6 Differentiation

6.1 RECAP
In class XI, you have read about (real) functions, their limits, continuity and derivatives. The
following results and examples will refresh your memory. (Hopefully sweet !).
1. Derivative at any point
A function f is said to have a derivative at any point x iff it is defined in some (undeleted)
f (x + δx) − f (x)
neighbourhood of the point x and Lt exists (finitely).
δx → 0 δx
The value of this limit is called the derivative of f at any point x and is denoted by f ′ (x) i.e.
f (x + δx) − f (x)
f ′ (x) = Lt .
δx → 0 δx
Other Notations :
dy
If the function f is written as y = f (x), then its derivative is written as (or y1) and so
dx
dy f (x + δx) − f (x)
= Lt …(i)
dx δx → 0 δx
But y = f (x) ⇒ y + δy = f (x + δx)
δy f ( x + δx) − f ( x)
∴ δy = f (x + δx) – f (x) ⇒ =
δx δx
δy f ( x + δx ) − f ( x ) dy
⇒ Lt = Lt = (using (i))
δx → 0 δx δx → 0 δx dx

dy δy
∴ = Lt .
dx δx → 0 δx
d
2. (xn) = nxn–1, n is a rational number.
dx
d
3. ((ax + b)n) = n(ax + b)n–1 . a, n is a rational number.
dx
4. The derivative of a constant is zero.
5. If f is a differentiable function at x and g is the function defined by g (x) = c f (x), then
g′(x) = c f ′(x) where c is a fixed real number.
6. If f and g are differentiable functions at x and if h is the function defined by h(x) = f (x) + g (x),
then h′ (x) = f′ (x) + g′ (x).
DIFFERENTIATION A-251

7. If f and g are differentiable functions at x and if h is the function defined by h (x) = f (x) g (x),
then h′ (x) = f (x) g′ (x) + g (x) f ′ (x)
d d d
i.e. ( f (x) g ( x)) = f (x). ( g (x)) + g (x). ( f (x)) .
dx dx dx
Thus, the derivative of the product of two differentiable functions = first function × derivative of
second function + second function × derivative of first function.
This is known as product rule.
Extension of the product rule :
If f, g and h are three differentiable functions at x, then
d d d d
( f (x) g (x) h (x)) = f (x) g (x) ( h (x)) + f (x) h (x) ( g (x)) + g (x) h (x) ( f (x)) .
dx dx dx dx
1
8. If f is a differentiable function at x and f (x) ≠ 0, and g is a function defined by g(x) = ,
f (x)
f ′ (x)
then g′ (x) = –
(f (x)) 2
d ⎛ 1 ⎞ f ′(x)
i.e. = – .
dx ⎜⎝ f (x)⎟⎠ (f(x)) 2
f (x)
9. If f and g are differentiable functions at x and h is the function defined by h(x) = ,
g( x )
g(x) f ′(x) – f (x) g ′(x)
g(x) ≠ 0, then h′ (x) =
(g(x)) 2
d d
g(x) . ( f (x)) − f (x) . ( g (x))
d ⎛ f (x) ⎞ dx dx
i.e. = , g (x) ≠ 0 .
dx ⎜⎝ g(x) ⎟⎠ (g (x)) 2
Thus, the derivative of the quotient of two differentiable functions
deno. × derivative of num. – num. × derivative of deno.
= .
(denominator) 2
This is known as quotient rule.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1. Differentiate the following functions :
(i) (2 x 3 – 7) (9 x 5 + 2 x 2 – 3) (ii) x (2 x – 3) x−2
2 3 4
(iii) (2 x + 1) (3 x – 2) (4 x + 5) .
Solution. (i) Let y = (2 x 3 – 7) (9 x 5 + 2 x 2 – 3), diff. w.r.t. x, we get
dy d d
= (2 x 3 – 7) . (9 x 5 + 2 x 2 – 3) + (9 x 5 + 2 x 2 – 3) . (2 x 3 – 7)
dx dx dx
(using product rule)
= (2 x 3 – 7) . (9 . 5 x 4 + 2 . 2 x – 0) + (9 x 5 + 2 x 2 – 3) . (2 . 3 x 2 – 0)
= (2 x 3 – 7) (45 x 4 + 4 x) + (9 x 5 + 2 x 2 – 3) . 6 x 2
= 90 x 7 + 8 x 4 – 315 x 4 – 28 x + 54 x 7 + 12 x 4 – 18 x 2
= 144 x 7 – 295 x 4 – 18 x 2 – 28 x.
(ii) Let y = x (2 x – 3) x − 2 = (2 x 2 – 3 x) . (x – 2)1/2, diff. w.r.t. x, we get
dy 1
= (2 x 2 − 3 x) . ( x − 2) −1 2 . 1 + ( x − 2)1 2 . (2 . 2 x 1 − 3 . 1) (using product rule)
dx 2
2 x2 − 3 x 2 x 2 − 3 x + 2 ( 4 x − 3) ( x − 2)
= + ( 4 x − 3) x − 2 =
2 x−2 2 x−2
2 x 2 − 3 x + 2 ( 4 x 2 − 11 x + 6) 10 x 2 − 25 x + 12
= = .
2 x−2 2 x−2
A-252 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS - XII

