesses infinitely many primitives which are contained in
the expression  ( x )  c, where c is a constant.

x5 x5 x5
For example ,  2,  1 etc. are primitives of x 4 .
5 5 5

Note :  If F1 ( x) and F2 ( x ) are two antiderivatives of a function f (x) on an interval [a, b], then the difference
between them is a constant.
1.1 Definition .
Let f (x ) be a function. Then the collection of all its primitives is called the indefinite integral of f (x ) and is
denoted by  f (x) dx.
d
Thus,
dx
( ( x)  c)  f ( x)   f (x) dx   (x)  c
where  (x ) is primitive of f (x ) and c is an arbitrary constant known as the constant of integration.

Here  is the integral sign, f (x ) is the integrand, x is the variable of integration and dx is the element of

integration.
The process of finding an indefinite integral of a given function is called integration of the function.
It follows from the above discussion that integrating a function f (x ) means finding a function  (x ) such that
d
( ( x))  f ( x).
dx

1.2 Comparison between Differentiation and Integration .

(1) Differentiation and integration both are operations on functions and each gives rise to a function.
(2) Each function is not differentiable or integrable.
(3) The derivative of a function, if it exists, is unique. The integral of a function, if it exists, is not unique.
 Indefinite Integral 2

(4) The derivative of a polynomial function decreases its degree by 1, but the integral of a polynomial function
increases its degree by 1.
(5) The derivative has a geometrical meaning, namely, the slope of the tangent to a curve at a point on it. The
integral has also a geometrical meaning, namely, the area of some region.
(6) The derivative is used in obtaining some physical quantities like velocity, acceleration etc. of a particle. The
integral is used in obtaining some physical quantities like centre of mass, momentum etc.
(7) Differentiation and integration are inverse of each other.
1.3 Properties of Integrals .
(1) The differentiation of an integral is the integrand itself or the process of differentiation and integration

neutralize each other, i.e.,

d
dx

f ( x) dx  f ( x). 
(2) The integral of the product of a constant and a function is equal to the product of the constant and the
integral of the function, i.e.,  c f (x) dx  c  f (x)dx.
(3) Integral of the sum or difference of two functions is equal to the sum or difference of their integrals, i.e.,

 f (x)  f (x)dx   f (x) dx   f (x) dx

1 2 1 2

In the general form,  k 1 . f1 ( x)  k 2 . f 2 ( x)  k 3 . f 3 ( x)  ..... dx

  
 k 1 f1 ( x)dx  k 2 f 2 ( x)dx  k 3 f 3 ( x)dx  .......

1.4 Fundamental Integration Formulae .

x n 1 d  x n1 
(1) (i)  x n dx 
n1
 c , n  1     xn
dx  n  1 
(ii)  dx  x  c
1 1 (ax  b)n1
(iii)  x
dx  2 x  c, (iv)  (ax  b)n dx 
a
.
n1
c

1 d 1 1 1
(2) (i)  x dx  log | x | c 
dx
(log | x |) 
x
(ii)  ax  b dx  a (log | ax  b | c
d x

(3) e x dx  e x  c 
dx
(e )  e x

ax d  ax 
(4)  a x dx 
log e a
c     ax
dx  log e a 
d
(5)  sin x dx   cos x  c 
dx
( cos x)  sin x

d
(6)  cos x dx  sin x  c 
dx
(sin x )  cos x

d
 sec
2
(7) x dx  tan x  c  (tan x)  sec 2 x
dx
d
 cosec
2
(8) x dx   cot x  c  ( cot x)  cosec 2 x
dx
 Indefinite Integral 3

d
(9)  sec x tan x dx  sec x  c 
dx
(sec x)  sec x tan x

d
(10)  cosec x cot x dx  cosec x  c 
dx
(cosec x)  cosec x cot x

d
(11)  tan x dx   log | cos x | c  log | sec x | c 
dx
(log cos x)   tan x

d
(12)  cot x dx  log | sin x | c   log | cosec x | c 
dx
(log sin x)  cot x

 x d
(13)  sec x dx  log | sec x  tan x | c  log tan 4  2   c 
dx
log(sec x  tan x )  sec x

x d
(14)  cosec x dx  log | cosec x  cot x | c  log tan 2  c 
dx
(log | cosec x  cot x |)  cosec x

dx d 1
(15)   sin 1 x  c   cos 1 x  c  (sin 1 x)  , d (cos 1 x)   1
1 x 2 dx 1 x 2 dx 1 x2
dx x x 1
(16)   sin 1  c   cos 1  c 
d  1 x 
 sin 
1 , d (cos 1 x ) 
a2  x2 a a dx  a a2  x2 dx a a2  x2
dx d 1 d 1
(17) 1 x 2
 tan 1 x  c   cot 1 x  c 
dx
(tan 1 x) 
1 x 2
,
dx
(cot 1 x) 
1 x2
dx 1 x 1 x d  1 x  a d  1 x  a
(18) a 2
x 2
 tan 1  c 
a a a
cot 1  c
a
  tan
dx 
 2
a  a  x2
 cot
dx 
 2
a  a  x2
dx d 1
(19) x x 1 2
 sec 1 x  c   cosec 1 x  c 
dx
(sec 1 x) 
x x2 1
d 1
(cosec 1 x) 
dx x x2 1
dx 1 x 1 x d x a
(20) x x a 2 2

a
sec 1  c 
a a
cosec 1  c
a

d 
 sec
dx 
1 x 

a
a  x x 2  a 2 dx
(cosec 1 ) 
a x x 2  a2

Note :  In any of the fundamental integration formulae, if x is replaced by ax + b, then the same formulae is
applicable but we must divide by coefficient of x or derivative of (ax + b) i.e., a. In general, if
1
 
f ( x)dx   ( x)  c , then f (ax  b) dx   (ax  b)  c
a
1 1
 sin(ax  b) dx  a
cos(ax  b)  c,  sec(ax  b) dx  a log | sec(ax  b)  tan(ax  b)| c etc.

Some more results:

1 1 x 1 xa
(i) x 2
a 2

a
coth 1  c 
a 2a
log
xa
c, when x  a

1 1 x 1 ax
(ii) a 2
x 2
dx  tanh 1  c 
a a 2a
log
ax
c, when x  a

dx x
(iii)  x a2 2
 log{| x  x 2  a 2 |}  c  cos h 1    c
a
 Indefinite Integral 4

dx x
(iv)  2
x a 2
 log{| x  x 2  a 2 |}  c  sinh 1    c
a
1 1 x
(v)  a 2  x 2 dx 
2
x a 2  x 2  a 2 sin 1    c
2 a
1 1 1 1 x
(vi)  x 2  a 2 dx 
2
x x 2  a 2  a 2 log{x  x 2  a 2 }  c  x x 2  a 2  a 2 cosh 1    c
2 2 2 a
1 1 1 1 x
(vii)  x 2  a 2 dx 
2
x x 2  a 2  a 2 log{x  x 2  a 2 }  c  x x 2  a 2  a 2 sinh 1    c
2 2 2 a

Important Tips
 The signum function has an antiderivative on any interval which doesn't contain the point x = 0, and does not possess an anti-derivative
on any interval which contains the point.
 The antiderivative of every odd function is an even function and vice-versa

( x  1) 2
Example: 1
 x( x 2
 1)
dx is equal to

1
(a) log e x (b) log e x  2 tan 1 x (c) log e (d) log e {x( x 2  1)}
x2  1
( x  1) 2 x 2  1  2x x2 1 x dx dx
Solution: (b)
 x( x 2
 1)
dx 
 2
x(( x  1)
dx 
 x( x 2
 1)
dx  2
 x( x 2
 1)
dx 
 x
2

2
x 1
 log e x  2 tan 1 x

ax 3  bx 2  c
Example: 2
 x4
dx equals to

b c b c b c
(a) a log x  2
 3 k (b) a log x   3 k (c) a log x   3 k (c) None of these
x 3x x 3x x 3x
ax 3  bx 2  c a b c  b c
Solution: (c) I
 x4
dx 
  x  x 2

x 4 
dx  a log x  
x 3x3
k

1 x  x  x2
Example: 3
 x  1 x
dx 

1 2
(a) 1 x  c (b) (1  x)3 / 2  c (c) 1 x  c (d) 2(1  x)3 / 2  c
2 3

1 x  x  x2 
1 x 1 x  x dx  2
Solution: (b)
 x  1 x
dx 
 ( x  1 x)  1  x dx 
3
(1  x) 3 / 2  c

 sin 
4
Example: 4 x  cos 4 x dx 

cos 2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x

(a)  c (b)  c (c) c (d) c
2 2 2 2

 (sin  (sin
4
Solution: (b) x  cos 4 x)dx  2
x  cos 2 x) (sin 2 x  cos 2 x)dx

 sin 2 x
 (sin  
2
 x  cos 2 x)dx   (cos 2 x  sin 2 x)dx   cos 2 x dx  c
2

x
Example: 5
 1  sin  dx 
4
 Indefinite Integral 5

 x x  x x 1 x x  x x
(a) 8 sin  cos   c (b)  sin  cos   c (c)  sin  cos   c (d) 8 cos  sin   c
 8 8  8 8 8 8 8  8 8

2
x  2 x x  x x   x x
Solution: (a)
 1  sin dx 
4   sin
 8
 cos 2    2 sin . cos  dx 
8   8 8    sin  cos 
 8 8 

 x x  cos x / 8 sin x / 8
 
  sin  cos  dx 
8 8  1/ 8

1/ 8

 x x
 8 sin  cos   c
 8 8

1.5 Integration by Substitution

(1) When integrand is a function i.e.,  f [ ( x)] ' ( x) dx :
Here, we put  ( x )  t, so that  ' ( x )dx  dt and in that case the integrand is reduced to  f (t)dt . In this method,
the integrand is broken into two factors so that one factor can be expressed in terms of the function whose
differential coefficient is the second factor.
dx
Example: 6
2 x (1  x)


1
(a) tan 1( x )  c (b) tan 1 ( x )  c (c) 2 tan 1( x )  c (d) None of these
2
dx 1
Solution: (b) I
2 x (1  x)
, put x t 
2 x
dx  dt

dt
I
 1 t 2
 tan1 t  c  tan 1 x  c

(2) When integrand is the product of two factors such that one is the derivative of the others i.e.,
I  f' ( x) . f ( x) . dx
In this case we put f ( x )  t and convert it into a standard integral.

 (x
3m
Example: 7 For any natural number m  x 2m  x m ) (2 x 2m  3 x m  6)1 / m dx, ( x  0) =

m 1 m
(2 x 3 m  3 x 2 m  6 x m ) m ( 2 x 3 m  3 x 2 m  6 x m ) m 1
(a) (b)
6(m  1) 6(m  1)
m 1 m
(2 x 3 m  3 x 2 m  6 x m ) m  ( 2 x 3 m  3 x 2 m  6 x m ) m 1
(c)  (d)
6(m  1) 6(m  1)

Solution: (a)

I  ( x 3m1  x 2m1  x m1 )(2 x 3m  3 x 2m  6 x m )1 / m dx

Put 2 x 3m  3 x 2m  6 x m  t  6m( x 3m 1  x 2m 1  x m 1 )dx  dt

1
1
1 1/m 1 tm 1
I
 6m
t dt 
6m 1  1
c 
6(m  1)
m
t (m  1) / m  c

Again put the value of t, then we get option (a).

 Indefinite Integral 6

x 2 tan 1 x 3
Example: 8
 1  x6
dx is equal to

1 1 1
(a) tan 1 ( x 3 )  c (b) (tan 1 x 3 ) 2  c (c)  (tan 1 x 3 ) 2  c (d) (tan 1 x 3 ) 2  c
6 2 2
Solution: (b) Put tan 1 x 3  t
1 x2 dt 1 1 t2 (tan 1 x 3 ) 2
1 x 6
. 3 x 2 dx  dt 
1 x 6
dx 
3

3
tdt  .

