ENM1600 Tutorial10 Soln

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Engineering Mathematics ENM1600

Tutorial Problem Solutions
Tutorial 10
Question 1
(a) Here we use the substitution method. Setting u = x4 we find
d
x4 dx

du =
dx
= (4x3 ) dx.
So
Z Z
3 4
cos x4 (4x3 ) dx

4x cos x dx =
Z
= cos u du
= sin u + C.
Now since u = x4 we finally have

Z
4x3 cos (x4 ) dx = sin x4 + C.

(b) Here we use the substitution method. Setting u = −3x2 we find
d
−3x2 dx

du =
dx
= (−6x) dx.
So
Z Z
1
e(−3x ) (−6x) dx
2
−3x2
xe dx =
(−6)
Z
1
=− eu du
6
1
= − eu + C.
6
Now since u = −3x2 we finally have
Z
2 1 2
xe−3x dx = − e−3x + C.
6
© University of Southern Queensland

(c) Here we use the substitution method. Setting u = 1 + x2 we find
d
1 + x2 dx

du =
dx
= (2x) dx.
So
Z √ Z √
1
2
x 1 + x dx = 1 + x2 (2x) dx
2
1 √
Z
= u du
2
Z
1 1
= u 2 du
2
!
1 1 3
= 3
u2 + C
2 2
1 3
= u 2 + C.
3
Now since u = 1 + x2 we finally have
Z √
1 3
x 1 + x2 dx = 1 + x2 2 + C.
3
(d) Here we use the substitution method. Setting u = 2x + 1 we find
d
du = (2x + 1) dx
dx
= (2) dx = 2 dx.
Transforming the limits we find
x = 0 ⇒ u = 2(0) + 1 = 1,
x = 4 ⇒ u = 2(4) + 1 = 9.
We also know by solving for x we have
u = 2x + 1
u − 1 = 2x
(u − 1)
⇒ x= .
2

So our integral can be rewritten as

Z4 Z4
√ 1 1
x 2x + 1 dx = x(2x + 1) 2 (2) dx
2
0 0
Z9
1 u−1 1
= u 2 du
2 2
1
Z9
1 3 1

= u2 − u2 du
4
1
9
1 2 5 2 3
= u2 − u2
4 5 3
1
1 2 5 2 3 2 5 2 3
= 92 − 92 − 12 − 12
4 5 3 5 3

1 486 2 2
= − 18 − −
4 5 5 3
298
= .
15
(e) Here we use the substitution method. Setting u = x3 + 6x + 2 we find
d
x3 + 6x + 2 dx

du =
dx
= (3x2 + 6) dx = 3(x2 + 2) dx.
So
x2 + 2 1 3(x2 + 2)
Z Z
dx = dx
x3 + 6x + 2 3 (x3 + 6x + 2)
Z
1 1
= du
3 u
1
= ln |u| + C.
3
3
Now since u = x + 6x + 2 we finally have
x2 + 2
Z
1
3
dx = ln x3 + 6x + 2 + C.
x + 6x + 2 3
(f) We first rewrite the tangent function in terms of the sine and cosine function
sin x
tan x =
cos x
so we have
Z Z
sin (5x + 2)
tan (5x + 2) dx = dx.
cos (5x + 2)
Setting u = cos (5x + 2) we find
d
du = (cos(5x + 2)) dx
dx
= − sin (5x + 2)(5) dx
= −5(sin (3x + 2)) dx.

So
Z Z
sin (5x + 2) 1 (−5 sin (5x + 2))
dx = dx
cos (5x + 2) (−5) cos (5x + 2)
Z
1 1
=− du
5 u
1
= − ln |u| + C.
5
Now since u = cos (5x + 2) we finally have
Z
1
tan (5x + 2) dx = − ln |cos (5x + 2)| + C.
5
(g) Here we use the substitution method. Setting u = sin x we find
d
du = (sin x) dx
dx
= cos x dx.
Now first separating the cos x dx term and writing the rest of the integrand in terms of
sin x we have
Z Z
sin x cos x dx = sin7 x cos2 x (cos x dx)
7 3
Z
= sin7 x 1 − sin2 x (cos x dx) .

Then using the substitution and expanding we find

Z Z
sin x cos x dx = u7 (1 − u2 ) du
7 3
Z
= u7 − u9 du
u8 u10
= − + C.
8 10
Now since u = sin x we finally have
sin8 x sin10 x
Z
sin7 x cos3 x dx = − + C.
8 10
(h) Here we use the substitution method. Setting u = x2 + x − 6 we find
d
x2 + x − 6 dx

du =
dx
= (2x + 1) dx.
Transforming the limits we find
x = −1 ⇒ u = (−1)2 + (−1) − 6 = −6,

x = 1 ⇒ u = 12 + 1 − 6 = −4.

