MAT1512/202/2/2018

Tutorial Letter 202/2/2018

Calculus A
MAT1512

Semester 2

Department of Mathematical Sciences

IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
This tutorial letter contains the solutions for assignment 02.

BARCODE

university
Define tomorrow. of south africa
 QUESTION 1
To determine the given integral, we will use integration by substitution (refer to section 5.9 of the
study guide; section 5.5 of Stewart).

Step 1 – Make the variable substitution.

Let u = 1 + 2x3 . Therefore
du
= 6x2
dx
du
= x2 dx
6
1
⇒ du = x2 dx
6
Step 2 – Change the limits of integration:

x = 0 ⇒ u = 1 + 2(0)3 = 1
x = 1 ⇒ u = 1 + 2(1)3 = 3

Step 3 – Rewrite the integral in terms of the new variable u and change the limits of
integration:
Z 1 Z 3  
2 3 5 1
x (1 + 2x ) dx = u5 du
0 1 6
1 3 5
Z
= u du
6 1
 3
1 u6
=
6 6 1
1 36 16
 
= −
6 6 6
 
1 729 1
= −
6 6 6
 
1 728
=
6 6
728
=
36
182
=
9
Therefore the correct answer is (3).

NOTE: As you are not allowed to use a calculator in the exam, if you were given a question like
this in the exam an acceptable form of the answer would be
1  6 
3 −1
36

1
 QUESTION 2
For this question, we will use integration by substitution.

Step 1 – Make the variable substitution.

Let u = 2x + 1. Therefore
du
=2
dx
du
= dx
2
1
⇒ du = dx
2
and
u−1
u = 2x + 1 ⇒ x =
2
Step 2 – Rewrite the integral in terms of the new variable u:
√ u−1 √ 1
Z Z
x 2x + 1 dx = · u · du
2 2
u − 1 1/2 1
Z
= · u · du
2 2
Z
(u − 1)u 1/2
= du
4
Z
1
= ((u1+1/2 ) − u1/2 ) du
4
Z
1
= ((u3/2 ) − u1/2 ) du
4
Z Z 
1 3/2 1/2
= u du − u du
4
!
1 u5/2 u3/2
= − +c
4 5/2 3/2
!
1 2u5/2 2u3/2
= − +c
4 5 3
!
1 2(2x + 1)5/2 2(2x + 1)3/2
= − +c
4 5 3
(2x + 1)5/2 (2x + 1)3/2
= − +c
10 6
1 1
= (2x + 1)5/2 − (2x + 1)3/2 + c
10 6
Therefore the correct answer is (3).

2
 QUESTION 3
For this question, we are going to make use of the properties of logarithms (refer to section 4.5.4
of the study guide) and integration by substitution.

Step 1 – Use the properties of logarithms to rewrite the integral:

Recall that
ln x
loga x =
ln a
which means that
ln w
log3 w =
ln 3
Therefore
Z e3
ln(ln w)
dw
e2 w log3 w
Z e3
ln(ln w)
=
dw
e2 w ln w
ln 3
Z e3
ln(ln w) ln 3
= dw
e2 w ln w
Z e3
ln(ln w)
= ln 3 dw
e 2 w ln w
Step 2 – Make the variable substitution.

Let u = ln w. Therefore
du 1
=
dw w
1
du = dw
w
Step 3 – Change the limits of integration:

w = e2 ⇒ u = ln e2 = 2 ln e = 2
w = e3 ⇒ u = ln e3 = 3 ln e = 3

Step 4 – Rewrite the integral in terms of the new variable u:

Z e3 Z 3
ln(ln w) ln u
ln 3 dw = ln 3 du
e2 w ln w 2 u
Step 5 – Make a second variable substitution.

Let t = ln u. Therefore
dt 1
=
du u
1
dt = du
u

3
Step 6 – Change the limits of integration:

u = 2 ⇒ t = ln 2
u = 3 ⇒ t = ln 3

Step 7 – Rewrite the integral in terms of the new variable t:

Z 3 Z ln 3
ln u
ln 3 du = ln 3 t dt
2 u ln 2
 2 ln 3
t
= ln 3
2 ln 2
(ln 2)2
(ln 3)2
 
= ln 3 −
2 2
ln 3 
(ln 3)2 − (ln 2)2

=
2
Therefore the correct answer is (2).

QUESTION 4
For this question, we will be making use of integration by substitution and inverse trigonometric
functions (refer to section 4.5.3 of the study guide; reference page 6 of Stewart).

Step 1 – Make the variable substitution.