(iii) Let y = (2 x + 1)2 (3 x – 2)3 (4 x + 5)4, diff. w.r.t. x, we get

dy d d
= (2 x + 1)2 (3 x – 2)3 . ((4 x + 5)4) + (2 x + 1)2 (4 x + 5)4 ((3 x – 2)3)
dx dx dx
d
+ (3 x – 2)3 (4 x + 5)4 ((2 x + 1)2) (using extension of product rule)
dx
= (2 x + 1)2 (3 x – 2)3 . 4 (4 x + 5)3 . 4 + (2 x + 1)2 (4 x + 5)4 . 3 (3 x – 2)2 . 3
+ (3 x – 2)3 (4 x + 5)4 . 2 (2 x + 1)1 . 2
= (2 x + 1) (3 x – 2)2 (4 x + 5)3 [16 (2 x + 1) (3 x – 2) + 9 (2 x + 1) (4 x + 5)
+ 4 (3 x – 2) (4 x + 5)]
2 3 2 2
= (2 x + 1) (3 x – 2) (4 x + 5) [16 (6 x – x – 2) + 9 (8 x + 14 x + 5)
+ 4 (12 x 2 + 7 x – 10)]
= (2 x + 1) (3 x – 2)2 (4 x + 5)3 (216 x 2 + 138 x – 27).
Example 2. Differentiate the following functions :
3x − 2 3x + 2 (1 − 2 x) 5 2
(i) (ii) (iii) .
5 x2 + 7 (x + 5) (2 x + 1) + 3 2 x2 + 1
3x − 2
Solution. (i) Let y = , diff. w.r.t. x, we get
5 x2 + 7

d d
(5 x 2 + 7) . ( 3 x − 2) − ( 3 x − 2) . (5 x 2 + 7)
dy dx dx
= (using quotient rule)
dx (5 x 2 + 7)2

( 5 x 2 + 7 ) . ( 3 . 1 + 0) − ( 3 x − 2 ) . ( 5 . 2 x + 0)
=
(5 x 2 + 7)2

15 x 2 + 21 − 30 x 2 + 20 x 15 x 2 − 20 x − 21
= = − .
(5 x 2 + 7)2 (5 x 2 + 7)2
3x + 2 3x + 2
(ii) Let y = = , diff. w.r.t. x
( x + 5) ( 2 x + 1) + 3 2 x 2 + 11 x + 8

dy ( 2 x 2 + 11 x + 8) . ( 3 . 1 + 0) − ( 3 x + 2) . ( 2 . 2 x + 11 . 1 + 0)
=
dx ( 2 x 2 + 11 x + 8) 2

3 ( 2 x 2 + 11 x + 8) − ( 3 x + 2) ( 4 x + 11)
=
( 2 x 2 + 11 x + 8) 2

6 x 2 + 33 x + 24 − (12 x 2 + 41 x + 22) − 6 x2 − 8 x + 2
= =
(2 x + 11 x + 8)
2 2 (2 x 2 + 11 x + 8) 2

2 ( 3 x 2 + 4 x − 1)
= – .
( 2 x 2 + 11 x + 8) 2

(1 − 2 x ) 5 2
(iii) Let y = , diff. w.r.t. x, we get
2 x2 + 1

5
( 2 x 2 + 1). (1 − 2 x ) 3 2 .( − 2 ) − (1 − 2 x ) 5 2 .( 2 . 2 x + 0 )
dy 2
=
dx ( 2 x 2 + 1) 2