So
Z1 Z−4
2x + 1 1
2
dx = du
x +x−6 u
−1 −6
h −4
= ln |u|
−6
= ln | − 4| − ln | − 6|
4 2
= ln = ln = ln 2 − ln 3.
6 3
Question 2
(a) Using the substitution u = x − 5 we find

d
du = (x − 5) dx
dx
du = (1) dx
and transforming the limits we have
x = 4 ⇒ u = 4 − 5 = −1,
x = 6 ⇒ u = 6 − 5 = 1.
We also know x = u + 5 so
Z6 Z1
9
x(x − 5) dx = (u + 5)u9 du
4 −1
Z1
= u10 + 5u9 du
−1
1
1 11 5
= u + u10
11 10 −1

1 11 1 10 1 11 1 10
= (1) + (1) − (−1) + (−1)
11 2 11 2

1 1 1 1
= + − − +
11 2 11 2
1 1 2
= + = .
11 11 11
√
(b) Using the substitution u = x + x2 + 1 we find
d √
du = x + x2 + 1 dx
dx

1 2 − 12
= 1 + (x + 1) (2x) dx
2

x
= 1+ √ dx
x2 + 1
√

1
= √ x+ x +1 2 dx
x2 + 1

√
but u = x + x2 + 1 and so

1
du = u √ dx
x2 + 1
or
1 1
du = √ dx.
u x2 + 1
Transforming the limits we have
p
x=0 ⇒ u=0+ (0 + 1) = 1,
r r
4 4 16 4 25 4 5
x= ⇒ u= + +1= + = + = 3.
3 3 9 3 9 3 3
So we have
4
Z3 Z3
1 1
√ dx = du
x2 + 1 u
0 1
h 3
= ln |u|
1
= (ln |3|) − (ln |1|)
= ln 3 − ln 1 = ln 3.
(c) Using the substitution x = 2 sin θ we find
d
dx = (2 sin θ) dθ
dθ
= (2 cos θ) dθ.
Transforming the limits we have

π
x = −2 = 2 sin θ ⇒ θ = sin−1 (−1) = − ,
2
−1 π
x = 2 = 2 sin θ ⇒ θ = sin (1) = .
2
In addition we have
√ p
4 − x2 = 4 − (2 sin θ)2
p
= 4 − 4 sin2 θ
√
= 4 cos2 θ
= 2 cos θ
π π
since cos θ ≥ 0 for − ≤θ≤ .
2 2

So
π
Z2 Z2
1 (2 cos θ) dθ
√ dx =
4 − x2 2 cos θ
−2 − π2
π
Z2
= 1 dθ
− π2
h π2
= θ π
−
π 2 π
= − −
2 2
= π.
5
(d) Using the substitution x = tan θ we find
2

d 5
dx = tan θ dθ
dθ 2

5 2
= sec θ dθ.
2
In addition we have
2
2 5
25 + 4x = 25 + 4 tan θ
2

25
= 25 + 4 tan2 θ
4
= 25 + 25 tan2 θ
= 25 1 + tan2 θ = 25 sec2 θ


5
x=0= tan θ ⇒ θ = tan−1 (0) = 0,
2
5 5 π
x = = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan−1 (1) = .
2 2 4
So
5 π
Z2 Z4 5

1 2
sec2 θ dθ
dx =
25 + 4x2 25 sec2 θ
0 0
π
Z4
1
= dθ
10
0
π
θ 4
=
10
π 0
= − (0)
40
π
= .
40

Question 3
√
(a) Using the substitution t = x we find
d 1
dt = x 2 dx
dx

1 −1
dt = x 2 dx
2
1 √
dt = dx (since t = x)
2t
or dx = 2t dt.
So
√
Z Z
cos x dx = cos t (2t) dt
Z
= 2t cos t dt.
Integrating by parts we set
u = 2t
du d(2t)
du = dt = = 2 dt
dt dt
dv = cos t dt
Z
v = cos t dt = sin t
which gives
√
Z Z
cos x dx = 2t cos t dt
Z
= (2t)(sin t) − (sin t) 2 dt
= 2t sin t − 2 (− cos t) + C
= 2t sin t + 2 cos t + C.
√
Now since t = x we then have
√ √ √ √
Z
cos x dx = 2 x sin x + 2 cos x + C.
(b) Using the substitution t = ex we find
d x
dt = (e ) dx
dx
dt = (ex ) dx
dt = t dx (since t = ex )
1
or dx = dt.
t

So
Z Z
1 1 1
dx = dt
1 + ex 1+t t
Z
1
= dt.
t(t + 1)
Writing the integrand in partial fractional form we have

Z Z
1 1
x
dx = dt
1+e t(t + 1)
Z
1 1
= − dt
t t+1
= ln |t| − ln |t + 1| + C.
Now since t = ex > 0 we then have

Z
1
x
dx = ln |ex | − ln |ex + 1| + C.
1+e
= ln ex − ln (ex + 1) + C
= x − ln (ex + 1) + C.
(c) Using the substitution x = sin θ we find
d
dx = (sin θ) dθ
dθ
= (cos θ) dθ.
In addition we have
√ p
1 − x2 = 1 − (sin θ)2
p
= 1 − sin2 θ
√
= cos2 θ
= cos θ
since θ = sin−1 x has the range − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π

2
where cos θ ≥ 0.
So
Z √ Z
1− x2 dx = (cos θ) (cos θ) dθ
Z
= cos2 θ dθ
Z
1 + cos 2θ
= dθ
2
1 sin 2θ
= θ+ +C
2 4
1 2 sin θ cos θ
= θ+ +C
2 4
1 1
= θ + sin θ cos θ + C
2 2

where we used the identity sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ.