Let u = ex . Therefore
du
= ex
dx
du = ex dx

Step 2 – Rewrite the integral in terms of the new variable u:

ex
Z Z
1
2x
= du
1+e 1 + u2
= arctan(u) + c
= arctan(ex ) + c

Therefore the correct answer is (1).

4
 QUESTION 5
Step 1 – Rewrite the integral:

Z Z
1 1
√ dx = √ √ )
x+x x(1 + x
Step 2 – Make the variable substitution.
√
Let u = 1 + x = 1 + x1/2 . Therefore

du 1
= x−1/2
dx 2
1
= √
2 x
1
∴ du = √ dx
2 x
1
2 du = √ dx
x

Step 3 – Rewrite the integral in terms of the new variable u:

Z Z
1 2
√ √ )= du
x(1 + x u
= 2 ln u + c
√
= 2 ln(1 + x) + c

Therefore the correct answer is (3).

QUESTION 6
To solve this integral we are going to apply some algebraic manipulation to the integral before
integrating it:

4x2 − 2x + 2
Z
dx
3 − 4x + 4x2
4x2 − 2x + 2
Z
= dx
4x2 − 4x + 3
4x2 − 4x + 2x + 3 − 1
Z
= dx
4x2 − 4x + 3
(4x2 − 4x + 3) + 2x − 1
Z
= dx
4x2 − 4x + 3
4x2 − 4x + 3 2x − 1
Z Z
= 2
dx + 2
dx
4x − 4x + 3 4x − 4x + 3

NOTE: All we have done here is rewrite the numerator to allow us to split the integral into a sum of
two integrals – importantly note that in the second step above, (4x2 −4x+3)+2x−1 = 4x2 −2x+2, so

5
we can easily revert back to the original function if we need to. We now need to solve the following:
2x − 1
Z Z
dx + dx
4x2 − 4x + 3
R
Although dx is easy to solve, at first glance the same cannot be said about the second integral.
However, note that the numerator can be rewritten in terms of the derivative of the denominator
because
d 1
(4x2 − 4x + 3) = 8x − 4 = 4(2x − 1) ⇒ 2x − 1 = (8x − 4)
dx 4
so with some more algebraic manipulation we can write
Z  
2x − 1 8x − 4
Z Z Z
1
dx + dx = dx + dx
4x2 − 4x + 3 4 4x2 − 4x + 3

Note that the second integral is now in the form

Z
1 0
f (x) dx
f (x)

From the integration of exponential and logarithmic functions (section 5.10 of the study guide), we
have that Z
1 0
f (x) dx = ln |x| + c
f (x)
Therefore:
8x − 4
Z Z
1 1
dx + dx = x + ln |4x2 − 4x + 3| + c
4 4x2− 4x + 3 4
So finally
4x2 − 2x + 2
Z
1
2
dx = x + ln |4x2 − 4x + 3| + c
4x − 4x + 3 4
The correct answer is (1).

NOTE: In an exam or assignment, the solution to this question would be presented as follows:

4x2 − 2x + 2 4x2 − 2x + 2
Z Z
dx = dx
3 − 4x + 4x2 4x2 − 4x + 3
4x2 − 4x + 2x + 3 − 1
Z
= dx
4x2 − 4x + 3
(4x2 − 4x + 3) + 2x − 1
Z
= dx
4x2 − 4x + 3
4x2 − 4x + 3 2x − 1
Z Z
= 2
dx + 2
dx
4x − 4x + 3 4x − 4x + 3
2x − 1
Z Z
= dx + 2
dx
4x − 4x + 3
 
8x − 4
Z Z
1
= dx + dx
4 4x2 − 4x + 3
1
= x + ln |4x2 − 4x + 3| + c
4

6
 QUESTION 7
Step 1 – Rewrite the integral:

ln 3 ln 3
ex − e3x ex (1 − e2x )
Z Z
dx = dx
1 1 + ex 1 1 + ex

Step 2 – Make the variable substitution.

Let u = 1 + ex . Therefore
du
= ex
dx
du = ex dx

and
u = 1 + ex ⇒ ex = u − 1
Step 3 – Change the limits of integration:

x = 1 ⇒ u = 1 + e1 = 1 + e
x = ln 3 ⇒ u = 1 + eln 3 = 1 + 3 = 4

Step 4 – Rewrite the integral in terms of the new variable u:

ln 3 4
ex (1 − e2x ) 1 − (u − 1)2
Z Z
dx = du
1 1 + ex 1+e u
4
1 − (u2 − 2u + 1)
Z
= du
1+e u
4
1 − u2 + 2u − 1
Z
= du
1+e u
4
−u2 + 2u
Z
= du
1+e u
Z4
= (−u + 2) du
1+e
Z 4 Z 4
=− u du + 2 du
1+e 1+e
 2 4
u
=− + 2[u]41+e
2 1+e
42 (1 + e)2
 
=− − + 2[4 − (1 + e)]
2 2

7
 (1 + e)2
= −8 + + 8 − 2(1 + e)
2
1 + 2e + e2
= − 2 − 2e
2
1 e2
= +e+ − 2 − 2e
2 2
1 4 e2
= − −e+
2 2 2
e 2 3
= −e−
2 2
The correct answer is (2).