3 2

6
c

x
2 2
3
Example: 9 5 1 / x dx  k.5 1 / x  c, then k is

1 2 2
(a)  (b) 2 log 5 (c) (d)
2 log 5 log 5 log 5
dt
Solution: (a) Put x 2  t   2 x 3 dx  dt  x  3dx  
2

1 1 5t 1 1
 
2 2
x  3 5 1 / x dx   5 t dt   c  . 5 1 / x  c . On comparing, k  
2 2 log e 5 2 log e 5 2 log e 5

(3) Integral of a function of the form f (ax  b) : Here we put ax  b  t and convert it into standard
1
integral. Obviously if  f (x)dx   (x), then,  f (ax  b)dx  a  (ax  b) +c
Example: 10
 tan(3 x  5) sec(3 x  5)dx 
1
(a) sec(3 x  5)  c (b) sec(3 x  5)  c (c) tan(3 x  5)  c (d) None of these
3

Solution: (b) 
 sec x tan x dx  sec x  c
sec(3 x  5)

 sec(3x  5) tan(3x  5)dx 
3
c

f' ( x )
(4) If integral of a function of the form dx  log[ f ( x )]  c
f ( x)
sin 2 x
Example: 11
a 2
sin x  b 2 cos 2 x
2
dx is equal to

1 1
(a) log(a 2 sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x)  c (b) log(a 2 sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x)  c
b  a2
2
a  b2
2

(c) log(a 2 sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x)  c (d) None of these

Solution: (b) Put a 2 sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x  t  (a 2 . 2 sin x cos x  b 2 . 2 cos x sin x ) dx  dt  sin 2 x(a 2  b 2 )dx  dt

sin 2 x 1 dt 1 1
a 2
sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x
dx  2
(a  b 2 ) t 
a2  b2
log t  c  2
a  b2
log(a 2 sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x)  c

dx
Example: 12
1 e x


(a) log(1  e x ) (b)  log(1  e  x ) (c)  log(1  e  x ) (d) log(e  x  e 2x )

dx e x dt
Solution: (b) I=
1 e x

 x
e 1
dx , Put e  x  1  t   e  x dx  dt  I  
t 
  log t   log(1  e  x )
 Indefinite Integral 7

x
Example: 13 The value of the integral
 1  x tan x dx is equal to
(a) log | x cos x  sin x |  c (b) log | cos x  x | + c (c) log | cos x  x sin x |  c (d) None of these

x x cos x
Solution: (c) I
 1  x tan x dx   cos x  x sin x dx
Put (cos x  x sin x)  t  ( sin x  x cos x  sin x)dx  dt  x cos x dx  dt

dt
I
t  log | t | c  log | cos x  x sin x | c

 f ( x ) n 1

  f ( x ) f' ( x )dx  n  1

n
(5) If integral of a function of the form, c
n 1
Example: 14
x 1  x 2 dx 

1  2x 2 1
(a) c (b) 1 x2  c (c) 3(1  x 2 ) 3 / 2  c (d) (1  x 2 ) 3 / 2  c
1 x 2 3

1 1 t3/2 1
Solution: (d) Put 1  x 2  t  2 xdx  dt ,
 x 1  x 2 dx 
2  t 1 / 2 dt  .
2 3/2
 c  (1  x 2 ) 3 / 2  c
3

Example: 15
 2  sin 3 x . cos 3 x dx 

2 2 2 2
(a) 2  sin 3 x  c (b) (2  sin 3 x)2 / 3  c (c) (2  sin 3 x)3 / 2  c (d) (2  sin 3 x)3 / 2  c
9 3 3 9
Solution: (d) Put (2  sin 3 x)  t  3 cos 3 x dx  dt

1 1 t3 / 2 2
 2  sin 3 x . cos 3 x dx 
3  t dt  .
3 3/2
 c  . (2  sin 3 x)3 / 2  c .
9
f' (x)
(6) If the integral of a function of the form,  f ( x)
dx  2 f(x)  c

tan x
Example: 16
 sin x . cos x dx
2 2
(a) 2 sec x  c (b) 2 tan x  c (c) c (d) +c
tan x sec x
tan x tan x sin x . sec x sec 2 x
Solution: (b)
 sin x . cos x
dx 
 tan x . sin x cos x
dx 
 tan x sin x cos x
dx 
 tan x
dx

1
Put t  tan x  dt  sec 2 x dx, then it reduces to,
 t
dt  2t 1 / 2  c  2 tan x  c

x5
Example: 17
 1 x3
dx

2 2 2
(a) (1  x 3 )3 / 2  c (b) (1  x 3 )3 / 2  (1  x 3 )1 / 2  c
9 9 3
2 2
(c) (1  x 3 )3 / 2  (1  x 3 )1 / 2  c (d) None of these
9 3
x5 x3. x2 dt
 
2
Solution: (c) dx  dx . Put 1  x 3  t  3 x 2 dx  dt  x dx 
1 x 3
1 x 3 3

(t  1)    3/2  2 2
1 1  t  1  dt  1  t

3  t
dt 
3  


t 3  3 / 2
 2 t   c  (1  x 3 )3 / 2  (1  x 3 )1 / 2  c
 9 3
 Indefinite Integral 8

(7) Standard substitutions

Integrand form Substitution

(i) 1 x  a sin  , x  a cos 
a2  x2 , , a2  x 2
2 2
a x
(ii) 1 x  a tan  or x  a sinh
x 2  a2 , , x 2  a2
2 2
x a
(iii) 1 x  a sec  or x  a cosh 
x 2  a 2, , x 2  a2
x 2  a2
(iv) x ax 1 x  a tan 2 
, , x(a  x),
ax x x(a  x)
(v) x ax 1 x  a sin 2 
, , x(a  x) ,
ax x x(a  x)
(vi) x xa 1 x  a sec 2 
, , x( x  a),
xa x x( x  a)
(vii) ax ax x  a cos 2
,
ax ax
(viii) x  x   cos 2    sin 2 
, ( x   ) (  x), (   )
x

dx
Example: 18
 (a 2
 x 2 )3 / 2
is equal to ]

x x 1
(a) +c (b) +c (c) +c (d) None of these
(a 2  x 2 )1 / 2 a 2 (a 2  x 2 )1 / 2 a 2 (a 2  x 2 )1 / 2
dx
Solution: (b) I
 (a 2
 x 2 )3 / 2

Put x  a tan  dx  a sec 2  d

a sec 2  d a sec 2  d 1 sec 2  d

I
 (a  a 2 tan2  )3 / 2
2

 a (sec
3 2
 )3 / 2

a2  sec 3 
1 d 1 1 x
 I
a2  sec   a  cos d  I  a
2 2
sin   c 
a 2 (x 2  a 2 )1 / 2
+c

1 x
Example: 19
 1 x
dx 

1 1 1
(a) sin  1 x  1  x2  C (b) sin  1 x 
2
1  x 2  C (c) sin x  1  x  C (d) sin 1 x  1  x 2  C
2 2
1 1
Solution: (d) Put x  cos 2 , then   cos x  dx  2 sin 2 d
2
1  cos 2
 I  2
 1  cos 2
. sin 2 d  I  2
 2 sin 2  / 2 cos 2  . sin 2 .d

 sin 2 
 
 I  2 tan  .2 sin  cos  d  I  2.2 sin 2  d  I  2 (1  cos 2 )d  I  2 
 2 
 C1

 Indefinite Integral 9


 I  2  sin 2  C1  I   cos 1 x  1  x 2  C1  I    sin 1 x  1  x 2  C1
2

 I  sin 1 x  1  x 2  C [where C  C1  ]
2
Trick : Rationalization of denominator and put 1  x 2  t 2 .

1.6 Integration by Parts .

(1) When integrand involves more than one type of functions : We may solve such integrals by a rule
which is known as integration by parts. We know that,
d dv du
dx
(uv)  u
dx
v
dx
 d(uv)  udv  vdu   d (uv)   udv   vdu
du
If u and v are two functions of x, then  u v dx  u v dx   { dx . vdx}dx
I II
i.e., the integral of the product of two

functions = (First function) × (Integral of second function) – Integral of {(Differentiation of first function) × (Integral of
second function)}
Integration with the help of above rule is called integration by parts. Before applying this rule proper choice of first
and second function is necessary. Normally we use the following methods :
(i) In the product of two functions, one of the function is not directly integrable (i.e.,
1 1 1
log | x |, sin x, cos x, tan x ......etc), then we take it as the first function and the remaining function is taken as the
second function.
(ii) If there is no other function, then unity is taken as the second function e.g. In the integration of

 sin 
1
x dx, log x dx, 1 is taken as the second function.

(iii) If both of the function are directly integrable then the first function is chosen in such a way that the derivative
of the function thus obtained under integral sign is easily integrable.
Usually, we use the following preference order for the first function. (Inverse, Logarithmic, Algebraic,
Trigonometric, exponential). This rule is simply called as “I LATE”.

Important Tips
n ax
x e n
 x .e
n ax
 If I n  dx, then I n   I n1
a a



If I n  (log x) dx, then I n  x log x  x

1 (log x)2 (log x)3

 If I n 
 log x
dx, then I n  log(log x)  log x 
2.(2 ! )

3(3 ! )
 .......... .......... ...



If I n  (log x)n dx ; then I n  x(log x )n  n.I n 1

 Successive integration by parts can be performed when one of the functions is x n (n is positive integer) which will be successively
differentiated and the other is either of the following sin ax , cos ax , e ax , e  ax , ( x  a)m which will be successively integrated.

 u . v dx  u v  u' v 2  u" v 3  u  v 4  .......... .......  (1)n1 u n1v n  (1)n

u
n
 Chain rule : 1 . v n dx Where u n stands for nth differential

coefficient of u and vn stands for nth integral of v.

 Indefinite Integral 10

Example: 20

If In  (log x)n dx, then I n  nI n1 

(a) x(log x)n (b) ( x log x)n (c) (log x)n1 (d) n(log x)n

Solution: (a)

I n  (log x)n dx ,  I n1  (log x)n1 dx

1
 (log x) .1 dx  (log x) . x  n  (log x) 
n1
Now In  n n
. . x dx  (log x)n . x  n (log x)n1 dx
x
n n
I n  x(log x )  n I n1  I n  n I n1  x(log x )

Example: 21 If
 x sin x dx   x cos x  A, then A 
(a) sin x  constant (b) cos x  constant (c) Constant (d) None of these

Solution: (a) Since

 x sin x dx   x cos x  A   x cos x  sin x  constant   x cos x  A
Equating it, we get A  sin x  constant

 x sec
2
Example: 22 x dx 

x2
(a) tan x  log cos x  c (b) sec 2 x  log cos x  c (c) x tan x  log sec x  c (d) x tan x  log cos x  c
2

 x sec x dx  x tan x   tan x dx  x tan x  log(cos x)  c

2
Solution: (d)

Example: 23
 [ f (x)g" (x)  f " (x) g(x)] dx is equal to
f (x)
(a) (b) f ' ( x ) g( x )  f ( x ) g ' ( x ) (c) f ( x ) g ' ( x )  f ' ( x ) g( x ) (d) f ( x ) g ' ( x )  f ' ( x ) g( x )
g' (x)

Solution: (c)
 [ f (x) g" (x)  f " (x) g(x)] dx   f (x) g" (x) dx   f " (x) g(x) dx
 
 [ f ( x) g ' ( x)  f ' ( x) g ' ( x) dx]  [g( x) f ' ( x)  g ' ( x) f ' ( x) dx]  f ( x ) g ' ( x )  f ' ( x ) g( x )

sin 1 x  cos 1 x
Example: 24
 sin 1
x  cos 1 x
dx is equal to

2 2
(a) [(2 x  1) sin 1 x  x(1  x) ]  x  c (b) [(2 x  1) sin 1 x  x(1  x) ]  x  c
 

(c)

2

(2 x  1) sin 1 x  x(1  x)  x  c  (d) None of these

sin 1 x  cos 1 x 2  
Solution: (a)
 sin 1
x  cos 1
x
dx 
    
sin 1 x dx  cos 1 x dx   sin1 x  cos 1 x  
2

 sin
1
Now we solve first and second expressions separately. For first expression, x dx

Put x  sin 2   cos 2  1  2 x  dx  sin 2 d

 cos 2 1  cos 2 sin 2 (2 x  1) 1 1
 . sin 2 d  2

2
cos 2 d 
 2

4
 c1 
2
sin x
2
x(1  x)  c1

 cos
1
For second expression, x dx

Put x  cos 2   dx  2 cos  sin  d   sin 2 d

 cos 2 sin 2
 cos
1

x dx    . sin 2 d 
2

4
 c2
 Indefinite Integral 11

2  (2 x  1) 1 
Therefore, I   2 {sin x  cos1 x }  x(1  x)   c
  

I
2

(2 x  1) sin 1 x 
(2 x  1) 
2
2

.  x(1  x)  c  I  (2 x  1) sin 1 x  x(1  x)  x  c
2 
 
x 2 dx
Example: 25
 (x sin x  cos x) 2


sin x  cos x x sin x  cos x sin x  x cos x

(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
x sin x  cos x x sin x  cos x x sin x  cos x
x 2 dx x cos x x
Solution: (c) Differentiation of x sin x  cos x is x cosx. Then, I 
 (x sin x  cos x)   (x sin x  cos x)
2 2
.
cos x
dx

 1 1
Integrate by parts, 
 t 2
dt   
t

1  x  1 cos x .1  x( sin x) 1 x

I  . 
(x sin x  cos x)  cos x  (x sin x  cos x)
.
 2
cos x
dx  I 
x sin x  cos x
.
cos x
 sec 2 x dx

1 x sin x  x  x sin 2 x  sin x cos x sin x cos x  x(1  sin 2 x) sin x  x cos x
I .   I  I 
x sin x  cos x cos x cos x (x sin x  cos x) cos x (x sin x  cos x) cos x x sin x  cos x

 e f ( x)  f '( x)dx :  e f (x)  f ' (x)dx,

x
(2) Integral is of the form x
If the integral is of the form then by
breaking this integral into two integrals integrate one integral by parts and keeping other integral as it is, by doing
so, we get

 e  f (x)  f ' (x)dx  e f (x)  c

x x
(i)