Now since sin θ = x then we have θ = sin−1 x and
p √
cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − x2
and then we have

Z √
1 1 √
1 − x2 dx = sin−1 x + x 1 − x2 + C.
2 2
(d) Using the substitution t = sec x + tan x we find
d
dt = (sec x + tan x) dx
dx
d 1 sin x
= + dx
dx cos x cos x

d 1 + sin x
= dx
dx cos x

cos x(0 + cos x) − (1 + sin x)(− sin x)
= dx
(cos x)2
cos x + sin2 x + sin x
2
= dx
cos2 x

1 + sin x
= dx
cos2 x

1 sin x 1
= + dx
cos x cos x cos x
= (sec x + tan x) (sec x) dx.
But we know t = sec x + tan x and so
dt = t sec x dx
or
1
dt = sec x dx.
t
We then have
Z Z
1
sec x dx = dt
t
= ln |t| + C
but since t = sec x + tan x we then have

Z
sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C.

Question 4
(a) At first we calculate the area

Z4
A= x(4 − x) dx
0
Z4
= (4x − x2 ) dx
0
4
x3

2
= 2x −
3 0

64
= 32 − − (0 − 0)
3
32
= .
3
Now we can calculate the coordinates of the centroid.
Z4
1
x̄ = x2 (4 − x) dx
A
0
Z4
1
= (4x2 − x3 ) dx
A
0
4
1 4 3 x4

= x −
A 3 4 0

1 256 256 1
= − − (0 − 0)
A 3 4 A
64
= .
3A
32
But we know A = and so
3
3 64
x̄ = = 2.
32 3
Z4
1
ȳ = x2 (4 − x)2 dx
2A
0
Z4
1
= (16x2 − 8x3 + x4 ) dx
2A
0
4
x5

1 16 3 4
= x − 2x +
2A 3 5 0

1 1024 1024 1
= − 512 + − (0 − 0 + 0)
2A 3 5 2A
256
=
15A

32
but A = and so
3
3 256 8
ȳ = = .
32 15 5

8
Hence the centroid is at the point 2, .
5
(b) At first we calculate the area
Z1
A= (1 − x) dx
0
1
x2

= x−
2 0

1
= 1− − (0 − 0)
2
1
= .
2
Z1
1
x̄ = x(1 − x) dx
A
0
Z1
1
= (x − x2 ) dx
A
0
1
1 1 2 1 3
= x − x
A 2 3 0

1 1 1 1
= − − (0 − 0)
A 2 3 A
1
= .
6A
1
Now A = then
2
1 1
x̄ = 1
= .
6 2
3
Z1
1
ȳ = (1 − x)2 dx
2A
0
1
1 1
= − (1 − x)3
2A 3
0
1 1 1
= (0) − −
2A 2A 3
1
=
6A

and so
1 1
ȳ = 1
= .
6 2
3

1 1
Hence the centroid is at the point , .
3 3
(c) At first we calculate the area
Z1 √
A= 1 − x2 dx
0
for which we use the trig substitution x = sin t.

d
dx = (sin t) dt
dt
= cos t dt.
Also transforming the limits we find
x = 0 = sin t ⇒ t = 0,
π
x = 1 = sin t ⇒ t = ,
2
and so we have
π
Z1 √ Z2 p
A= 2
1 − x dx = 1 − (sin t)2 cos t dt
0 0
π
Z2 √
= cos2 t cos t dt
0
π
Z2
= (cos t) cos t dt
0
π
Z2
= cos2 t dt.
0
Now using the identity

cos 2t + 1
cos2 t =
2
we have
π
Z2
1
A= (cos 2t + 1) dt
2
0
π
1 1 2
= sin 2t + t
2 2 0
1 π 1
= 0+ − (0 + 0)
2 2 2
π
= .
4


Z1 √
1
x̄ = x 1 − x2 dx
A
0
Z1
1 1
= x(1 − x2 ) 2 dx
A
0
We can evaluate this integral using the substitution u = 1 − x2 which gives

d
1 − x2 dx

du =
dx
= −2x dx = −2(x dx).
x = 0 ⇒ u = 1,
x = 1 ⇒ u = 0,
and so we have
Z1
1 1
x̄ = x(1 − x2 ) 2 dx
A
0
Z1
1 1 1
= (1 − x2 ) 2 (−2x) dx
A (−2)
0
Z0
1 1
=− u 2 du
2A
1
Z1
1 1
= u 2 du
2A
0
1
1 2 3
= u2
2A 3 0
1 1
= (1 − 0) = .
3A 3A
π
But A = and so we have
4
1 4
x̄ = π
= .
3 4
3π

Z1 √
1
ȳ = ( 1 − x2 )2 dx
2A
0
Z1
1
= (1 − x2 ) dx
2A
0
1
1 1
= x − x3
2A 3 0

1 1 1
= 1− − (0 − 0)
2A 3 2A
1
=
3A
and so
1 4
ȳ = π
= .
3 4
3π

4 4
Hence the centroid is at the point , .
3π 3π
Question 5
(a) At first we calculate the volume of revolution
Z4
V =π (x(4 − x))2 dx
0
Z4
=π x2 (4 − x)2 dx
0
Z4
16x2 − 8x3 + x4 dx

=π
0
4
x5

16 3 4
= π x − 2x +
3 5 0

1024 1024
=π − 512 + − π (0 − 0 + 0)
3 5
512
= π.
15
Now we can calculate the coordinates of its centre of gravity.