QUESTION 8
For this question, we will make use of trigonometric identities.

Step 1 – Rewrite the integral:

Z
1
dx
sec2 x cosec5 x
Z
1
= 1 dx
cos2 x
· sin15 x
Z
= cos2 x sin5 x dx
Z
= cos2 x sin4 x sin x dx

Step 2 – Apply the trigonometric identity: Recall that

sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x ⇒ sin4 x = (1 − cos2 x)2 = 1 − 2 cos2 x + cos4 x

Therefore
Z Z
2 4
cos x sin x sin x dx = cos2 x(1 − 2 cos2 x + cos4 x) sin x dx
Z
= (cos2 x − 2 cos4 x + cos6 x) sin x dx

Step 3 – Make the variable substitution.

Let u = cos x. Therefore

du
= − sin x
dx
−du = sin xdx

8
Step 4 – Rewrite the integral in terms of the new variable u:
Z Z
(cos2 x − 2 cos4 x + cos6 x) sin x dx = − (u2 − 2u4 + u6 ) du
 3
u5 u7

u
=− −2 + +c
3 5 7
(cos x)3 2(cos x)5 (cos x)7
 
=− − + +c
3 5 7
 3
cos x 2 cos5 x cos7 x

=− − + +c
3 5 7
2 cos5 x cos3 x cos7 x
= − − +c
5 3 7
The correct answer is (2).

QUESTION 9
Note that this question involves absolute values. Recall that from the definition of an absolute
value we have that
(
x if x ≥ 0
|x| =
−x if x < 0

Step 1 – Rewrite the integral:

Z 4 Z 0 Z 4
||x| − 4| dx = | − x − 4| dx + |x − 4| dx
−3 −3 0

From the definition of an absolute value we have that

(
−x − 4 if − x − 4 ≥ 0
| − x − 4| =
−(−x − 4) if − x − 4 < 0
(
−x − 4 if x ≤ −4
=
−(−x − 4) if x > −4

and
(
x−4 if x − 4 ≥ 0
|x − 4| =
−(x − 4) if x − 4 < 0
(
x−4 if x ≥ 4
=
−(x − 4) if x < 4

9
Step 2 – Apply the above to the integral:
Z 0 Z 4 Z 0 Z 4
| − x − 4| dx + |x − 4| dx = −(−x − 4) dx + (−(x − 4)) dx
−3 0 −3 0
Z 0 Z 4
= (x + 4) dx + (−x + 4) dx
−3 0
Z 0 Z 0 Z 4 Z 4
= x dx + 4 dx − x dx + 4 dx
−3 −3 0 0
 2 0 4
x2

x
= + 4[x]0−3 − + 4[x]40
2 −3 2 0
02 (−3)2 (4)2 (0)2
   
= − + 4[0 − (−3)] − − + 4[4 − 0]
2 2 2 2
   
9 16
= − + 4[3] − + 4[4]
2 2
9
= − + 12 + 16 − 8
2
9
= − + 20
2
9 40
=− +
2 2
31
=
2
The correct answer is (1).

QUESTION 10
Given Z 3x4
G(x) = t sin t4 dt
3
we are asked to find G0 (x). To do this, we will make use of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
which states Z x
d
F 0 (x) = f (t) dt
dx a
We further note that if the upper limit of the integral is a function, then the chain rule of differen-
tiation must be applied: Z x
d
f (t) dt = f (g(x)).g 0 (x)
dx a
Therefore
Z 3x4
G(x) = t sin t4 dt
3
0 d 4
∴ G (x) = 3x4 sin(3x4 )4 3x
dx
= 3x4 (12x3 ) sin(3x4 )4
= 36x7 sin(3x4 )4

The correct answer is (3).