(ii)  e mf ( x)  f ' ( x)dx  e f ( x)  c

mx mx

 f ' ( x)  e mx f ( x)
(iii)  e mx  f ( x) 
 m 
dx 
m
c

e
x
Example: 26 (1  cot x  cot 2 x)dx

(a) e x cot x  c (b) e x cosec x  c (c)  e x cot x  c (d) e x cosec x  c

e e
x
Solution: (c) (cosec 2 x  cot x)dx  x
[ cot x  cosec 2 x]  e x cot x  c

x 1  sin x 
Example: 27
e   dx
 1  cos x 
x x 1 x x 1 x x
(a)  e x tan +c (b)  e x cot +c (c)  e tan + c (d) e cot + c
2 2 2 2 2 2
x x
2 sin cos
1  sin x 1 2 2  1 cosec 2 x  cot x
Solution: (b)   
1  cos x x x 2 2 2
2 sin 2 2 sin 2
2 2
 1  sin x  1 x x x
  ex  dx   e x  cosec 2  cot dx  e x cot  c
 1  cos x   2 2 2  2
1
e 2 tan x (1  x) 2
Example: 28
 1 x2
dx 

1 1 1
(a) x e tan x
c (b) x e 2 tan x
c (c) 2 x e tan x
c (d) None of these
 Indefinite Integral 12

1
Solution: (b) Put tan 1 x  t  dx  dt
1 x2
1
e 2 tan x (1  x)2
I
 1  x2
dx 
e
2t

(1  tan t )2 dt = e 2t (sec 2 t  2 tan t) dt

 e 2t
e  2t

e  e 
2t
I 2t
sec 2 t dt  2 tan t  sec 2 t. dt   I  sec 2 t dt  e 2t tan t  e 2t sec 2 t dt  c
 2 2 
1
I  e 2t tan t  c  I  x e 2 tan x
c
x
( x  3)e
Example: 29
 ( x  4) 2
dx is equal to

ex ex 1 ex
(a) c (b) c (c) c (d) c
x4 x3 (x  4) 2
( x  4) 2
( x  3)e x ( x  4  1)e x ( x  4)e x ex ex ex
Solution: (a)
 ( x  4) 2
dx 
 ( x  4) 2
dx 
 ( x  4) 2
dx 
 ( x  4) 2
dx 
 (x  4) dx   (x  4) 2
dx

 ex ex  ex ex

 ( x  4)

 ( x  4) 2
dx  

 ( x  4) 2
dx  c 
x4
c

(3) Integral is of the form [ x f ( x )  f(x )] dx : If the integral is of the form  [x f ' (x)  f (x)] dx then by
breaking this integral into two integrals, integrate one integral by parts and keeping other integral as it is, by doing
so, we get,  [x f ' (x)  f (x)] dx  x f (x)  c
d
Example: 30 If f ( x)  x cos x  sin x and f (0)  2, then f (x ) 
dx
(a) x sin x (b) x cos x  sin x  2 (c) x sin x  2 (d) x cos x  2
d
Solution: (c)
dx 
f ( x)  x cos x  sin x  f ( x)  ( x cos x  sin x) dx  x sin x  c

Since f (0)  2  c  2 ,  f ( x )  x sin x  2

x  sin x
Example: 31
 1  cos x dx 
1
(a)  x tan x / 2  c (b) x tan x / 2  c (c) x tan x  c (d) x tan x  c
2
x  sin x 1 x x 1 x tan x / 2 x x x
 1  cos x dx  2  x sec   tan 2 dx   tan 2 dx  x tan 2  c
2
Solution: (b) dx  tan dx  
2 2 2 1/ 2
d  x  2 x x 1 x 2 sin x / 2  x  sin x
Trick : By inspection,  x tan  c   x sec  tan    
dx  2  2 2 2  cos x / 2 cos x / 2  1  cos x
2

Hence the result.

e 
ax
(4) Integrals of the form sinbxdx, e ax cosbx dx :

Working rule : To evaluate  e ax

sin bx dx or e
ax
cos bx dx, proceed as follows

(i) Put the given integral equal to I.

(ii) Integrate by parts, taking e ax as the first function.
(iii) Again, integrate by parts taking e ax as the first function. This will involve I.
(iv) Transpose and collect terms involving I and then obtain the value of I.
 Indefinite Integral 13

cos bx   cos bx 
  
ax
Let I  e ax sin bx dx . Then I  e . sin bx dx  e ax .  ae ax .   dx
I II b  b 
 1 ax a ax  1 ax a  e ax . sin bx sin bx 

b
e . cos bx 
b
e . cos bx dx 
I II b 
e . cos bx  
b b
 ae ax .
b
dx 


 1 ax a a2  1 ax a a2

b
e . cos bx  2 e ax . sin bx  2 e ax . sin bx dx 
b b b b 
e . cos bx  2 e ax . sin bx  2 I
b
a 2 e ax e ax
I  I.  (a sin bx  b cos bx )  I  (a sin bx  b cos bx)  c
b2 b2 a2  b2
e ax e ax b
Thus,  e ax sin bx 
a2  b2
(a sin bx  b cos bx )  c 
a2  b2
sin(bx  tan 1 )  c
a

e ax e ax  b
Similarly  e ax . cos bx dx 
a2  b2
(a cos bx  b sin bx )  c 
2
a b
cos  bx  tan 1   c
 2 a
ax
e ax   b 
Note :   e ax . sin(bx  c) dx  2e 2 a sin(bx  c)  b cos(bx  c)  k  sin (bx  c)  tan 1     k
a b a2  b2   a 
e ax e ax   b 
 e ax . cos(bx  c) dx  a cos(bx  c)  b sin(bx  c)  k  cos (bx  c)  tan 1     k
a2  b2 2
a b 2
  a 

Important Tips

 
ax
xe e ax

 x e ax sin(bx  c) dx  a sin(bx  c )  b cos(bx  c )  (a 2  b 2 ) sin bx(bx  c)  2ab cos bx(bx  c)  k
a2  b2 (a 2  b 2 )2

x . e ax e ax

 x . e ax cos(bx  c) dx 
a2  b2
a cos(bx  c )  b sin(bx  c ) 
(a 2  b 2 )2
[(a 2  b 2 ) cos(bx  c)  2ab sin(bx  c)]  k

ax

 a x . sin(bx  c) dx  (log a) sin(bx  c)  b cos(bx  c)  k
(log a)2  b 2

ax

 a x . cos(bx  c) dx  (log a) cos(bx  c)  b sin(bx  c)  k
(log a)2  b 2

1 x
e
x
Example: 32 If sin x dx  e . a  c, then a 
2
(a) sin x  cos x (b) cos x  sin x (c) tan x  c (d) None of these
x x
e e
e
x
Solution: (a) sin x dx  2 2
(1. sin x  1. cos x )  c  (sin x  cos x )  c
1 1 2
Clearly a  (sin x  cos x)

e e
ax ax
Example: 33 If u  cos bx dx and v  sin bx dx, then (a 2  b 2 ) (u 2  v 2 ) 

(a) 2e ax (b) (a 2  b 2 )e 2ax (c) e 2ax (d) (a 2  b 2 )e 2ax

sin bx a e ax sin bx a
Solution: (c) u
 e ax cos bx dx  e ax
b

b  e ax . bx dx 
b
 v
b
ax
 bu  av  e sin bx ......(i)

Similarly, bv  au  e ax cos bx .....(ii)

Squaring (i) and (ii) and adding. We get, (a  b ) (u  v )  e 2ax . 2 2 2 2
 Indefinite Integral 14

1.7 Evaluation of the Various forms of Integrals by use of Standard Results .

dx
(1) Integral of the form  ax 2
 bx  c
, where ax 2  bx  c can not be resolved into factors.

px  q
(2) Integral of the form  ax 2
 bx  c
dx.

dx
(3) Integral of the form  2
ax  bx  c
.

px  q
(4) Integral of the form  ax 2  bx  c
dx.

f ( x)
(5) Integral of the form  ax 2
 bx  c
dx, where f (x ) is a polynomial of degree 2 or greater than 2.

x2  1 x2  1
(6) Integral of the form (i)  x4  k x2  1
dx, (ii)  x4  k x2  1
dx, where k is any constant

(7) Integral of the form  ax 2  bx  c dx (8) Integral of the form  ( px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx

dx
(9) Integral of the form P Q
dx
(1) Integrals of the form  ax 2
 bx  c
, where ax 2  bx  c can not be resolved into factors.

 2 b c  b 
2
 b2 c   b   b 2  4 ac 
2
    
2
We have, ax  bx  c  a x  .x    a  x     2    a  x 
 a a  2a   4a a   2a   4 a 2 

Case (i) : When b 2  4 ac  0

dx 1 dx  dx 
  2
ax  bx  c a
  2  b 2  4 ac 
2
, form
 x 2
 a 
2
 b 
x    
 2a   2a 
 
b b 2  4 ac
 x
1 1 2a 2a 1 2ax  b  b 2  4 ac
 . log c  log c
a 2
b  4 ac b 2
b  4 ac b 2  4 ac 2ax  b  b 2  4 ac
2. x 
2a 2a 2a
Case (ii) : When b 2  4 ac  0
dx 1 dx  dx 
 2
ax  bx  c a
  2  4 ac  b 2 
2
, form
 x 2
 a 
2
 b 
x    
 2a   2a 
 
 b 
 x   2ax  b 
1 1 2a 2
 . tan 1  c  tan 1  c
a 4 ac  b 2  4 ac  b 2  4 ac  b 2  4 ac  b 2 
 
2a  2a 
 Indefinite Integral 15

dx
Working rule for evaluating  ax 2
 bx  c
: To evaluate this form of integrals proceed as follows :

(i) Make the coefficient of x 2 unity by taking ‘a’ common from ax 2  bx  c.

(ii) Express the terms containing x 2 and x in the form of a perfect square by adding and subtracting the square
of half of the coefficient of x.
(iii) Put the linear expression in x equal to t and express the integrals in terms of t.
dx dx dx
(iv) The resultant integrand will be either in 2
x a 2
or 2
x a 2 
or
a  x2
2 
standard form. After using 
the standard formulae, express the results in terms of x.
dx
Example: 34
 2x 2
 x 1


1 dx 1 dx
Solution: (d) I
2 x 2 x 1
 
 I 
2  1
2
 7
2

2 2 x     
 4  4 
 
 1 
1 4 1
 x 4  2  4 x  1
I . . tan  c  I  tan 1  c
2 7  ( 7 / 4 )  7  7 
 
cos x
Example: 35
 sin 2
x  4 sin x  5
dx equals

(a) tan 1 (sin x)  c (b) tan 1 (sin x  2)  c (c) tan 1 (sin x  1)  c (d) None of these
cos x cos x
Solution: (b) I=
 sin 2
x  4 sin x  5
dx 
 (sin x  2) 2
1
dx

Put sin x  2  t  cos x dx  dt

dt
I=
t 2
1
 tan 1 t  c  tan 1 (sin x  2)  c .

px  q px  q
(2) Integral of the form
 bx  c  ax 2
dx : The integration of the function
ax  bx  c
is effected by 2

breaking px  q into two parts such that one part is the differential coefficient of the denominator and the other
part is a constant.
d
If M and N are two constants, then we express px  q as px  q  M (ax 2  bx  c)  N  M .(2ax  b)  N
dx
 (2aM )x  Mb  N .
p
Comparing the coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides, we have, p  2aM  M  and
2a
p
q  Mb  N  N  q  Mb  q  b.
2a
p  p 
(2ax  b)   q  b
px  q 2a  2a 
Thus, M and N are known. Hence, the given integral is  ax 2
 bx  c
dx   ax 2  bx  c
dx

p 2ax  b  p  dx p  p  dx

2a  ax
2
 bx  c
dx   q 

b 2

2a  ax  bx  c 2a 
log | ax 2  bx  c |  q 

b 2
2a  ax  bx  c
C 
The integral on R.H.S. can be evaluated by the method discussed in previous section.
 Indefinite Integral 16

px  q p (2aq  bp) 2ax  b

(i) If b 2  4 ac  0, then  ax 2
 bx  c
dx 
2a
log | ax 2  bx  c | 
a 4 ac  b 2
tan 1
4 ac  b 2
k

px  q p (2aq  bp) 2ax  b  b 2  4 ac

(ii) If b 2  4 ac  0, then  ax 2
 bx  c
dx 
2a
log | ax 2  bx  c | 
2a b 2  4 ac
log
2ax  b  b 2  4 ac
k

2 sin 2  cos 
Example: 36
 6  cos   4 sin d 
2

(a) 2 log | sin 2   4 sin   5 | 7 tan 1 (sin   2)  c (b) 2 log | sin 2   4 sin   5 | 7 tan 1 (sin   2)  c

(c)  2 log | sin 2   4 sin   5 | 7 tan 1 (sin   2)  c (d)  2 log | sin 2   4 sin   5 | 7 tan 1 (sin   2)  c