Z4
π
X̄ = x [x(4 − x)]2 dx
V
0
Z4
π
= x3 (4 − x)2 dx
V
0
Z2
π
= (16x3 − 8x4 + x5 ) dx
V
1
4
8 5 x6

π 4
= 4x − x +
V 5 6 0

π 8192 2048 π
= 1024 − + − (0 − 0 + 0)
V 5 3 V
1024π
= .
15V
512
however V = π and so we have
15
1024π
X̄ = = 2.
512π
15
15
Now Ȳ = Z̄ = 0 since the centre of gravity lies on the x axis (by symmetry).
Thus, the coordinate of the centre of gravity is (2,0,0).
(b) At first we calculate the volume of revolution (using the linear composite rule)
Z1
V =π (1 − x)2 dx
0
1
π
= (1 − x)3
(−3) 0
π
= − 03 − 13

3
π
= .
3
Now we can calculate the coordinates of its centre of gravity.

Z1
π
X̄ = x [(1 − x)]2 dx
V
0
Z1
π
= x(1 − x)2 dx
V
0
Z1
π
= (x − 2x2 + x3 ) dx
V
0
2 1
π x 2 3 x4
= − x +
V 2 3 4 0

π 1 2 1 π
= − + − (0 − 0 + 0)
V 2 3 4 V
π
=
12V
π
or, since V = ,
3
π 1
X̄ =
π = .
12 4
3
Now Ȳ = Z̄ = 0 since the centre of gravity lies on the x axis (by symmetry).
Thus, the coordinate of the centre of gravity is (1/4,0,0).
√
(c) At first we calculate the volume of revolution due to the outer curve y = 25 − x2
Z4 √ 2
V1 = π 25 − x2 dx
−4
Z4
=π (25 − x2 ) dx
−4
4
x3

= π 25x −
3 −4

64 (−64)
= π 100 − − π −100 −
3 3
472
= π.
3

The volume of revolution of the inner curve y = 3 is

Z4
V2 = π (3)2 dx
−4
Z4
=π 9 dx
−4
h 4
= 9πx
−4
= (36π − (−36π))
= 72π.
The volume of the bead is then
472 256
V = V1 − V2 = π − 72π = π.
3 3
Question 6
(a) The average value is given by

Zln 5
1
m.v.(f (x)) = ex dx
ln 5 − 0
0
1 h x ln 5
= e
ln 5 0
1 ln 5
− e0

= e
ln 5
1
= (5 − 1)
ln 5
4
= ≈ 2.485.
ln 5
(b) The average value is given by
Zπ
1
m.v.(f (x)) = sin 2x dx
π−0
0 π
1 1
= − cos 2x
π 2 0

1 1 1
= − cos 2π − − cos 0
π 2 2

1 1 1
= − +
π 2 2
= 0.
(c) The average value is given by

Zπ
1
m.v.(f (x)) = sin3 x dx
π
0

To evaluate the integral we first rewrite the integrand as

sin3 x = sin2 x sin x

= 1 − cos2 x sin x

so we have
Zπ
1
1 − cos2 x sin x dx.

m.v.(f (x)) =
π
0
We then use the substitution method. Setting u = cos x we find

d
du = (cos x) dx
dx
= − sin x dx
x = 0 ⇒ u = cos 0 = 1,
x = π ⇒ u = cos π = −1.
The average value of the function is then
Zπ
1
1 − cos2 x (− sin x) dx

m.v.(f (x)) = −
π
0
Z−1
1
=− (1 − u2 ) du
π
1
Z1
1
= (1 − u2 ) du
π
−1
1
1 1 3
= u− u
π 3 −1

1 1 1
= 1− − −1 +
π 3 3

1 2 2
= − −
π 3 3
4
= ≈ 0.4244.
3π
(d) The average value is given by
Ze
1 ln x
m.v.(f (x)) = dx
e−1 x
1
To evaluate the integral we use the substitution method. Setting u = ln x we find

d
du = (ln x) dx
dx
1
= dx
x


x = 1 ⇒ u = ln 1 = 0,
x = e ⇒ u = ln e = 1.
The average value of the function is then
Ze
1 1
m.v.(f (x)) = ln x dx
e−1 x
1
Z1
1
= u du
e−1
0
1
1 1 2
= u
e−1 2 0

1 1
= −0
e−1 2
1
= ≈ 0.2910.
2(e − 1)
(e) The average value is given by the integral

Zπ
1
m.v.(f (x)) = x cos x dx.
π
0
Integrating by parts we set

u=x
du d(x)
du = dx = dx = 1 dx
dx dx
dv = cos x dx
Z
v = cos x dx = sin x
which gives
Zπ
1
m.v.(f (x)) = x cos x dx
π
0
 