(1 − 2 x ) 3 2 [− 5 ( 2 x 2 + 1) − 4 x (1 − 2 x )]
=
( 2 x 2 + 1) 2

(1 − 2 x ) 3 2 ( − 2 x 2 − 4 x − 5) (1 − 2 x ) 3 2 ( 2 x 2 + 4 x + 5)
= = − .
( 2 x + 1)
2 2 ( 2 x 2 + 1) 2
DIFFERENTIATION A-253

4 x2 − 1
Example 3. Differentiate and find the value of the derivative at x = 2.
(5 − 2 x) 3
4 x2 − 1
Solution. Let f (x) = , diff. w.r.t x, we get
(5 − 2 x)3
( 5 − 2 x ) 3 . ( 4 . 2 x − 0) − ( 4 x 2 − 1) . 3 . ( 5 − 2 x ) 2 . ( − 2)
f ′(x) =
(( 5 − 2 x ) 3 ) 2
( 5 − 2 x ) 2 [( 5 − 2 x ) . 8 x + 6 ( 4 x 2 − 1)] 8 x 2 + 40 x − 6
= = .
(5 − 2 x) 6 (5 − 2 x) 4
8 . 2 2 + 40 . 2 − 6 32 + 80 − 6
∴ f ′(2) = = = 106.
( 5 − 2 . 2) 4 14

x a dy x a
Example 4. If y = + , prove that 2 xy = − .
a x dx a x
1
Solution. Given y = . x1 2 + a . x –1 2 , diff. w.r.t. x, we get
a

a ⎛⎜ – ⎞⎟ ⋅ x –3 2 =
dy 1 1 1 1 a
= ⋅ ⋅ x –1 2 + −
dx a 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 a x 2x3 2

dy x a
⇒ 2x = −
dx a x

dy ⎛ x a⎞ ⎛ x a⎞ x a
⇒ 2 xy = – + = – .
dx ⎜⎝ a x ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ a x ⎟⎠ a x

Example 5. Find the coordinates of the points on the curve

x dy
y= for which = 1.
1− x 2 dx
x dy (1 − x 2 ) . 1 − x . (– 2 x) 1 + x2
Solution. Given y = ⇒ = = .
1 − x2 dx (1 − x ) 2 2 (1 − x 2 ) 2

dy 1 + x2
Now =1⇒ =1
dx (1 − x 2 ) 2

⇒ x4 – 3 x2 = 0 ⇒ x2 (x2 – 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, ± 3 .
When x = 0, y = 0 ;
3 3
when x = 3, y = = – and
1− 3 2

– 3 3
when x = – 3, y = = .
1− 3 2

⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
Hence, the points are (0, 0), ⎜ 3 , – ⎟ , ⎜ – 3 , .
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠

EXERCISE 6.1
Differentiate the following (1 to 6) functions :
1. (i) (2 x + 3) (5 x 2 – 7 x + 1) (ii) (3 x 4 – 5) (7 x 3 – 11 x + 2).
2. (i) x 3 3 x − 4 (ii) x (x – 2) x − 3.
3. (i) (x + 1) (5 x + 7)2 (2 x + 3)3 (ii) x2 (3 x + 2)3 (1 – 2 x)4.
x ( 2 x + 1) ( 3 x − 1)
4. (i) (ii) .
3 x2 + 5 x+5
A-254 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS - XII

ax 2 + bx + c 1
5. (i) (ii) .
px 2 + qx + r ax 2 + bx + c

(2 + 5 x)2 1+ x
6. (i) (ii) .
x3 − 1 1− x

2 x2 − 4
7. Differentiate and find the value of the derivative at x = 1.
3 x2 + 7

1 dy
8. If y = x + , prove that 2 x +y=2 x.
x dx

1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ dy ⎞
9. If y = ⎜ 1 − ⎟ , prove that x 5 2
⎜2 − y⎟ + x 2 – 3 = 0.
x ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ dx ⎠

x dy
10. If y = , prove that x = y (1 – y).
x+a dx
dy dy
11. Given y = (3 x – 1) 2 + (2 x – 1) 3, find and the points on the curve for which = 0.
dx dx