2(2 sin  cos  )  cos  (4 sin   1) cos 

Solution: (a) I
 6  (1  sin 2
 )  4 sin 
d  I 
 sin 2
  4 sin   5
d

4t  1
Put sin   t  cos  d  dt ,  I 
t 2
 4t  5
dt

d 2
Let 4 t  1  M (t  4 t  5)  N  4 t  1  M (2t  4 )  N
dt
2(2t  4)  7
Comparing the coefficient of t and constant terms on both side, then M  2, N  7  I 
 t 2  4t  5
dt

2t  4 7dt dt
 I2
t 2
 4t  5
dt 
t 2
 4t  5
 I  2 log | t 2  4 t  5 | 7
(t  2)2  1
 I  2 log | t 2  4 t  5 | 7 tan 1 (t  2)  c  2 log | sin 2   4 sin   5 | 7 tan 1 (sin   2)  c

dx
(3) Integral of the form  ax 2  bx  c
: To evaluate this form of integrals proceed as follows :

(i) Make the coefficient of x 2 unity by taking a common from ax 2  bx  c .

dx 1 dx
Then,  2
ax  bx  c

a 2 b c
.
x  x
a a
b c
(ii) Put x 2  x  , by the method of completing the square in the form, A 2  X 2 or X 2  A 2 or
a a
X 2  A 2 where, X is a linear function of x and A is a constant.
(iii) After this, use any of the following standard formulae according to the case under consideration
dx x dx dx
 2
a x 2
 sin 1    c
a

 2
x a 2
 log | x  x 2  a 2 |  c and  2
x a 2
 log | x  x 2  a 2 |  c.

dx 1  2ax  b 
Note :  If a  0, b 2  4ac  0, then   sin 1 
 2
  k.

ax 2  bx  c a  b  4 ac 

dx 1  2ax  b 
 If a  0, b 2  4 ac  0, then  ax 2  bx  c

a
sinh1  k
 4 ac  b 2 
 Indefinite Integral 17

dx 1 2ax  b
 If a  0, b 2  4 ac  0  2
ax  bx  c

a
cosh 1
b 2  4 ac
k

dx
Example: 37
 2  3x  x 2
equals

 2x  3   2x  3   2x  3   2x  3 
(a) tan 1  c
 (b) sec 1  c
 (c) sin 1  c
 (d) cos 1  c

 17   17   17   17 
dx dx
Solution: (c) I=
 2  3x  x 2

  17 
2 2
    x  3 
 2   2
 
Put x  3 / 2  t  dx  dt

dx  t   
  c  sin 1  2 x  3   c
I 
  17 
2
 sin 1  
 17 / 2 

 17 

   t2
 2 
 
dx
Example: 38
 2
x  4x  2


(a) log | x  2  x 2  2  4 x | c (b) log | x  2  x 2  2  4 x |  c

(c) log | x  2  x 2  2  4 x | c (d) log | x  2  x 2  2  4 x |  c

dx dt
Solution: (a) I 
 2
( x  2)  2
 I
 t  ( 2 )2
2

Put x  2  t  dx  dt  I  log | t  t 2  2 | c  I  log | x  2  x 2  4 x  2 |  c

px  q
(4) Integral of the form  ax 2  bx  c
dx : To evaluate this form of integrals, first we write,

d
px  q  M (ax 2  bx  c)  N  px  q  M (2ax  b)  N
dx
Where M and N are constants.
By equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides, we get
p bp
p  2aM  M  and q  bM  N  N  q 
2a 2a
In this way, the integral breaks up into two parts given by
px  q p 2ax  b  bp  dx
 ax 2  bx  c
dx 
2a  ax 2  bx  c
dx   q 


2a   ax 2  bx  c
 I 1  I 2 , (say)

p 2ax  b
Now, I 1 
2a  ax 2  bx  c
dx

p p t1/ 2 p
Putting ax 2  bx  c  (2ax  b)dx  dt, we have, I 1 
2a 
t 1 / 2 dt 
2a
.
1
 C1 
a
ax 2  bx  c  C1

2
and I 2 is calculated as in the previous section.
 Indefinite Integral 18

px  q p 2aq  bp dx
Note :  dx = ax 2  bx  c   .
2
ax  bx  c a 2a 2
ax  bx  c
5  2x
Example: 39
 6  x  x2
dx =

 2x  1   2x  1 
(a) 2 6  x  x 2  4 sin1  c (b) 2 6  x  x 2  4 sin1  c
 5   5 
 2x  1   2x  1 
(c)  2 6  x  x 2  4 sin1  c (d)  2 6  x  x 2  4 sin1  c
 5   5 
5  2x
Solution: (b) I 
 6  x  x2
dx

d
Let 5  2 x  M (6  x  x 2 )  N  5  2 x  M (1  2 x )  N
dx
Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides, we get
2  2 M  M  1 and 5  M  N  N  5  1  4  5  2 x  (1  2 x )  4
(1  2 x )  4 1  2x dx
Hence, I 
 6xx 2
dx 
 6xx 2
dx  4
 6  x  x2
 I 1  4 I 2 , (say)

1  2x
Now, I 1 
 6  x  x2
dx

Putting 6  x  x 2  t  (1  2 x)dx  dt, we have,

dt dx dx
I1 
 t
 2 t  C1  2 6  x  x 2  C1 and I 2 
 6  x  x2

 6  ( x 2  x)

dx dx du  1
I
  1 1

 25  1
2

 5
2
 where, u  x  
 2
6   x2  x     x      u2
 4 4 4  2  2

 u  2  1   2x  1 
 sin 1    C2  sin 1   x    C2  sin 1    C2
5/2 5  2   5 
 2x  1 
 I  I 1  4 I 2  2 6  x  x 2  4 sin 1    C (where, C  C1  4 C2 )
 5 
x2
Example: 40
 2
x  2x  4
equals

 ( x  1)   ( x  1) 
(a) x 2  2 x  4  3 sinh 1  c (b) x 2  2 x  4  3 sinh 1  c
 3   3 
 ( x  1)   ( x  1) 
(c) x 2  2 x  4  3 cosh 1  c (d) x 2  2 x  4  3 cosh 1  c
 3   3 
x2 x2 x 1 3 x 1 3 dx
Solution: (a)
 2
x  2x  4
dx 
 ( x  1)2   3 2
dx 
 ( x  1)2   3 2
dx 
 2
x  2x  4
dx 
 ( x  1)2  ( 3 ) 2

Put x 2  2 x  4  t 2 in the first expression  2( x  1)dx  2tdt

 ( x  1) dx  tdt
x2 tdt dx
 2
x  2x  4
dx 
 t
3
 ( x  1)2  ( 3 )2
 Indefinite Integral 19

x2  x  1
 2
x  2x  4
dx  x 2  2 x  4  3 sinh 1 
 3 
c

f(x)
(5) Integrals of the form  ax 2
 bx  c
dx, where f(x) is a polynomial of degree 2 or greater than 2:

To evaluate the integrals of the above form, divide the numerator by the denominator. Then, the integrals take
f ( x) R( x)
the form given by 2
 Q( x)  2 dx
ax  bx  c ax  bx  c
where, Q(x) is a polynomial and R(x) is a linear polynomial in x.
f ( x) R( x)
Then, we have  ax 2
 bx  c
dx  Q( x)dx  2
ax  bx  c
dx 
The integrals on R.H.S. can be obtained by the methods discussed earlier.

( x 3  8) ( x  1)
Example: 41 dx equals.
x 2  2x  4

 x3   x2  (x 3  x 2  x)
(a)  
  2
  2x  c

(b) x 3  x 2  2x  c (c) c (d) None of these
 3    3

( x 3  8) ( x  1) ( x  2)( x 2  2 x  4)( x  1) x3 x2
   (x  2)(x  1) dx   (x
2
Solution: (a) dx    x  2) dx =   2x  c
2
x  2x  4 x 2  2x  4 3 2

2x 3  3 x 2  5 x  6
Example: 42 The value of
 x 2  3x  2
dx is

x 1
(a) x 2  3 x  4 ln | x 2  3 x  2 | 12 ln c (b) x  3 x 2  4 ln | x  1| 12 ln( x  2)  c
x2
|x 1
(c) (x 2  3 x)  8 ln c (d) None of these
( x  2) 2

2x 3  3 x 2  5 x  6
Solution: (c)
 x 2  3x  2
dx

 8x  (2 x  3) dx dx
=
 (2x  3)  x 2
 dx =
 3x  2   (2x  3)  4  x 2
 3x  2
 12

( x  1) ( x  2)

dx dx
 (x 2  3 x)  4 ln | x 2  3 x  2 | 12
 x  1  12 x  2
x 1
= (x 2  3 x)  4 ln(x  1)  4 ln(x  2)  12 ln c
x2

| x  1|
= x 2  3 x  8 ln(x  1)  16 ln(x  2)  c = ( x 2  3 x )  8 ln c.
( x  2) 2

x2  1 x2 1
(6) Integrals of the form  x 4  kx 2  1
dx and  x 4  kx 2  1
dx :To evaluate the integral of the form I

x2 1
= x 4
 kx 2  1
dx , proceed as follows
 Indefinite Integral 20

1
1
x2
(i) Divide the numerator and denominator by x 2 to get I   2 1
dx.
x k 2
x
1  1  1 1
(ii) Put x   t   1  2 dx  dt and x 2  2  2  t 2  x 2  2  t 2  2.
x  x  x x
dt
Then, the given integral reduces to the form I  t 2
 2k
, which can be integrand as usual.

x2  1
(iii) To evaluate I   x 4  kx 2  1
dx, we divide the numerator and denominator by x 2 and get

1
1
x2
I  1
dx
x2  k 
x2
1  1  1 1
Then, we put x   t   1  2 dx  dt and x 2  2  2  t 2  x 2  2  t 2  2.
x  x  x x
dt
Thus, we have t  t 2
2k
, which can be evaluated as usual.

Important Tips

2x 2 x2 1 x2 1
 Algebraic twins:
x 4
1
dx 
x 4
1
dx 
x 4
1
dx

2 x2  1 x2  1 2x 2 2
x 4
1
dx 
 x4  1
dx 
 x4  1
dx ,
x 4
1 k x2
dx,
 (x 4
 1  kx 2 )
dx

x2 1 x2  1 x2 dx I1  I 2
We know the result of I 1 
x 4
1
dx and I 2 
 x4  1
dx, so for
x 4
1
dx and for
x 4
1
, we can use the result of
2
I  I2
and 1 .
2
dx dx  sin x  cos x
 Trigonometric twins:
 tan x dx,
 cot x dx,
 (sin 4
x  cos 4 x )
,
 sin 6
x  cos 6 x
,
 a  b sin x cos dx
x2 1
Example: 43
x 4
 x2 1
dx 

1  x2  x  1 1  x2  x  1  x2  x  1 1  x2  x  1
(a) log  2 c (b) log  2 c (c) log  2 c (d) log  2 c
2  x  x  1  2  x  x  1   x  x  1  2  x  x  1 
1 1 1
1 1 x  1
x2 1 1 x2  1  x 1 x2  x  1
Solution: (d)
x 2
1
1
dx 
 
x2
1
2
dx 
2
log
x 
x
1
 1
 c  log 2
2 x 1 x
 c  log 2
2 x  x 1
c
2  x   1 x
x  x

Example: 44
 tan x dx 
 Indefinite Integral 21

1  tan x  1  1 tan x  2 tan x  1

(a) tan 1  
 log c
2  2 tan x  2 2 tan x  2 tan x  1

1  tan x  1  1 tan x  2 tan x  1

(b) tan 1  
 2 2 log tan x  2 tan x  1  c
2  2 tan x 

 tan x  1 
(c) log  c

 2 tan x 
(d) None of these

Solution: (a) Let I 

 tan x dx

Putting tan x  t  tan x  t 2 , we have sec 2 xdx  2tdt  (1  tan 2 x)dx  2tdt
2t
i.e., (1  t 4 )dx  2tdt  dx  dt
1 t4
2t 2t 2 (t 2  1)  (t 2  1) t2 1 t2 1
I
 tan x dx  t.
 1 t 4
dt 
1 t 4
dt 
 t4 1
dt 
t 4
1
dt 
t 4
1
dt

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
t 2 dt  t 2 dt  t2 t2

t 2

1 t 2

1  1
2
dt 
 1
2
dt .

t2 t2 t    2 t    2
 t  t

 1 1  1 1
Again putting t   u  1  dt  du in the first integral and t   v  1  dt  dv in the second
t  t2  t  t2 
integral, we have,
 u 
du dv 1   1 log v  2  c
I
u 2
 ( 2 )2

v 2
 ( 2 )2

2
tan 1 
 2  2 2
 v 2

 1 1
1 t   1
t  2  t2  1  2
 tan t 1 
 log t c 
1
tan 1    1 log t  t 2  1  c
2  2  2 2 1 2  2
t  t 2 1
  t  2  t 2  2 2
  t

