Differentiation

1. DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
3. RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION
d
1. The derivative of a constant function is zero, i.e., (c) = 0.
Derivative at a Point dx
2. The derivative of constant times a function is constant times
The value of f ‘(x) obtained by putting x = a, is called the
the derivative of the function, i.e.,
 dy 
derivative of f (x) at x = a and it is denoted by f ‘(a) or   . d d
 dx  x  a {c. f (x)} = c {f (x)}.
dx dx

2. Standard Derivatives
3. The derivative of the sum or difference of two function is
the sum or difference of their derivatives, i.e.,
d d d
{f (x) ± g(x)} = {f (x)} ± {g(x)}.
The following formulae can be applied directly for finding the dx dx dx
derivative of a function:
Note: In general, if f1 (x), f2 (x), … fn (x) are n differentiable functions, then we have
d d d d d
1. (sin x) = cos x [f (x) ± f1 (x) ± … ± fn (x)] = [f1 (x)] ± [f2 (x)] ± … ± [fn (x)].
dx dx 1 dx dx dx

d
2.
dx
(cos x) = –sin x PRODUCT RULE OF DIFFERENTIATION
d If f (x) and g(x) are differentiable functions of x, then
3. (tan x) = sec² x
dx d
[f (x) g(x)] = f (x) g’(x) + g(x) f ‘(x).
d dx
4. (cot x) = –cosec² x
dx
d
5. (sec x) = sec x tan x
dx d
[f (x) g(x) h(x)] = f (x) g(x) h’(x) + f (x) g’(x) h(x) + f ’(x) g(x) h(x)
d dx
6. (cosec x) = –cosec x cot x
dx

7.
d
(ex) = ex
Quotient Rule of Differentiation
dx If f (x) and g (x) are two differentiable functions of x, then
d
8.
dx
(ax) = ax loge a, a > 1
d


f x 
 =
   
g x f  x  f x g x
.
d 1 dx 
 g x  g x 
 

2

9. (loge x) = , x > 0
dx x

10.
d
(xn) = nxn – 1 Differentiation of a Function (Chain Rule)
dx
If y is a differentiable function of u and u is a differentiable
d 1 function of x, then
11. (sin–1 x) = , –1 < x < 1
dx 1 x2
dy dy du
d 1 = ×
12. (cos–1 x) = – , –1 < x < 1 dx du dx
dx 1 x 2

13.
d
(tan–1 x) =
1
, –∞ < x < ∞
Key Points on Chain Rule
dx 1 x2 1. The chain rule can be extended further as:
d 1
If y is a function of u, u is a function of v and v is a function
14. (sec–1 x) = , |x| > 1 of x, then
dx x x2  1
dy dy du dv
= × × and so on.
d −1 dx du dv dx
15. (cosec–1 x) = , |x| > 1
dx x x2 −1 2. If y = un, where u is a function of x, then
dy dy du du
d 1 = × = nun – 1 × .
dx du dx dx
16. (cot–1 x) = – , –∞ < x < ∞
dx 1 x2
 dy n1
x 
du  nu 
d x
17. (|x|) = or , x ≠ 0.  
dx x x
 dy
4. DERIVATIVE OF PARAMETRIC Step 2. Differentiate w.r.t. x to obtain
dx
FUNCTIONS Method 2
If x = f (t) and y = g (t), then Step 1. Evaluate
dy
=
dy / dt
=
f t
.
 A = Differential coefficient of y treating f (x) as constant.
dx dx / dt g t  Step 2. Evaluate
B = Differential coefficient of y treating g(x) as constant.
2
d y d  dy  d  dy  dt d  dy  dx dy
And =   =   × = / . Step 3. = A + B.
dx 2 dx  dx  dt  dx  dx dt  dx  dt dx

7. DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE
5. DIFFERENTIATION OF A FUNCTION WITH
RESPECT TO ANOTHER FUNCTION TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
If y = f (x) and z = g(x), then in order to find the derivative of f (x) Important Substitutions to Reduce the Function to
w.r.t. g(x), we use the formula a Simpler Form
dy dy / dx f x  Expressions Substitutions
= =
dz dz / dx g x  a2  x 2 Put x = a sin θ or x = a cos θ

x 2  a2 Put x = a sec θ or x = a cosec θ

6. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION a2  x 2 Put x = a tan θ or x = a cot θ
a x a x
or Put x = a tan θ
a x a x
Properties of Logarithms
1. loge (mn) = loge m + loge n a x a x
or Put x = a cos θ
a x a x
 m
2.. loge   = loge m – loge n
 n a2  x 2 a2  x 2
or Put x² = a² cos θ
3. loge (m)n = n loge | m | a2  x 2 a2  x 2

4. loge e = 1

5. logn m =
loge m
loge n
8. DIFFERENTIATION OF A FUNCTION
GIVEN IN THE FORM OF A DETERMINANT
6. logn m. logm n = 1.

f x 
g x 
h x
If y = p x  q x  r  x  , then
Shorter Methods of Finding the Derivative of a u x  v x  w x 
Logarithmic Function
dy
If y = [f (x)]g(x), then to find
, in addition to the method discussed dy
f′ x ( ) ( )
g′ x ( ) f (x )
h′ x g x( ) h x( ) f (x ) g x( ) ( )
h x
dx
dx
= p x ( ) q (x ) r (x ) + p '(x ) q '(x ) r '(x ) + p (x ) q (x ) r (x )
above, we can also apply any of the following two methods:
u x ( ) v (x ) w (x ) u (x ) v (x ) w (x ) u '(x ) v '(x ) w '(x )
Method 1
Step 1. Express y = [f (x)]g(x) = eg(x) log f (x) Note: The differentiation of a determinant can be done in
columns also.
[ ax = ex log a]