Zπ
1 h π
=  x(sin x) − (sin x)(1) dx
π 0
0
 π

Z
1
= (0 − 0) − sin x dx
π
0
1h π
= cos x
π 0
1
= (cos π − cos 0)
π
2
= − ≈ −0.6366.
π

(f) The average value is given by
Z3
1
m.v.(T (t)) = 99.6 − t + 0.8t2 dt
3−0
0
3
1 1 0.8 3
= 99.6t − t2 + t
3 2 3 0
1
= [(298.8 − 4.5 + 7.2) − (0 − 0 + 0)]
3
= 100.5.
Question 7
(a) Calculating the root mean square value we have
Zln 5
2 1
[r.m.s.(f (x))] = (ex )2 dx
ln 5 − 0
0
Zln 5
1
= e2x dx
ln 5
0
ln 5
1 1 2x
= e
ln 5 2 0
1 2 ln 5
− e0

= e
2 ln 5
1 h ln 52 i
= e −1
2 ln 5
1
= (25 − 1)
2 ln 5
12
=
ln 5
then the root mean square value is
r
12
r.m.s.(f (x)) = ≈ 2.731.
ln 5

(b) Calculating the root mean square value we have

Zπ
2 1
[r.m.s.(f (t))] = (sin 2t)2 dt
π−0
0
Zπ
1
= sin2 2t dt
π
0
Zπ
1 1 − cos 4t 2 1 − cos 2θ
= dt sin θ =
π 2 2
0
π
1 1
= t − sin 4t
2π 4 0
1
= [(π − 0) − (0 − 0)]
2π
1
=
2
r √
1 2
r.m.s.(f (t)) = = ≈ 0.7071.
2 2
(c) Calculating the root mean square value we have

Zπ
21
[r.m.s.(f (t))] = (t cos t)2 dt
π−0
0
Zπ
1
= t2 cos2 t dt.
π
0
1 + cos 2θ
We can rewrite the integrand noting cos2 θ = so we have
2
Zπ
1
[r.m.s.(f (t))]2 = t2 cos2 t dt
π
0
Zπ
1 2 1 + cos 2t
= t dt
π 2
0
Zπ
1
= t2 (1 + cos 2t) dt
2π
0
Zπ Zπ
1 2 1
= t dt + t2 cos 2t dt.
2π 2π
0 0

The first integral is readily evaluated as

Zπ π
2 1 3
t dt = t
3 0
0
1 3
= π −0
3
π3
= .
3
The second integral we use the Integration by parts method where we set
u = t2
du d 2
du = dt = t dt = 2t dt
dt dt
dv = cos 2t dt
Z
1
v = cos 2t dx = sin 2t
2
which gives
Zπ π Zπ
2 2 1 1
t cos 2t dt = (t ) sin 2t − sin 2t (2t) dt
2 0 2
0 0
π Zπ
1 2
= t sin 2t − t sin 2t dt
2 0
0
Zπ
= (0 − 0) − t sin 2t dt
0
Zπ
=− t sin 2t dt.
0
Integrating by parts again with
u=t
du d(t)
du = dt = dt = 1 dt
dt dt
dv = sin 2t dt
Z
1
v = sin 2t dx = − cos 2t
2

gives
Zπ Zπ
2
t cos 2t dt = − t sin 2t dt
0 0
 
 π Zπ
1 1 
=− (t) − cos 2t − − cos 2t (1) dt
 2 0 2 
0
 
 1 π Zπ
1 
=− − t cos 2t + cos 2t dt
 2 0 2 
0
π
1 1 1
=− − π cos 2π − 0 + sin 2t
2 2 2 0

π 1 π
= − − + (0 − 0) = .
2 4 2
Combining the integrals we have

Zπ Zπ
1 1
[r.m.s.(f (t))]2 = t2 dt + t2 cos 2t dt
2π 2π
0 0
3

1 π 1 π

= +
2π 3 2π 2
2
π 1 2π 2 + 3
= + =
6 4 12
r
2π 2 + 3
r.m.s.(f (t)) = ≈ 1.377.
12
(d) Calculating the root mean square value we have
Z3π
21 2
[r.m.s.(f (t))] = e−t sin t dt
3π − 0
0
Z3π
1
= e−2t sin2 t dt.
3π
0

1 − cos 2θ
We can rewrite the integrand noting sin2 θ = so we have
2
Z3π
1
2
[r.m.s.(f (t))] = e−2t sin2 t dt
3π
0
Z3π
1 −2t 1 − cos 2t
= e dt
3π 2
0
Z3π
1
= e−2t (1 − cos 2t) dt
6π
0
Z3π Z3π
1 1
= e−2t dt − e−2t cos 2t dt.
6π 6π
0 0
The first integral is readily evaluated
Z3π 3π
−2t 1
e dt = − e−2t
2 0
0