1  tan x  1  1 tan x  2 tan x  1

 tan 1    log c
2  2 tan x  2 2 tan x  2 tan x  1

Example: 45
  tan x  cot x dx 
 tan x  cot x   tan x  cot x 
(a) 2 tan 1  c (b) 2 tan 1  c
 2   2 
   
 tan x  cot x 
(c) tan 1  c (d) None of these
 2 
 

Solution: (a) I=
  tan x  cot x dx 
2t
Put tan x  t 2  sec 2 x dx  2t dt  dx  dt
1  t4
 1  1
1  2   1  2  dt
 1  2t t 

t  
I  t  . dt  2  dt  2
 
t  1  t4 1
 
2
 t2  2  2  2  1 2
t  t    2
 t
 Indefinite Integral 22

 1
t  
1  1 dp 2 p  t
 p   2 1 1
Put t   p   1  2  dt  dp  2
 tan  c  2 tan c
t  t  2 2 2 2

 tan x  cot x 
 2 tan 1  c
 2 
 

(7) Integrals of the forms  ax 2  bx  c dx : To evaluate this form of integrals, express ax 2  bx  c in

 
the form a (x   ) 2   2 by the method of completing the square and apply the standard result discussed in the
above section according to the case as may be.
(2ax  b) ax 2  bx  c 4 ac  b 2 dx
Note :   ax 2  bx  c dx   
4a 8a ax 2  bx  c

Example: 46
 x 2  8 x  12 dx

1
(a) (x  4) x 2  8 x  12  2 log| x  4  x 2  8 x  12 | c
2
1
(b) (x  4) x 2  8 x  12  2 log| x  4  x 2  8 x  12 | c
2

(c) (x  4) x 2  8 x  12  log| x  4  x 2  8 x  12 | c

(d) (x  4) x 2  8 x  12  log| x  4  x 2  8 x  12 | c

 x  8 x  12 dx  
2
Solution: (b) Let I  ( x 2  8 x  16)  4 dx

 (x  4)  2 dx   
2 2
 t 2  2 2 dx  t 2  2 2 dt. (putting x  4  t  dx  dt)

1 1 1
 t t 2  22  .22 log | t  t 2  22 | c  (x  4) (x  4)2  4  2 log | x  4  (x  4)2  4 | c
2 2 2
1
 (x  4) x 2  8 x  12  2 log | x  4  x 2  8 x  12 | c .
2

Example: 47
 2ax  x 2 dx 

1 1  x a 1 1  x a
(a) (x  a) 2ax  x 2  a 2 sin 1  c (b) (x  a) 2ax  x 2  a 2 sin 1  c
2 2  a  2 2  a 
1 1  x a 1 1  x a
(c) (x  a) 2ax  x 2  a 2 cos 1  c (d) (x  a) 2ax  x 2  a 2 cos 1  c
2 2  a  2 2  a 

Solution: (a)
 2ax  x 2 dx 
 a 2  a 2  2ax  x 2 dx 
 a 2  ( x 2  2ax  a 2 ) dx 
 a 2  ( x  a)2 dx

1 1 ( x  a)
 ( x  a) 2ax  x 2  a 2 sin 1 c
2 2 a

(8) Integrals of the form  (px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx : To evaluate this form of integral, proceed as follows:

d
(i) First express ( px  q) as px  q  M (ax 2  bx  c)  N  px  q  M (2ax  b)  N
dx
Where, M and N are constant.
(ii) Compare the coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides, will get
 Indefinite Integral 23

p p
p  2a M  M  and q  Mb  N  N  q  Mb  q  b.
2a 2a
(iii) Now, write the given integral as
p  p 
 ( px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx 
2a 
(2ax  b) ax 2  bx  c dx   q 

b  ax 2  bx  c dx
2a  
p  p 
 I1   q  b  I 2 , (say).
2a  2a 
(iv) To evaluate I 1 , put ax 2  bx  c  t and to evaluate I 2 , follows the method discussed in (7)

Example: 48
 (2x  3) x 2  4 x  3 dx 

(a) log | ( x  2)  ( x 2  4 x  3) |  c (b) log | ( x  2)  ( x 2  4 x  3) |  c

(c) log | ( x  2)  ( x 2  4 x  3) |  c (d) None of these

d 2
Solution: (d) Let 2 x  3  M (x  4 x  3)  N  2 x  3  M (2 x  4 )  N
dx
Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides, we get
2  2M  M  1 and 3  4 M  N  N  3  4  1  1
 2 x  3  (2 x  4 )  1


Hence, I  [(2 x  4)  1] x 2  4 x  3dx 
 (2 x  4 ) x 2  4 x  3 dx 
 x 2  4 x  3 dx  I 1  I 2 , (say )

Now, I1

 (2 x  4 ) x 2  4 x  3 dx

Putting x 2  4 x  3  t  (2 x  4)dx  dt, we have

t3/2 2
I1 
 t 1 / 2 dt 
3/2
 c 1  (x 2  4 x  3) 3 / 2  c 1 I 2 
3  x 2  4 x  3 dx 
 ( x  2) 2  1 2 dx

1 1 1 1
 (x  2) (x  2)2  12  .12 log x  2  (x  2)2  12  c2  (x  2) x 2  4 x  3  log x  2  x 2  4 x  3  c 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 1 1
 I  I1  I 2  (x  4 x  3) 3 / 2   (x  2) x 2  4 x  3  log x  2  x 2  4 x  3   c, (where, c  c 1  c 2 ),
3  2 2 

Example: 49
 (2x  5) x 2  4 x  3 dx 

(a) log | x  2  x 2  4 x  3 |  c (b) log | x  2  x 2  4 x  3 |  c

(c) log | x  2  x 2  4 x  3 |  c (d) None of these

d 2
Solution: (d) Let 2 x  5  M (x  4 x  3)  N  2 x  5  M (2 x  4)  N
dx
Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides, we get
2 2M  M 1
5  4 M  N  N  4 M  5  1

Hence, I 
 (2x  4)  1 x 2  4 x  3 dx  I 
 (2 x  4 ) x 2  4 x  3 dx 
 x 2  4 x  3 dx I  I1  I 2 (say )

2 2
I1 
 (2 x  4 ) x 2  4 x  3 dx 
3
(x  4 x  3)3 / 2  c1 I 2 
 x 2  4 x  3 dx 
 x 2  4 x  4  4  3 dx

1 1 2
. 1 log (x  2)  x 2  4 x  3 

 (x  2)2  12  I 2 
2
(x  2) x 2  4 x  3
2  
 Indefinite Integral 24

1 1
 (x  2) x 2  4 x  3 log ( x  2)  x 2  4 x  3   c 2 , Therefore I  I1  I 2
2 2  
2 2 1 1
I (x  4 x  3)3 / 2  (2) x 2  4 x  3  log (x  2)  x 2  4 x  3   c (Where c  c1  c 2 )
3 2 2  

dx
(9) Integrals of the form P Q
, (where P and Q and linear or quadratic expressions in x): To

evaluate such types of integrals, we have following substitutions according to the nature of expressions of P and Q
in x :
(i) When Q is linear and P is linear or quadratic, we put Q  t 2 .
1
(ii) When P is linear and Q is quadratic, we put P  .
t
1
(iii) When both P and Q are quadratic, we put x  .
t
dx
Example: 50
 (x  3) x 1


1  x 1  2 1  x 1  2 1  x 1  2
(a) log  c (b) log    c (c) log  c (d) None of these
2  x 1  2 2  x 1  2 2  x 1  2
     
Solution: (c) Put x  1  t 2  dx  2t dt

 (x  3)
dx

 (t
2t dt
2
 4)t
 x  1  t 2
 x  t2 1  x  3  t2  4 
x 1

dt 1  t  2 1  x 1  2
2
t 2
2 2
 2. log
2.2  t  2 
  c  log 
2 
 c .
 x 1  2


dx dx
1.8 Integrals of the form  a  b cosx and  a  b sin x .

To evaluate such form of integrals, proceed as follows:

x x
1  tan 2 2 tan
(1) Put cos x  2 and sin x  2 .
2 x 2 x
1  tan 1  tan
2 2
x x
(2) Replace 1  tan 2 in the numerator by sec 2 .
2 2
x 1 x
(3) Put tan  t so that sec 2 dx  dt.
2 2 2
dt
(4) Now, evaluate the integral obtained which will be of the form  at 2
 bt  c
by the method discussed earlier.

dx
(i)  a  b cos x
dx 2  ab x
Case I: When a  b , then  a  b cos x  a2  b2
tan 1 
 ab

tan   c
2 
 Indefinite Integral 25

x
b  a tan
 ba
dx 1 2
Case II: When a  b , then  a  b cos x

b2  a2
log
x
c
b  a tan  b  a
2
dx 1 x
Case III: When a  b , then  a  b cos x  a tan 2  c .
dx
(ii)  a  b sin x
 x 
dx 2  a tan 2  b 

2 2 1
Case I: When a  b or a  0 and a  b , then  tan  c
a  b sin x a2  b2  a2  b2 
 
x
 b)  ( b 2  a 2 )
(a tan
dx 1 2
Case II: When a 2  b 2 , then  a  b sin x

b2  a2
log
x 2 2
c
(a tan  b)  b  a
2
Case III: When a 2  b 2
In this case, either b  a or b  a
dx 1  x  1
(a) When b  a , then  a  b sin x  a
cot     c  [tan x  sec x]  c
4 2 a
dx 1  x
(b) When b  a , then  a  b sin x  a tan 4  2   c .
dx
Example: 51
 3  4 cos x 
1  tan( x / 2)  7  1  tan( x / 2)  7 
(a) log  c (b) log  c
7  tan( x / 2)  7  7  tan( x / 2)  7 
   

1  7  tan( x / 2)  1  7  tan( x / 2) 
(c) log  c (d) log  c
7  7  tan( x / 2)  7  7  tan( x / 2) 
   
 x   x 
dx 1  b  a tan 2  b  a  1
 tan  7 
Solution: (b) If b  a then,
 a  b cos x

b2  a2
log  c  I 
 b  a tan x  b  a  7
log 

 tan
2
x
 7
c


 2   2 
dx x 
Example: 52 If
 1  sin x  tan 2  a   b, then
 
(a) a , b3 (b) a  , b3
4 4
 
(c) a , b  arbitrary constant (d) a  , b  arbitrary constant
4 4
dx 1  x
Solution: (d) If a  b , then
 a  b sin x   a cot  4  2   c
dx  x   x  x x 

 1  sin x   cot  4  2  =  tan 2  4  2   c =  tan 4  2   c = tan 2  4   c

Hence a  and b  arbitrary constant.
4
 Indefinite Integral 26

dx
Example: 53
 5  4 cos x 
2 1  1 1  2 1 x 1 1 x
(a) tan 1  tan x   c (b) tan 1  tan x   c (c) tan 1  tan   c (d) tan 1  tan   c
3  3  3  3  3  3 2  3  3 2 
dx 2  ab x
Solution: (c) If a  b, then
 a  b cos x  2
a b
. tan 1 
 ab
2

tan   c
2 

dx 2 1  1 x

 5  4 cos x  3 tan  tan   c .
3 2

dx dx
1.9 Integrals of the form  a  b cos x  c sin x ,  a sin x  bcos x .

dx
(1) Integral of the form  a  b cos x  csinx : To evaluate such integrals, we put b  r cos  and

c  r sin  .
c dx dx
So that, r 2  b 2  c 2 and   tan 1
b
. I  a  r(cos  cos x  sin  sin x)   a  r cos( x   )
dt
Again, Put x    t  dx  dt , we have I   a  r cos t
Which can be evaluated by the method discussed earlier.
dx
(2) Integral of the form
a sin x  b cos x 
: To evaluate this type of integrals we substitute a  r cos ,

b
b  r sin  and so r  a 2  b 2 ,   tan 1
a
dx 1 dx 1
So,   
a sin x  b cos x r sin( x   ) r cos ec( x   )dx 
1 x  1 x 1 b
 log tan    log tan  tan 1   c
r 2 2 2
a b 2 2 2 a
2
Note :  The integral of the above form can be evaluated by using cos x  1  tan 2 x / 2 and sin x 
2 tan x / 2
.
1  tan x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
Important Tips

dx 2  (a  b) tan x / 2  c 
 If a  b, a 2  b 2  c 2 , then
 a  b cos x  c sin x  2
a b c
tan 1 
2 2
k
a 2  b 2  c 2 

dx 1  (a  b) tan x / 2  c  b 2  c 2  a 2 
 If a  b, a 2  b 2  c 2 , then
 a  b cos x  c sin x

b2  c 2  a2
log   k
 (a  b) tan x / 2  c  b 2  c 2  a 2 
 

dx 1  (b  a) tan x / 2  c  b 2  c 2  a 2 
 If a  b,
 a  b cos x  c sin x  b2  c 2  a2
log 
 (b  a) tan x / 2  c  b 2  c 2  a 2

  k.