10
 QUESTION 11
Given Z h(x2 )
1
k(x) = dr
cos α 3r + r2
For this question, we will make use of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Note that

h(x) = sin x4 ⇒ h(x2 ) = sin(x2 )4 = sin x8

Therefore
Z h(x2 )
1
k(x) = dr
cos α 3r + r2
Z sin x8
1
= dr
cos α 3r + r2
1 d
∴ k 0 (x) = sin x8
3 sin x8 + (sin x8 )2 dx
1
= (cos x8 )(8x7 )
3 sin x + sin2 x8
8

8x7 cos x8
=
3 sin x8 + sin2 x8
The correct answer is (2).

QUESTION 12
Step 1 – Sketch the graphs of the given functions:

The area between the two functions is shaded in grey.

11
Step 2 – Determine the points of intersection which gives you the boundaries of inte-
gration.

For x < 0:

x2 = −x
x2 + x = 0
(x)(x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = −1

For x > 0:

x2 = x
x2 − x = 0
(x)(x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 1

From the graph of the two functions, it is clear that the points of intersection are x = −1, x = 0
and x = 1.

Step 3 – Apply the formula for determining the area under a curve and integrate:
Z 0 Z 1
2
A= [−x − x ] dx + [x − x2 ] dx
−1 0
 2 0 1
x3
 2
x x x3
= − − + −
2 3 −1 2 3 0
2 (−1)3
  2
13
   
0 0 −(−1) 1 0 0
= − − − − + − − −
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
   
1 1 1 1
= + − + −
2 3 2 3
1 1 1 1
= + − −
2 2 3 3
2
=1−
3
1
=
3
The correct answer is (3).

12
 QUESTION 13
Step 1 – Sketch the graphs of the given functions:

The area of the region is shaded in grey.

Step 2 – Determine the points of intersection:

x2 + 1 = 3 − x2
2x2 − 2 = 0
2(x2 − 1) = 0
x2 − 1 = 0
(x + 1)(x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = −1 or x = 1

From the graph of the two functions, it is clear that the points of intersection are at x = −2,
x = −1, x = 1 and x = 2.

13
Step 3 – Apply the formula for determining the area under a curve and integrate:
Z −1 Z 1 Z 2
2 2 2 2
A= [x + 1 − (3 − x )] dx + [3 − x − (x + 1)] dx + [x2 + 1 − (3 − x2 )] dx
−2 −1 1
Z −1 Z 1 Z 2
= [x2 + 1 − 3 + x2 )] dx + [3 − x2 − x2 − 1] dx + [x2 + 1 − 3 + x2 ] dx
−2 −1 1
Z −1 Z 1 Z 2
2 2
= [2x − 2] dx + [2 − 2x ] dx + [2x2 − 2] dx
−2 −1 1
−1  1 2
2x3 2x3
  3
2x
= − 2x + 2x − + − 2x
3 −2 3 −1 3 1
2(−1)3 2(−2)3 2(1)3 2(−1)3
     
= − 2(−1) − − 2(−2) + 2(1) − − 2(−1) −
3 3 3 3
3 3
  
2(2) 2(1)
+ − 2(2) − − 2(1)
3 3
    
2 16 2 2 16 2
= − +2+ −4 + 2− +2− −4− +2
3 3 3 3 3 3
14 4 14
= −2+4− + −2
3 3 3
24
=
3
=8

The correct answer is (1).

QUESTION 14
Step 1 – Separate the given differential equation into its components:

dy 1+x
=
dx xy
∴ xy dy = (1 + x) dx
1+x
y dy = dx
x 
1
= + 1 dx
x

Step 2 – Integrate both sides of the above:

Z Z  
1
y dy = +1 dx
x
y2
∴ = ln(x) + x + c
2

14
Step 3 – Solve for c by substituting the initial conditions:

We are given that y(1) = −4. Therefore

(−4)2
= ln(1) + 1 + c
2
16
=0+1+c
2
∴c=8−1
c=7

Step 4 – Write the general solution for the differential equation:

y2
= ln(x) + x + 7
2
∴ y 2 = 2 ln(x) + 2x + 14

The correct answer is (1).

QUESTION 15
Step 1 – Separate the given differential equation into its components:

sin x2


dy
=
3
dx 1 + cos x2
sin x2


∴ dy = 
3 dx
1 + cos x2

Step 2 – Integrate both sides of the above:

x


To integrate the right-hand side, we will use integration by substitution. Let u = 1 + cos 2 .
Therefore
du x d x
= − sin ·
dx 2 dx 2
x 1
= − sin ·
2
2
sin x2
=−
2

sin x2
∴ du = − dx
2
x
−2 du = sin dx
2

15
Rewrite the right-hand side integral in terms of the new variable u:

x


sin
Z Z
2
dy =
3 dx
1 + cos x2


−2
Z Z
∴ dy = du
u3
Z Z
dy = −2 u−3 du
 
1
∴y = −2 +c
−2u2
1
y = 2 +c
u
1
=

2 + c
1 + cos x2

Step 3 – Solve for c by substituting the initial conditions:

We are given that y(0) = π. Therefore

1
π=

2 + c
1 + cos 02
1
π= +c
(1 + cos(0))2
 2
1
π= +c
1+1
1
∴c=π−
4
Step 4 – Write the general solution for the differential equation:

1 1
y=

2 + π −
1 + cos x 4
2

The correct answer is (4).