1 −6π 1
= − e − −
2 2
−6π
1−e
= .
2
The second integral we use the integration by parts method where we set
u = e−2t
du d
du = dt = (e−2t ) dt = −2e−2t dt
dt dt
dv = cos 2t dt
Z
1
v = cos 2t dx = sin 2t
2
which gives
Z3π 3π Z3π
−2t 1 1
e−2t sin 2t −2e−2t dt

e cos 2t dt = sin 2t −
2 0 2
0 0
3π Z3π
1
= e−2t sin 2t + e−2t sin 2t dt
2 0
0
Z3π
= (0 − 0) + e−2t sin 2t dt
0
Z3π
= e−2t sin 2t dt.
0

u = e−2t
du d
du = dt = (e−2t ) dt = −2e−2t dt
dt dt
dv = sin 2t dt
Z
1
v = sin 2t dx = − cos 2t
2
gives
Z3π Z3π
e−2t cos 2t dt = e−2t sin 2t dt
0 0
3π Z3π
−2t 1 1
− cos 2t −2e−2t dt

= e − cos 2t −
2 0 2
0
3π Z3π
1
= − e−2t cos 2t − e−2t cos 2t dt
2 0
0
Z3π
1 −6π 1 0
= − e cos 6π − − e cos 0 − e−2t cos 2t dt
2 2
0
Z3π
1
1 − e−6π − e−2t cos 2t dt.

=
2
0
Solving for the value of the integral we have
Z3π
1
e−2t cos 2t dt = 1 − e−6π

2
2
0
Z3π
1
e−2t cos 2t dt = 1 − e−6π .

⇒
4
0
Combining the integrals we have
Z3π Z3π
1 2 1
−2t
[r.m.s.(f (t))] = e dt − e−2t cos 2t dt
6π 6π
0
−6π
0
1 1 − e−6π

1 1−e
= −
6π 2 6π 4
−6π
1−e
=
24π
r
1 − e−6π
r.m.s.(f (t)) = ≈ 0.1152.
24π

(e) Calculating the root mean square value we have

Z2π
12
[r.m.s.(f (t))] = (cos 2t sin t)2 dt
2π − 0
0
Z2π
1
= cos2 2t sin2 t dt.
2π
0
1 − cos 2θ 1 + cos 2θ
We can rewrite the integrand noting sin2 θ = and cos2 θ = so we
2 2
have

2 2 1 + cos 4t 1 − cos 2t
cos 2t sin t =
2 2
1
= (1 − cos 2t + cos 4t − cos 4t cos 2t) .
4
In addition using the identity
1
cos A cos B = (cos (A + B) + cos (A − B))
2
the integrand then becomes
1
cos2 2t sin2 t = (1 − cos 2t + cos 4t − cos 4t cos 2t)
4
1 1
= 1 − cos 2t + cos 4t − (cos 6t + cos 2t)
4 2
1
= (2 − 3 cos 2t + 2 cos 4t − cos 6t) .
8
Now integrating gives
Z2π
1 1
[r.m.s.(f (t))]2 = (2 − 3 cos 2t + 2 cos 4t − cos 6t) dt
2π 8
0
2π
1 3 2 1
= 2t − sin 2t + sin 4t − sin 6t
16π 2 4 6 0
1
= ((4π − 0 + 0 − 0) − (0 − 0 + 0 − 0))
16π
1
=
4
r
1 1
r.m.s.(f (t)) = = .
4 2
(f) Calculating the root mean square value we have
Z4π
2 1
[r.m.s.(f (t))] = (cos 2t + 10 sin t)2 dt
4π − 0
0
Z4π
1
= cos2 2t + 20 cos 2t sin t + 100 sin2 t dt.
4π
0

1 − cos 2θ 1 + cos 2θ
We can rewrite the integrand noting sin2 θ = , cos2 θ = and
2 2
1
cos A sin B = (sin (A + B) − sin (A − B))
2
so we have
Z4π
2 1 1 + cos 4t sin 3t − sin t 1 − cos 2t
[r.m.s.(f (t))] = + 20 + 100 dt
4π 2 2 2
0
Z4π
1
= (101 + cos 4t + 20 sin 3t − 20 sin t − 100 cos 2t) dt
8π
0
4π
1 1 20 100
= 101t + sin 4t − cos 3t + 20 cos t − sin 2t
8π 4 3 2 0

1 20 20
= 404π + 0 − + 20 − 0 − 0 + 0 − + 20 − 0
8π 3 3
101
=
2
r
101
r.m.s.(f (t)) = ≈ 7.1063.
2
Question 8
(a) This is an improper integral where the integrand f (x) becomes unbounded at the point
x = 1.
Z1 Z1
x3 1
√ dx = x3 (1 − x4 )− 2 dx
1 − x4
0 0
ZX
1
= lim− x3 (1 − x4 )− 2 dx.
X→1
0
Now using the substitution method we set t = x4 we find

d
x4 dx

dt =
dx
= 4x3 dx.
x = 0 ⇒ t = 0,
x = X ⇒ t = X 4,

and so we have
Z1 ZX
4 − 12 1 1
3
(1 − x4 )− 2 4x3 dx

x (1 − x ) dx = lim−
X→1 4
0 0
ZX 4
1 1
= lim− (1 − t)− 2 dt
X→1 4
0
X4
2 1
= lim− − (1 − t) 2
X→1 4 0