dx
Example: 54
 sin x  cos x 
(a) log tan ( / 8  x / 2)  c (b) log tan ( / 8  x / 2)  c
1
(c) log tan ( / 8  x / 2)  c (d) None of these
2
 Indefinite Integral 27

dx sec 2 x / 2
Solution: (c)
 2 tan x / 2

1  tan x / 2 2

 2 tan x / 2  1  tan 2
x/2
dx

1  tan 2 x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
1
Put tan x / 2  t  sec 2 x / 2 dx  dt
2
dt dt
 I2
 2t  1  t 2
2
 2  (t 2
 2t  1)

dt 2 2  t 1 1 [( 2  1)  tan x / 2] [ 2  1]
 I2
( 2
2 )  (t  1) 2

2 2
log
2  t 1
c  I
2
log
[( 2  1)  tan x / 2] [ 2  1]
c

1 tan  / 8  tan x / 2 1 1
 I log  log ( 2  1)  c  I  log tan( / 8  x / 2)  c 1
2 1  ( 2  1) tan x / 2 2 2
1
where c1  log ( 2  1)  c
2
1 dx 1 dx 1 1
2 2  sin( / 4  x) 2 
Trick : I    cosec ( / 4  x) dx  log tan ( / 8  x / 2)  c .
1 1 2
sin x  cos x
2 2
dx
Example: 55
 1  cos x  sin x


x x x x
(a) log 1  cot c (b) log 1  tan c (c) log 1  cot c (d) log 1  tan c
2 2 2 2
dx
Solution: (c) Given I 
 1  cos x  sin x
dx sec 2 x / 2 . dx
I
 1  (1  tan 2
x / 2)

2 tan x / 2
 I
 1  tan2 x / 2  1  tan2 x / 2  2 tan x / 2
(1  tan x / 2) 1  tan 2 x / 2
2

sec 2 x / 2 . dx 1 / 2 . sec 2 x / 2 . dx
I
 2 tan2 x / 2  2 tan x / 2

 tan 2
x / 2  tan x / 2
1 dt dt  1 1  dt dt
Put tan x / 2  t 
2
sec 2 x / 2 .dx  dt therefore I 
t 2
t
 I
 t (t  1) 
  t  t  1  dt  I   t  1   t
t 1 tan x / 2  1
I  log(t  1)  log t  c  I  log  c  I  log  c  I  log 1  cot x / 2  c
t tan x / 2
1
Example: 56 The antiderivative of f (x)  whose graph passes through the point (0, 0) is
3  5 sin x  3 cos x
1 5  1 5  1 5 
(a)  log 1  tan x / 2  (b)  log 1  tan x / 2  (c)  log 1  cot x / 2  (d) None of these
5  3  5  3  5  3 
dx sec 2 x / 2 dx 1 1 5
Solution: (b) y
 (3  5 sin x  3 cos x)

 10 tan x / 2  6
 log(5 tan x / 2  3)  c  log tan x / 2  1  c
5 5 3
Passes through (0, 0)
1 5
 c  0 then y  log 1  tan x / 2 .
5 3

dx dx dx dx dx
1.10 Integrals of the form  a  bcos x ,  a  bsin x ,  asin x  bcos x ,  (asinx  bcosx) ,  a  bsin x  ccos x
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

To evaluate the above forms of integrals proceed as follows:

(1) Divide both the numerator and denominator by cos 2 x.
 Indefinite Integral 28

(2) Replace sec 2 x in the denominator, if any by (1  tan 2 x).

(3) Put tan x  t  sec 2 xdx  dt.
(4) Now, evaluate the integral thus obtained, by the method discussed earlier.

dx
Example: 57
 1  3 sin 2
x


1 1
(a) tan  1 (3 tan 2 x )  c (b) tan 1 (2 tan x)  c (c) tan 1 (tan x)  c (d) None of these
3 2
sec 2 x dx sec 2 x dx
Solution: (b)
 sec x  3 tan 2 x
2

 1  4 tan 2 x
Put 2 tan x  t
dt
sec 2 x dx 
2
1 dt 1 1
I 
2  1 t 2

2
tan 1 t  c  I  tan  1 (2 tan x )  c .
2
dx
Example: 58
 4 sin 2
x  5 cos 2 x
1  2 tan x  1  tan x  1  2 tan x 
(a) tan 1  c (b) tan 1  c (c) tan 1    c (d) None of these
5  5  5  5 
 2 5  5 

sec 2 x dx  Put 2 tan x  t 

Solution: (c)
 4 tan 2
x5
 
 2 sec 2 x dx  dt 
 

1 dt 1  2 tan x 

2 t 2
 ( 5) 2

2 5
tan 1 
 5 
c

dx
Example: 59
 (2 sin x  cos x) 2

1 1  1 1 1 1 
(a)   (b) log(2 tan x  1)  c (c) c (d)   c
2  2 tan x  1  2 2  cot x 2  2 tan x  1 

dx dx cosec 2 x dx
Solution: (c)
 (2 sin x  cos x)   sin 2 2
x(2  cot x ) 2

 (2  cot x) 2

dt 1 1
Put (2  cot x)  t   cosec 2 x dx  dt 
t 2

t
c 
2  cot x
c

cos x dx
Example: 60
 cos 3 x


1 1  3 tan x 1 1  3 tan x
(a) log c (b) log c
2 3 1  3 tan x 2 3 1  3 tan x
1
(c) tan 1 ( 3 tan x )  c (d) None of these
6
cos x cos x
Solution: (a) Let I 
 cos 3x dx   4 cos 3
x  3 cos x
dx

dx
Dividing the numerator and denominator by cos 2 x, we have I 
 4 cos2
x3
 Indefinite Integral 29

1
t
dt 1 dt 1 dt 1 1 1 1  3t
log 3
I
 
1  3t 2 3  1 t 2

3  1 
2
 .
3 2. 1 1
t
c 
2 3
log
1  3t
c

3    t2
 3  3 3
 

1 1  3 tan x
I  log  c.
2 3 1  3 tan x
dx
Example: 61
 4 sin 2
x  4 sin x . cos x  5 cos 2 x
equals

 1 1  1  1
(a) tan 1  tan x    c (b) tan 1  tan x    c (c) 4 tan 1  tan x    c (d) None of these
 2 4  2  2

dx sec 2 x dx 1 sec 2 x dx
Solution: (b) I=
 4 sin 2
x  4 sin x . cos x  5 cos 2 x

 4 tan 2
x  5  4 tan x

4  1
2
 tan x    1
 2
1 1 dt 1 1 1  1
Put tan x 
2
 t  sec 2 x dx  dt 
4 t 2
 tan 1 t  c  I 
1 4 4  tan  tan x    c .
 2

a sinx  b cosx a sinx  bcos x  q

1.11 Integrals of the form  and  c sinx  d cosx  r
c sinx  d cosx
a sinx  b cos x
(1) Integrals of the form  c sinx  d cos x dx : Such rational functions of sin x and cos x may be

integrated by expressing the numerator of the integrand as follows:

Numerator = M (Diff. of denominator)+N (Denominator)
d
i.e., a sin x  b cos x  M (c sin x  d cos x)  N (c sin x  d cos x)
dx
The arbitary constants M and N are determined by comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x from two sides
of the above identity. Then, the given integral is
a sin x  b cos x M (c cos x  d sin x)  N (c sin x  d cos x) c cos x  d sin x
I 
c sin x  d cos x
dx  
c sin x  d cos x
dx  M
c sin x  d cos x
dx  N 1dx  
 M log | c sin x  d cos x |  Nx  c.
a sinx  bcos x  q
(2) Integrals of the form  csinx  dcosx  r dx : To evaluate this type of integrals, we express the

numerator as follows: Numerator  M (Denominat or)  N (Different iation of denominato r)  P

i.e., (c sin x  b cos x  q)  M (c sin x  d cos x  r )  N (c cos x  d sin x )  P .
where M, N, P are constants to be determined by comparing the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term
on both sides.
a sin x  b cos x  q Diff. of denominato r dx
 
c sin x  d cos x  r
dx  M dx  N
Denominato r dx    c sin x  d cos x  r
dx
 Mx  N log | Denominato r |  P  c sin x  d cos x  r .
Important Tips
a cos x  b sin x ac  bd ad  bc

 c cos x  d sin x dx  c 2
d 2
x 2
c  d2
log| c cos x  d sin x | c .
 Indefinite Integral 30

3 cos x  3 sin x
Example: 62
 4 sin x  5 cos x dx 
27 3 27 3
(a) x log(4 sin x  5 cos x)  c (b) x log(4 sin x  5 cos x)  c
41 41 41 41
27 3
(c) x log(4 sin x  5 cos x)  c (d) None of these
41 41
d
Solution: (a) 3 cos x  3 sin x  M (4 sin x  5 cos x)  N (4 sin x  5 cos x)
dx
 3 cos x  3 sin x  M (4 cos x  5 sin x )  N (4 sin x  5 cos x )
 Comparing the coefficient of sin x and cos x on both sides.
3 27
 5 M  4 N  3 and 4 M  5 N  3  M  , N
41 41
3 27
(4 cos x  5 sin x)  (4 sin x  5 cos x)
27  3  4 cos x  5 sin x
 I

41 41
4 sin x  5 cos x
dx  I 
 41 dx   41   4 sin x  5 cos x dx
27 3
 I x log(4 sin x  5 cos x)  c .
41 41
dx
Example: 63
 1  cot x 
1 1 1 1
(a) x  log | sin x  cos x | c (b) x  log | sin x  cos x | c
2 2 2 2
1 1
(c) x  log | sin x  cos x |  c (d) None of these
2 2
dx dx sin x
Solution: (b) Here, I 

1  cot x


1
cos x

sin x  cos x
dx

sin x
d
Let sin x  M (sin x  cos x)  N (sin x  cos x)  sin x  M (cos x  sin x)  N (sin x  cos x)
dx
Comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x of both the sides, we have 1   M  N and 0  M  N
1 1
Solving these equations, we have M  and N 
2 2
1 1
 sin x   (cos x  sin x)  (sin x  cos x)
2 2
1 1
(cos x  sin x)  (sin x  cos x)
1 cos x  sin x 1 1 1
Hence, I 
 2 2
sin x  cos x
dx  
2  sin x  cos x dx  2  1 dx 
2
log | sin x  cos x |  x  c.
2

1.12 Integration of Rational Functions by using Partial Fractions .

f (x)
(1) Proper rational functions: Functions of the form , where f (x ) and g (x ) are polynomial and
g( x )
g( x )  0, are called rational functions of x.
f ( x)
If degree of f (x ) is less than degree of g (x ) , then is called a proper rational function.
g( x )
f (x)
(2) Improper rational function : If degree of f (x ) is greater than or equal to degree of g (x ) , then , is
g( x )
called an improper rational function and every improper rational function can be transformed to a proper rational
function by dividing the numerator by the denominator.
 Indefinite Integral 31

x3 19 x  30
For example, is an improper rational function and can be expressed as ( x  5)  ,
2
x  5x  6 x 2  5x  6
19 x  30
which is the sum of a polynomial ( x  5) and a proper function .
x 2  5x  6
(3) Partial fractions: Any proper rational function can be broken up into a group of different rational
fractions, each having a simple factor of the denominator of the original rational function. Each such fraction is
called a partial fraction.
f ( x)
If by some process, we can break a given rational function into different fractions, whose denominators are
g( x )
f ( x)
the factors of g (x ) , then the process of obtaining them is called the resolution or decomposition of into its
g( x )
partial fractions.
Depending on the nature of the factors of the denominator, the following cases arise.
Case I: When the denominator consists of non-repeated linear factors: To each linear factor (x  a)
A
occurring once in the denominator of a proper fraction, there corresponds a single partial fraction of the form
xa
, where A is a constant to be determined.
Case II: When the denominator consists of linear factors, some repeated: To each linear factor
(x  a) occurring r times in the denominator of a proper rational function, there corresponds a sum of r partial
fractions of the form.
A1 A2 Ar
  .......... . 
x  a ( x  a) 2
( x  a) r
Where A' s are constants to be determined. Of course, Ar is not equal to zero.
Case III: When the denominator consists of quadratic factors: To each irreducible non repeated
Ax  B
quadratic factor ax 2  bx  c, there corresponds a partial fraction of the form 2
, where A and B are
ax  bx  c
constants to be determined.
To each irreducible quadratic factor ax 2  bx  c occurring r times in the denominator of a proper rational
fraction there corresponds a sum of r partial fractions of the form
A1 x  B1 A2 x  B2 Ar x  Br
2
 2 2
 .......... ....... 
ax  bx  c (ax  bx  c) (ax 2  bx  c) r
Where, A's and B's are constants to be determined.
(4) General methods of finding the constants
(i) In the given proper fraction, first of all factorize the denominator.
(ii) Express the given proper fraction into its partial fractions according to rules given above and multiply both
the sides by the denominator of the given fraction.
(iii) Equate the coefficients of like powers of x in the resulting identity and solve the equations so obtained
simultaneously to find the various constant is short method. Sometimes, we substitute particular values of the
variable x in the identity obtained after clearing of fractions to find some or all the constants. For non-repeated
linear factors, the values of x used as those for which the denominator of the corresponding partial fractions become
zero.
 Indefinite Integral 32

Note :  If the given fraction is improper, then before finding partial fractions, the given fraction must be
expressed as sum of a polynomial and a proper fraction by division.
(5) Special cases: Some times a suitable substitution transform the given function to a rational fraction which
can be integrated by breaking it into partial fractions.
cos x
Example: 64
 (1  sin x)(2  sin x) dx 
 2  sin x 
(a) log [(1  sin x ) (2  sin x )]  c (b) log  c
 1  sin x 
 1  sin x 
(c) log  c (d) None of these
 2  sin x 
Solution: (c) Put sin x  t  cos x dx  dt
cos x dx dt  1 1   t 1
 (1  sin x)(2  sin x)   (1  t)(2  t)    t  1  t  2  dt  log(t  1)  log(t  2)  c = log  c
t  2
 1  sin x 
 log    c.
 2  sin x 
3x  1
Example: 65
 (x  2) 2
(x  2)


5 x2 7 5 x2 7
(a) log  c (b) log  c
16 x  2 4(x  2) 16 x  2 4(x  2)
16 x2 7
(c) log  c (d) None of these
5 x  2 4(x  2)
3x  1 A B C
Solution: (b) We have,   
( x  2)2 ( x  2) ( x  2) ( x  2)2 ( x  2)
3 x  1  A( x  2) ( x  2)  B( x  2)  C( x  2) 2 .......(i)
7 5
Putting x  2 and - 2 successively in equation (i), we get B  , C
4 16
5
Now, we put x  0 and get A 
16
3x  1 5 dx 7 dx 5 dx 5 7 1 5
 (x  2) (x  2) dx
2

16  x  2  4  (x  2) 2

16 x2 
16
log(x  2)  
4 (x  2) 16
log(x  2)  c

5 x2 7
 log  c
16 x  2 4(x  2)
x2  1
Example: 66
 x( x 2
 1)
dx 

x2  1 x2 1 x x
(a) log c (b)  log c (c) log 2
c (d)  log 2
c
x x x 1 x 1
 2x 1 x2 1
Solution: (a) I
  2   dx  I  log(x 2  1)  log x  c 
 x 1 x 
I  log
x
c.