16
 QUESTION 16
This question deals with partial derivatives (refer to section 6.4.3 in the study guide; section 14.5
dw
in Stewart). To determine the chain rule formula for , we make use of a tree diagram:
dt

Therefore
dw ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂z
= + +
dt ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t ∂z ∂t
The correct answer is (3).

QUESTION 17
We make use of the following tree diagram:

as well as the chain rule for partial derivatives to write

∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂z
= + +
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t ∂z ∂t

17
From the given equations, we have
∂u
= 4x3 y
∂x
∂x
= rset
∂t
∂u
= x4 + 2yz 3
∂y
∂y
= −rs2 e−t
∂t
∂u
= 3y 2 z 2
∂z
∂z
= r2 s cos t
∂t
When r = 2, s = 1 and t = 0 we have that

x = rset = (2)(1)e0 = 2(1) = 2

y = rs2 e−t = (2)(1)2 e−0 = 2
z = r2 s sin t = (2)2 (1) sin(0) = 4(0) = 0

Therefore
∂u
= 4x3 y = 4(2)3 (2) = 4(8)(2) = 64
∂x
∂x
= rset = (2)(1)e0 = 2
∂t
∂u
= x4 + 2yz 3 = (2)4 + 2(2)(0)3 = 16
∂y
∂y
= −rs2 e−t = −(2)(1)2 e−0 = −2
∂t
∂u
= 3y 2 z 2 = 3(2)2 (0)2 = 0
∂z
∂z
= r2 s cos t = (2)2 (2) cos(0) = 8(1) = 8
∂t
∂u
Therefore, when r = 2, s = 1 and t = 0 is
∂t
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂z
= + +
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t ∂z ∂t
= (64)(2) + (16)(−2) + (0)(8)
= 128 − 32
= 96

The correct answer is (1).

18
 QUESTION 18
The partial derivative is given by
∂w ∂
= 2 cot x + y 2 z 2
∂x ∂x
= −2cosec2 x
= −2cosec2 uv

∂w 1
Therefore, when u = 4 and v = π is
∂x
 
∂w 1
= −2cosec2 ·π
∂x 4
π 
= −2cosec2
4
  π 2
= −2 cosec
4
 2
2
= −2 √
2
 
4
= −2
2
= −4

The correct answer is (2).

QUESTION 19
This question deals with compound interest (refer to section 6.4.2 in the study guide; section 14.5
in Stewart).

By the continuous compound interest formula we have that

A (t) = A0 ert

where A0 is the initial amount deposited into the bank and r = 13% = 0.13 is the interest rate.

We want to find the time t, when A (t) = 4A0 . Therefore

4A0 = A0 e0.13t

19
and we proceed to solve for t:

4A0 = A0 e0.13t
∴ 4 = e0.13t
ln 4 = ln e0.13t
ln 4 = 0.13t ln e
ln 4 = 0.13t(1)
ln 4
∴t=
0.13
ln 4
t = 13
100
100
∴t= ln 4
13
The correct answer is (4).

QUESTION 20
This question deals with exponential growth (refer to section 6.4.2 in the study guide; section in
Stewart).
Step 1 – Use the appropriate differential equation:
dP
= kP
dt
⇒ P (t) = P0 ekt

Step 2 – Use the given information to determine k:

At t = 1 we have
3
P0 = P0 ek(1)
2
3
∴ ek =
2 
3
ln ek = ln
2
 
3
k ln e = ln
2
 
3
∴ k = ln
2

Therefore
3
P (t) = P0 eln( 2 )t

20
Step 3 – Find the time at which the number of bacteria has tripled:

The time t when P (t) = 3P0 is given by

3
P (t) = P0 eln( 2 )t
3
∴ 3P = P eln( 2 )t
0 0
3
eln( )t = 3
2

3
ln eln( 2 )t = ln 3
 
3
ln t(ln e) = ln 3
2
 
3
ln t(1) = ln 3
2
ln 3
∴t=
ln 32

The correct answer is (2).

21