1 4 12 1
= lim− − (1 − X ) +
X→1 2 2

1 1 1
= − (0) + = .
2 2 2
(b) This is an improper integral where the integrand f (x) becomes unbounded at the points
x = −1 and x = 1.
Z1 Z0 Z1
1 1 1
√ dx = √ dx + √ dx
1 − x2 1 − x2 1 − x2
−1 −1 0
Z0 ZY
1 1
= lim + √ dx + lim− √ dx
X→−1 1 − x2 Y →1 1 − x2
X 0
h 0 h Y
= lim + sin−1 x + lim− sin−1 x
X→−1 X Y →1 0
h i h i
= lim + sin−1 (0) − sin−1 X + lim− sin−1 Y − sin−1 (0)
X→−1 Y →1
−1 −1
= − lim + sin X + lim− sin Y
X→−1 Y →1
−1 −1
= − sin (−1) + sin (1)
π π
=− − + = π.
2 2
(c) This is an improper integral where the integrand f (x) becomes unbounded at the point
x = 4.
Z13 Z13
1 1
√ dx = (x − 4)− 2 dx
x−4
4 4
Z13
1
= lim+ (x − 4)− 2 dx
X→4
X
1 13
h
= lim+ 2(x − 4) 2
X→4 X
√ √
= lim+ 2 9 − 2 X − 4
X→4
= 6 − 0 = 6.

(d) This is an improper integral where the integrand f (x) becomes unbounded at the point
x = 0.
Z1 Z0 Z1
1 1 1
dx = dx + dx
x2 x2 x2
−1 −1 0
ZX Z1
= lim− x−2 dx + lim+ x−2 dx
X→0 Y →0
−1 Y
X 1
1 1
= lim− − + lim −
X→0 x −1 Y →0+ x Y

1 1
= lim− − + 1 + lim+ −1 + .
X→0 X Y →0 Y
Note as X → 0− the function − X1 → ∞ therefore the first limit does not exist. In
addition as Y → 0+ the function Y1 → ∞ and so the second limit also does not exist.
Since both limits do not exist then the integral does not exist.
Question 9
(a) This is an improper integral where the domain of integration is infinite.

Z∞ ZX
1
dx = lim x−2 dx
x2 X→∞
1 1
h X
= lim −x−1
X→∞ 1

1
= lim 1 −
X→∞ X
= (1 − 0) = 1.
(b) This is an improper integral where the domain of integration is infinite.

Z0 Z0
x
e dx = lim ex dx
X→∞
−∞ −X
h 0
= lim ex
X→∞ −X
−X

= lim 1 − e
X→∞
= (1 − 0) = 1.
(c) This is an improper integral where the domain of integration is infinite.

Z∞ ZX
1 1
√ dx = lim x− 2 dx
x X→∞
9 9
h 1 X
= lim 2x 2
X→∞
√9
= lim 2 X − 6 .
X→∞

√
Note as x → ∞ we have 2 x → ∞ and so the limit does not exist and hence the integral
is divergent i.e. does not exist.
(d) This is an improper integral where the domain of integration is infinite.
Z∞ ZX
−x2 2
3xe dx = lim 3xe−x dx
X→∞
0 0
Now using the substitution method we set t = x2 we find

d
x2 dx

dt =
dx
= 2x dx.
x = 0 ⇒ t = 0,
x = X ⇒ t = X 2,
and so we have
Z∞ ZX 2
2 3
3xe−x dx = lim e−t dt
X→∞ 2
0 0
X2
3
= lim − e−t
X→∞ 2 0

3 −X 2 3
= lim − e +
X→∞ 2 2

3 3
= −0 + = .
2 2
(e) This is an improper integral where the domain of integration is infinite. Note because we
have infinity, ∞, as the upper limit and negative infinity,−∞, as the lower limit we need
to split the integral into two parts and treat each integral separately.
Z∞ ZX Z0
ex exp (−ex ) dx = lim ex exp (−ex ) dx + lim ex exp (−ex ) dx.
X→∞ Y →∞
−∞ 0 −Y
Now using the substitution method we set t = ex we find

d x
dt = (e ) dx
dx
= ex dx.
x = 0 ⇒ t = e0 = 1,
x = X ⇒ t = eX ,

for the first integral and
x = −Y ⇒ t = e−Y ,
x = 0 ⇒ t = e0 = 1,
for the second integral. We then have
Z∞ ZX Z0
x x x x
e exp (−e ) dx = lim exp (−e ) (e dx) + lim exp (−ex ) (ex dx)
X→∞ Y →∞
−∞ 0 −Y
ZeX Z1
−t
= lim e dt + lim e−t dt
X→∞ Y →∞
1 e−Y
h eX h 1
−t
= lim −e + lim −e−t
Y →∞ i e
X→∞ 1 −Y
h X
h −Y
i
= lim −e−e − −e−1 + lim −e−1 − −e−e
X→∞
h X
i h Y →∞ −Y
i
= lim e−1 − e−e + lim −e−1 + e−e .
X→∞ Y →∞
Now as X → ∞ we have eX → ∞ and so (with u = eX )

X
lim e−e = lim e−u
X→∞ u→∞
1
= lim =0
u→∞ eu
and so
h i
−1 −eX X
lim e − e = e−1 − lim e−e
X→∞ X→∞
= e−1 − 0 = e−1 .
Considering the second limit we have as Y → ∞ we have e−Y → 0+ and so (with

w = e−Y )
−Y
lim e−e = lim e−w
Y →∞ w→0+
−0
=e =1
and so
h i
−1 −e−Y −Y
lim −e +e = −e−1 + lim e−e
Y →∞ Y →∞
= −e−1 + 1 = 1 − e−1 .
We then have
Z∞ h i h i
X −Y
ex exp (−ex ) dx = lim e−1 − e−e + lim −e−1 + e−e
X→∞ Y →∞
−∞
= e−1 + 1 − e−1 = 1.