2x 2  3  x 1 x
Example: 67 If
 (x 2
 1) ( x 2  4)
dx  a log    b tan 1    c then values of a and b are
 x  1  2
(a) 1,  1 (b) 1, 1 (c) 1 / 2,  1 / 2 (d) 1 / 2, 1 / 2
2
Solution: (d) Put x  y
2x 2  3 2y  3 2y  3 A B
 2 2
   
( x  1) ( x  4) (y  1) (y  4) (y  1) (y  4) (y  1) (y  4)
 Indefinite Integral 33

 2y  3  A(y  4)  B(y  1)
Comparing the coefficient of y and constant terms
 A  B  2 and 4 A  B  3
 A  1 and B  1
1 1 1 1 1 x 1 1 x
 I
 y  1 dx   y  4 dx  I
x 2
1
dx 
x 2
4
dx  I 
2
log  tan1  c
x 1 2 2
1 1
 a  and b  .
2 2
x4
Example: 68
 (x  1) (x 2
 1)
dx 

x( x  2) log ( x  1) log ( x 2  1) tan 1 x x( x  2) log ( x  1) log ( x 2  1) tan 1 x

(a)    c (b)    c
2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2
x( x  2) log ( x  1) log ( x 2  1) tan 1 x
(c)    c (d) None of these
2 2 4 2
x4 x4  1 1 ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x 2  1) dx
Solution: (a)
 (x  1)(x 2  1)
dx 
 ( x  1) ( x 2  1)
dx 
 ( x  1) ( x 2  1)
dx 
 ( x  1) ( x 2  1)
dx 
 (x  1) (x 2
 1)
2
dx x 1 1 1 

 (x  1) dx   (x  1) (x 2
 1)

2
 x   log( x  1)  log( x 2  1)  tan 1
2 4 2
x  c

x( x  2) log( x  1) log( x 2  1) tan 1 x
     c.
2 2 4 2
tan   tan 3 
Example: 69
 1  tan 3 
d

1 1 1  2 tan   1 
(a) log | 1  tan  |  log | tan 2   tan   1 |  tan 1  c

3 6 3  3 
1 1 1  2 tan   1 
(b) log |1  tan  |  log | tan 2   tan   1|  tan 1  c

3 6 3  3 
1  1  tan 2  
(c) log  3
c

3  tan  
(d) None of these
tan   tan 3  tan  (1  tan 2  ) tan  sec 2 
Solution: (b) Let I 
 1  tan 3 
d 
 1  tan 3 
 I
 1  tan 3 
d

t t dt
Putting tan   t  sec 2 d  dt, we have, I 
1 t 3
dt 
 (1  t)(1  t  t 2
)
t A BtC
Let  
(1  t ) (1  t  t ) 1  t 1  t  t 2
2

 t  A(1  t  t 2 )  (Bt  C) (1  t ) ......(i)

1
Putting t  1 in equation (i), we get,  1  A(1  1  1)  A  
3
Comparing the coefficients of t 2 and constant terms on both the sides of equation (i) we get
1 1
0  A  B  B   A  and 0  A  C  C  A 
3 3
t 1 1 1 t 1
  .  .
(1  t ) (1  t  t 2 ) 3 1 r 3 1  t  t2
1 dt 1 t 1 1 dt 1 2t  2 1 dt 1 (2t  1)  3
Hence, I  
3  1 t  3  t 2
 t 1
dt   
3 1 t 6  t 2
 t 1
dt  
3 1 t  6  t2  t  1
dt
 Indefinite Integral 34

1 dt 1 2t  1 3 dt 1 dt 1 2t  1 1 dt

3  1 t  6  t 2
 t 1 6 
dt  . 2
t  t 1

3  1 t  6  t 2
 t 1
dt 
2  1 3
2
t   
 2 4
 
t 1 
1 1 2 1 2
  log | 1  t |  log | t  t  1 |  . 1 
tan  2   c   1 log | 1  t |  1 log | t 2  t  1 |  1 tan 1  2t  1   c
3 6 2 3  3 6 3  3 
 3   
 2 
1 1 1  2 tan   1 
 log | 1  tan  |  log | tan 2   tan   1 |  tan 1    c.

3 6 3  3 
dx
Example: 70
 x( x n
 1)


1 xn xn  1 1 xn xn  1
(a) log n c (b) n log c (c) log n c (d)  n log c
n x 1 xn n x 1 xn
dx x n 1
Solution: (a) Let I 
 x( x n  1)

 x n ( x n  1)
dx

Putting x n  t  nx n 1 dx  dt , we have
1 dt 1 1 1 
I
n  t(t  1)  n   t  t  1  dt, (by resolving into partial fractions)

1 1 t 1 xn
 [log t  log (t  1)]  c  log  c  log n  c.
n n t 1 n x 1

1.13 Integration of Trigonometric Functions .

 sin 
m
(1) Integral of the form x cos n x dx : (i) To evaluate the integrals of the form I  sin m x cos n x dx,
where m and n are rational numbers.
(a) Substitute sin x  t, if n is odd;
(b) Substitute cos x = t, if m is odd;
(c) Substitute tan x  t, if m  n is a negative even integer; and
1
(d) Substitute cot x  t, if (n  1) is an integer.
2
m  n  2
(e) If m and n are rational numbers and   is a negative integer, then substitution cos x  t or
 2 
tan x  t is found suitable.
(ii) Integrals of the form  R(sin x, cos x) dx, where R is a rational function of sin x and cos x, are transformed
x
into integrals of a rational function by the substitution tan t, where    x   . This is the so called universal
2
x
substitution. Sometimes it is more convenient to make the substitution cot  t for 0  x  2 .
2
The above substitution enables us to integrate any function of the form R(sin x, cos x ). However, in practice, it
sometimes leads to extremely complex rational function. In some cases, the integral can be simplified by:
(a) Substituting sin x  t, if the integral is of the form  R(sin x) cos x dx.
(b) Substituting cos x  t, if the integral is of the form  R(cos x) sin x dx.

dt
(c) Substituting tan x = t, i.e., dx  , if the integral is dependent only on tanx.
1  t2
 Indefinite Integral 35

(d) Substituting cos x  t , if R( sin x, cos x )   R(sin x, cos x )

(e) Substituting sin x  t , if R(sin x, cos x )   R(sin x, cos x )
(f) Substituting tan x  t , if R( sin x, cos x )   R(sin x, cos x )

Important Tips

 To evaluate integrals of the form

 sin mx cos nx dx,  sin mx . sin nx dx,  cos mx . cos nx dx and
 cos mx . sin nx dx, we use the following
trigonometrical identities.
1 1
sin mx . cos nx  [sin(m  n)x  sin(m  n)x]  cos mx . sin nx  [sin(m  n)x  sin(m  n)x]
2 2
1 1
sin mx . sin nx  [cos(m  n)x  cos(m  n)x]  cos mx . cos nx  [cos(m  n)x  cos(m  n)x]
2 2

 sin
3
Example: 71 x cos 2 x dx

cos 2 x cos 3 x cos 5 cos 3 sin 5 sin 3 sin 5 sin 3

(a)  c (b)  c (c)  c (d)  c
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3

 sin x(1  cos

2
Solution: (a) I x) cos 2 x dx

t5 t3 cos 5 x cos 3 x
Put cos x  t   sin x dx  dt  I   (t 2  t 4 ) dt 
 5
 c
3 5

3
 c.

d
Example: 72
 sin  . cos 3



1 1
(a) log tan   tan 2   c (b) log tan   tan 2   c (c) log tan   tan 2   c (d)None of these
2 2
d sec 2  d sec 2  (1  tan 2  ) d
Solution: (c)
 sin  cos 3 

 sin  cos 

 tan  d

1 t2 1  t2 1
Put t  tan  dt  sec 2  d then it reduces to 
 t
dt 
  t  t  dt  log t 
2
 c  log tan   tan 2   c.
2

sin 3 2 x
Example: 73
 cos 5
2x
dx 

1
(a) tan 4 x  c (b) tan 4 x  c (c) tan 4 2 x  x  c (d) tan 4 2 x  c
8
sin 3 2 x sin 3 2 x 1
 cos  cos  tan
3
Solution: (d) Given, I  5
dx . The given equation may be written as 3
. dx  2 x . sec 2 2 x dx.
2x 2 x cos 2 2 x
Put tan 2 x  t and 2 sec 2 2 x dx  dt

1 3 t4 tan 4 2 x
I 
2 
t dt 
8
 c
8
 c.

sin nx
Example: 74 If I n 
 sin x dx, where n  1, then I n  I n2 

2 2 2 2
(a) cos(n  1)x (b) sin(n  1)x (c) cos n x (d) sin n x
(n  1) n 1 n n
sin nx
Solution: (b) In 
 sin x dx
sin(n  2)x sin nx  sin(n  2)x 2 cos(n  1)x . sin x
I n 2 
 sin x dx  I n  I n 2 
 sin x
dx 
 sin x
dx

2 sin(n  1)x
I n  I n 2 
(n  1)
 Indefinite Integral 36

(2) Reduction formulae for special cases

 cos x . sin n  1 x n  1
(i)  sin n x dx 
n

n
sin n  2 x dx 
sin x cos n  1 x n  1
(ii)  cos n x dx 
n

n
cos n  2 x dx 
tan n  1 x
(iii)  tan n x dx 
n 1
 tan n  2 x dx 
1

(iv) cot n x dx 
n 1
cot n  1 x  cot n  2 x dx 

(v) sec n x dx 
1
(n  1)

sec n  2 x. tan x  (n  2) sec n  2 x dx  
(vi)  cosec
n
x dx 
1
(n  1)

 cos ec n  2 x . cot x  (n  2) cosec n  2 x dx  
sin q 1 x. cos p 1 x p  1
(vii)  sin p x cos q x dx  
pq

pq
sin p  2 x. cos q x dx 
sin p 1 x . cos q 1 x p  1
(viii)  sin p x cos q x dx 
pq

pq
sin p x. cos q  2 x dx
dx x (2n  3) dx
(ix)  (x 2
 k) n

k(2n  2) ( x  k) 2 n 1
 2
k(2n  2) ( x  k) n1

Important Tips

sin n x 1 sin n1 x (n  1)

 Reduction formulae for I (n, m) 
 cos m
x
dx is I (n,m)  . 
m  1 cos m1 x (m  1)
. I (n 2, m 2)

 tan
5
Example: 75  d 

tan 4  tan 2  tan 4  tan 2 

(a)   log sec   c (b)   log sec   c
4 2 4 2
tan 4  tan 2 
(c)   log | sec  |  c (d) None of these
4 2
tan 4  tan 4  tan 2  tan 4  tan 2 
 tan  d  I
5
Solution: (c) 5   I3    I1    log | sec  |  c.
4 4 2 4 2

 cosec x dx
4
Example: 76

cot 3 x tan 3 x cot 3 x tan 3 x

(a) cot x  c (b) tan x  c (c) cot x  c (d)  tan x  c
3 3 3 3
(cot x )3
 cosec x dx   cosec  
4 2
Solution: (c) x(1  cot 2 x)dx  cosec 2 x dx  cot 2 x cosec 2 x dx   cot x   c.
3