(f) This is an improper integral where the domain of integration is infinite.
Z∞ ZX
e−st cos ωt dt = lim e−st cos ωt dt
X→∞
0 0
We use the integration by parts method here where we set
u = e−st
du d −st
du = dt = e dt = −se−st dt
dt dt
dv = cos ωt dt
Z
1
v = cos ωt dx = sin ωt
ω
which gives
ZX X ZX
−st −st 1 1
sin ωt −se−st dt

e cos ωt dt = e sin ωt −
ω 0 ω
0 0
X ZX
1 −st s
= e sin ωt + e−st sin ωt dt
ω 0 ω
0
ZX
1 −sX s
= e sin ωX − 0 + e−st sin ωt dt
ω ω
0
ZX
1 −sX s
= e sin ωX + e−st sin ωt dt.
ω ω
0
u = e−st
du
du = dx = −se−st dt
dt
dv = sin ωt dt
Z
1
v = sin ωt dx = − cos ωt
ω

gives
ZX ZX
1 s
e−st cos ωt dt = e−sX sin ωX + e−st sin ωt dt
ω ω
0 0
 
X ZX
1 −sX s  e−st − 1 cos ωt 1
− cos ωt −se−st dt

= e sin ωX + −
ω ω ω 0 ω
0
 
X ZX
1 −sX s  − 1 e−st cos ωt − s
= e sin ωX + e−st cos ωt dt
ω ω ω 0 ω
0
ZX
1 s s2
= e−sX sin ωX − 2 e−sX cos ωX − 1 − 2 e−st cos ωt dt
ω ω ω
0
ZX
1 −sX
s2
= s + (ω sin ωX − s cos ωX)e − 2 e−st cos ωt dt.
ω2 ω
0
Solving for the value of the integral we have

ZX
s2

1
e−st cos ωt dt = −sX

1+ 2 s + (ω sin ωX − s cos ωX)e
ω ω2
0
ZX
ω 2 + s2 e−st cos ωt dt = s + (ω sin ωX − s cos ωX)e−sX

0
ZX
s + (ω sin ωX − s cos ωX)e−sX
⇒ e−st cos ωt dt = .
ω 2 + s2
0
Now taking the limit we find
Z∞ ZX
e−st cos ωt dt = lim e−st cos ωt dt
X→∞
0 0
s + (ω sin ωX − s cos ωX)e−sX
= lim
X→∞ ω 2 + s2
s+0 s
= 2 = .
s + ω2 s2 + ω 2
Note here
lim (ω sin ωX − s cos ωX)e−sX = 0
X→∞
as both the sine and cosine functions remain bounded between −1 and 1 and e−sX → 0
as x → ∞ (given s > 0).

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ENM1600 — Engineering Mathematics Page 1

Engineering Mathematics ENM1600

(a) Here we use the substitution method. Setting u = x4 we find

Now since u = x4 we finally have

(b) Here we use the substitution method. Setting u = −3x2 we find

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(c) Here we use the substitution method. Setting u = 1 + x2 we find

(d) Here we use the substitution method. Setting u = 2x + 1 we find

Transforming the limits we find

We also know by solving for x we have

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So our integral can be rewritten as

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(g) Here we use the substitution method. Setting u = sin x we find

Then using the substitution and expanding we find

(h) Here we use the substitution method. Setting u = x2 + x − 6 we find

Transforming the limits we find

x = −1 ⇒ u = (−1)2 + (−1) − 6 = −6,

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(a) Using the substitution u = x − 5 we find

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(c) Using the substitution x = 2 sin θ we find

Transforming the limits we have

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and transforming the limits we have

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Integrating by parts we set

(b) Using the substitution t = ex we find

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Writing the integrand in partial fractional form we have

Now since t = ex > 0 we then have

(c) Using the substitution x = sin θ we find

since θ = sin−1 x has the range − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π

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where we used the identity sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ.

and then we have

(d) Using the substitution t = sec x + tan x we find

But we know t = sec x + tan x and so

but since t = sec x + tan x we then have

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(a) At first we calculate the area

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for which we use the trig substitution x = sin t.

Also transforming the limits we find

Now using the identity

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Now we can calculate the coordinates of the centroid.

We can evaluate this integral using the substitution u = 1 − x2 which gives

Also transforming the limits we find

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(a) At first we calculate the volume of revolution

Now we can calculate the coordinates of its centre of gravity.

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Now we can calculate the coordinates of its centre of gravity.

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The volume of revolution of the inner curve y = 3 is

(a) The average value is given by

(c) The average value is given by

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To evaluate the integral we first rewrite the integrand as

We then use the substitution method. Setting u = cos x we find