8
Example: 77 Integrate sin x dx

1  sin 8 x sin 6 x sin 4 x sin 2 x 

(a)  8  28  56  35 x  c 
27  8 6 4 2 
1  sin 8 x sin 6 x sin 4 x sin 2 x 
(b)  8  8 6  28 4  56 2  35 x  c 
27  
 Indefinite Integral 37

sin 8 x sin 6 x sin 4 x sin 2 x

(c) 8  28  56  35 x  c
8 6 4 2
(d) None of these
Solution: (a) Let cos x  i sin x  y ; then
1 1 1 1
2 cos x  y  , 2 cos nx  y n  n  2 i sin x  y  , 2 i sin nx  y n  n (Remember as the standard results)
y y y y
8
 1  1   1   1   1 
Thus 2 8 i 8 sin 8 x   y     y 8  8   8 y 6  6   28  y 4  4   56 y 2  2   70
 y   y   y   y   y 
 2 cos 8 x  16 cos 6 x  56 cos 4 x  112 cos 2 x  70
1
Thus sin 8 x  (cos 8 x  8 cos 6 x  28 cos 4 x  56 cos 3 x  35),
27
1  sin 8 x sin 6 x sin 4 x sin 2 x 
 sin
8
and x dx  8  28  56  35 x   c
27  8 6 4 2 

1.14 Integration of Hyperbolic Functions

(1)  sinh x dx  cos hx  c (2)  cos hx dx  sin hx  c
(3)  sec h x dx  tan h x  c
2
(4)  cosec h x dx   cot hx  c
2

(5)  sec hx tan hx dx   sec hx  c (6)  cosec hx cot h dx  cosec hx  c

1  1
Example: 78
 cos   dx 
x
(a) x sec 1 x  cos h 1 x  c (b) x sec 1 x  cos h 1 x  c
(c) cos h 1 x  x sec 1 x  c (d) None of these

1  1 1
 cos  x
1
Solution: (b)   dx  sec x dx  x sec 1 x  x dx  x sec 1 x  cos h 1 x  c.
x
  2
x 1
cos x  sin x
Example: 79
 sin 2 x
dx equals

(a) cos h 1 (sin x  cos x )  c (b) sin h 1 (sin x  cos x )  c

(c)  cos h 1 (sin x  cos x )  c (d)  sin h 1 (sin x  cos x )  c
cos x  sin x cos x  sin x cos x  sin x
Solution: (a) I
 sin 2 x
dx 
 1  sin 2 x  1
dx 
 (cos x  sin x) 2  1
dx

dt
Put cos x  sin x  t  (cos x  sin x ) dx  dt 
 t2 1
 cos h 1 t  c  cos h 1 (sin x  cos x)  c.

 sin h
1
Example: 80 x dx equals

(a) x cos h 1 x  x 2  1  c (b) x cos h 1 x  x 2  1  c

(c) x sin h 1 x  x 2  1  c (d) x sin h 1 x  x 2  1  c

1
 sin h 
1
Solution: (d) x .1 dx  x sin h 1 x  .x dx  x sin h 1 x  1  x 2  c.
I II 1  x2

ex  a
Example: 81
 ex  a
dx 

(a) cos h 1 (e x / a)  sec 1 (e x / a)  c

1
 
(b)   cos h 1(e x / a)  sec 1(e x / a)  c
a
 Indefinite Integral 38

(c)
1

  cos h 1(e x / a)  sec 1(e x / a)  c  (d) None of these
a

ex  a ex  a ex a ex /a 1
Solution: (a)
 ex  a
dx 
 e 2x
a 2
dx 
 e 2x
a 2
dx 
 e 2x
a 2
dx 
 x 2
(e / a)  1 2
dx 
 (e / a) 2  1 2
x
dx

ex ex dt dt
Put
a
t
a
dx  dt 
 t2  1

t t2  1
 cos h 1 (e x / a)  sec 1 (e x / a)  c.

dx
Example: 82
 (e x
 e  x )2


1 1
(a) tan hx  c (b) tan hx  c (c) tan hx  c (d) None of these
2 4
dx 1 4 . dx 1 1
 (e  (e  sec h x dx  4 tan hx  c.
2
Solution: (c)  
x
 e  x )2 4 x
 e  x )2 4
tan x
Example: 83
 1  tan 2 x
dx 

1 1
(a) cos h 1( 2 cos x)  c (b)  cos h1( 2 cos x)  c (c) cos 1
( 2 cos x )  c (d) cos h 1 ( 2 cos x )  c
2 2
tan x dx sin x dx sin x dx
Solution: (d)
 1  tan x 2

 2
cos x  sin x 2

 2 cos 2 x  1

Put 2 cos x  t   2 sin x dx  dt

1 dt 1
I
2  2
t 1

2
cos h 1 ( 2 cos x  c) .

Example: 84
 sin x sin hx dx 
1 x 1
(a) (e  e  x )  c (b) [sin x cos hx  cos x sin hx]  c
2 2
1
(c) [sin x cos hx  cos x cos hx]  c (d) None of these
2

Solution: (b) I
 sin x sin hx dx   sin hx cos x   cos hx cos x dx  sin hx cos x  [cos hx sin x   sin hx sin x dx]
1
I [sin x cos x  cos x sin hx]  c.
2

1.15 Integral of the type f [ x, (ax  b)m1/n1 , (ax  b)m2 /n2 ...] where f is a rational function and
m1 , n1 , m 2 , n2 are Integers
To evaluate such type of integral, we transform it into an integral of rational function by putting (ax  b)  t s ,
where s is the least common multiple (L.C.M.) of the numbers n1 , n2 .

x
m
Integrals of the form (a  bx n ) p dx
Case I : If p  N (Natural number). We expand the integral with the help of binomial theorem and integrate.

x
1/ 3
Example: 85 Evaluate (2  x 1 / 2 ) dx

7 7/3 5 5/3 3 5/3 3 24 11 / 6

(a) 3x4 / 3  x c (b) x4 / 3  x c (c) 3x4 / 3  x  c (d) 3 x 4 / 3  x 7 / 3  x c
3 3 5 7 11
 Indefinite Integral 39

x
1/ 3
Solution: (d) I (2  x 1 / 2 ) 2 dx

Since P is natural number,

4 x 4 / 3 x 7 / 3 4.x 11 / 6
x 
1/ 3
I (4  x  4 x 1 / 2 ) dx  (4 x 1 / 3  x 4 / 3  4 x 5 / 6 ) dx    c
4/3 7/3 11 / 6
3 7 / 3 24 11 / 6
 3x 4 / 3  x  x  c.
7 11

Case II: If p  I  (i.e. negative integer). Write x  t k , where k is the L.C.M. of denominator of m and n.

x
2 / 3
Example: 86 Evaluate (1  x 2 / 3 )1 dx

(a) 3 tan 1( x1 / 3 )  c (b) 3 tan 1 x  c (c) 3 tan 1( x 2 / 3 )  c (d) None of these
Solution: (a) If we substitute x  t 3 (as we know P  negative integer)
 Let x  t k , where k is L.C.M. of denominator m and n.
3t 2 dt dt
 x  t 3  dx  3 t 2 dt or I 
t 2
(1  t 2 )
3 2
t 1 
 3 tan 1 (t )  c  I  3 tan 1 ( x 1 / 3 )  c .

m1
Case III: If is an integer and p  fraction put (a  bx n )  t k , where k is the denominator of the fraction p.
n

x
2 / 3
Example: 87 Evaluate (1  x 1 / 3 )1 / 2 dx

(a) 2(1  x1 / 3 )2 / 3  c (b) 2(1  x1 / 3 )3 / 2  c (c) 2(1  x 2 / 3 )3 / 2  c (d) 2 (1  x 2 / 3 )2 / 3  c

1
Solution: (b) If we substitute 1  x 1 / 3  t 2 then, dx  dt
3x 2 / 3
t . 6 t dt
I 
 1 
 6 t 2 dt  2t 3  c or I  2(1  x 1 / 3 )3 / 2  c.

m1 
Case IV: If   P  is an integer and P  fraction. We put (a  bx n )  t k . x n , where k is the denominator of
 n 
the fraction P.

x
11
Example: 88 Evaluate (1  x 4 )1 / 2 dx

1 5 3 1  t 5 2t 3  1  t 4 2t 3 
(a) (t  t  t )  c (b)     t   c (c)    t  c (d) None of these
2 2  5 3  2  4 3 
1
where t  1 
x4

m1   11  1 1 
Solution: (b) Here   P      3
 n   4 2
If we substitute then
1 4 dx dx
1  4  t 2 and 5 dx  2t dt  I 
x x x 11 (1  x 4 )1 / 2

 x 11
. x 2 (1  1 / x 4 )1 / 2
dx 1 2t dt 1 1  1  t 5 2t 3 
I
x 13
(1  1 / x 4 )1 / 2

4 x 8
t

2 
(t 2  1) 2 dt 
2 
(t 4  2t 2  1) dt 
2
 
 5 3
 t   c,

1
where t  1 
x4
 Indefinite Integral 40

1.16 Integrals using Euler's substitution

Integrals of the form  f (x), (ax 2  bx  c ) dx are calculated with the aid of one of the there Euler substitution:

(1) ax 2  bx  c  t  x a , if a  0.
(2) ax 2  bx  c  t x  c , if c  0.
(3) ax 2  bc  c  (x   ) t, if ax 2  bx  c  a(x   ) (x   ), i.e., if x is real root of (ax 2  bx  c).
Note :  The Euler substitution often lead to rather some calculations, therefore they should be applied only
when it is difficult to find another method for calculating the given integral.
dx
Example: 89 Evaluate
x x2  x 1
1 3 3 1 3 3
(a) 2 log e | t |  log e | t  1|  log e | t  1|   c (b) 2 log e | t |  log e | t  1|  log e | t  1|  c
2 2 (t  1) 2 2 (t  1)
1 3 3
(c) 2 log e | t |  log e | t  1|  log e | t  1|  c (d) None of these
2 2 (t  1)
 2 
 Where t  x  x  1  1 
 x 
 
Solution: (a) Since here c  1, we can apply the second Euler substitution.

x 2  x  1  tx  1
2t  1
Hence (2t  1)x  (t 2  1)x 2 ; x 
t2 1
2(t 2  t  1)dt 1
 dx  and x  x 2  x  1 
(t 2  1) 2 t 1
dx  2t 2  2t  2
I 
x x2  x 1

 t(t  1) (t  1) 2
dt

Using partial fractions, we have,

 2t 2  2t  2 A B C D
2
    or (2t  2t  2)  A(t  1)(t  1) 2  B(t  1) 2  C(t  1)(t  1)t  Dt.
t(t  1) (t  1) t t  1 (t  1) (t  1) 2
We get A  2, B  1 / 2, C  3 / 2, D  3.
dt 1 dt 3 dt dt 1 3 3
Hence I  2
 t

2  t  1  2  (t  1)  3 (t  1) 2
 2 log e | t | 
2
log e | t  1 |  log e | t  1 | 
2 (t  1)
c

 x 2  x  1  1 
 Where t 
 x 
 
x dx
Example: 90 Evaluate
 (7 x  10  x 2 )3

2  5  2  5  1  5 
(a)   2t   c (b)   2t   c (c)   2t   c (d) None of these
9  t  9 t  9 t 

7 x  10  x 2
where t 
x2
Solution: (a) In this case a  0 and c  0. Therefore neither (I) nor (II) Euler substitution is applicable. But the quadratic 7 x  10  x 2
has real roots   2,   5.

 We use the (III) i.e., 7 x  10  x 2  (x  2)(5  x)  (x  2) t

 Indefinite Integral 41

where (5  x )  ( x  2) t 2 or 5  2t 2  x(1  t 2 )

5  2t 2  5  2t 2  3t 6 t
 x 2
 ( x  2) t   2
 2  t  2
,  dx  dt
1 t  1  t  1  t (1  t 2 )2

 5  2t 2   6t
 .
 1 t2  (1  t 2 ) 2 dt 2  5 2  5
x dx   6 5  2t 2  
Hence, I 
( 7 x  10  x ) 2 3

  3t 
3

27  t2
dt    2  dt 
9  t2  9  t
 2t   c

 2

1 t 

x dx 2  5  7 x  10  x 2

( 7 x  10  x 2 )3
 
9  t
 2t   c ,

where t 
x2

1.17 Some Integrals which can not be Found

Any function continuous on interval (a, b) has an antiderivative in that interval. In other words, there exists a
function F(x) such that F ' ( x)  f ( x).
However not every antiderivative F(x), even when it exists is expressible in closed form in terms of elementary
functions such as polynomials, trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential etc. function. Then we say that such
antiderivatives or integrals "can not be found." Some typical examples are:
dx x2
  
2
(i) (ii) e x dx (iii) dx
log x 1  x5

(iv)  3 1  x 2 dx (v)  1  x 3 dx (vi) 1  k 2 sin 2 x dx

sin x cos x
e  
x2
(vii) dx (viii) dx (ix) dx
x x

  sin(x  cos(x  x tan x dx

2 2
(x) sin x dx (xi) ) dx (xii) ) dx (xiii) etc.

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