6.2 DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. Derivative of sin x
Let f (x) = sin x, then f (x + δ x) = sin (x + δ x).
f (x + δ x) − f (x) sin ( x + δ x ) − sin x
By def., f ′(x) = Lt = Lt
δx → 0 δx δx → 0 δx

x + δx + x x + δx − x
2 cos sin
2 2
= Lt (C – D formulae)
δx → 0 δx

⎛ δx ⎞ δx δx
2 cos ⎜ x + ⎟ sin sin
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎛ δx ⎞ 2
= Lt = Lt cos ⎜ x + ⎟ . Lt
δx → 0 δx δx 2 → 0 ⎝ 2 ⎠ δx 2 → 0 δx
2
= cos x . 1 = cos x.
d
Thus, (sin x) = cos x , for all x ∈ R.
dx
2. Derivative of cos x
Let f (x) = cos x, then f (x + δ x) = cos (x + δ x).
f (x + δ x) − f (x) cos ( x + δ x ) − cos x
By def., f ′(x) = Lt = Lt
δx → 0 δx δx → 0 δx

x + δx + x x − x + δx
2 sin sin
2 2
= Lt (C – D formulae)
δx → 0 δx
⎛ δx ⎞ ⎛ δx ⎞
2 sin ⎜ x + ⎟ sin ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= Lt
δx → 0 δx
δx
sin
⎛ δx ⎞ 2
= – Lt sin ⎜ x + ⎟ . Lt
δx 2 → 0 ⎝ 2 ⎠ δx 2 → 0 δx
2
= – sin x . 1 = – sin x.
d
Thus, (cos x) = – sin x, for all x ∈ R.
dx
DIFFERENTIATION A-309

21. If x = a cos θ + b sin θ, y = a sin θ – b cos θ, prove that

d 2y dy
y2 −x + y = 0.
dx 2 dx
Hint. On squaring and adding, we get x2 + y2 = a2 + b2.
d2x dx
22. If x = (a + bt) e– nt, prove that + 2n + n2 x = 0.
dt 2 dt
d2y dy
23. If y = Ae – kt cos ( pt + c), prove that 2 + 2k + ( p 2 + k 2 ) y = 0 .
dt dt
24. If sin (x + y) = ky, prove that y2 + y (1 + y1)3 = 0.

ANSWERS

EXERCISE 6.1
1. (i) 30 x 2 + 2 x – 19 (ii) 147 x 6 – 165 x 4 + 24 x 3 – 105 x 2 + 55.
3 x 2 (7 x − 8 ) 5 x 2 − 18 x + 12
2. (i) (ii) .
2 3x − 4 2 x−3
3. (i) (5 x + 7) (2 x + 3)2 (60 x 2 + 151 x + 93)
(ii) – x (3 x + 2)2 (1 – 2 x)3 (54 x 2 + 9 x – 4).
5 − 3 x2 6 ( x 2 + 10 x + 1)
4. (i) (ii) , x ≠ – 5.
( 3 x 2 + 5) 2 ( x + 5) 2

( aq − bp) x 2 + 2 ( ar − pc) x + br − cq 2 ax + b
5. (i) (ii) – .
( px 2 + qx + r ) 2 ( ax 2+ bx + c) 2
( 2 + 5 x ) ( 5 x 3 + 6 x 2 + 10) 1
6. (i) – (ii) .
( x 3 − 1) 2 1 + x (1 − x ) 3 2

11. (0, 0), ⎛ , – ⎞ .

13 1 1
7. .
25 ⎝4 16 ⎠

EXERCISE 6.2

1. (i) 5 sec2 x – 3 cos x + 6 x (ii) – 3 cosec2 x – 20 (1 – 2 x)2/3.

2. (i) x2 (x cos x + 3 sin x) (ii) 2 x cos x – (1 + x 2) sin x.
3. (i) x2 cosec x (3 – x cot x) (ii) 4 (1 – 2 tan x) cos x – 2 (5 + 4 sin x) sec2 x.
x (sin x + cos x ) + cos x − sin x + 1 2
4. (i) (ii) – .
( x + cos x ) 2 1 − sin 2 x
2 sin x (1 − a 2 ) cos x
5. (i) (ii) .
(1 + cos x ) 2 (1 + a sin x ) 2
x + sin x x2
6. (i) (ii) .
1 + cos x ( x sin x + cos x ) 2
7. (i) – a cosec2 x – c cosec x cot x + x n–1 (n cos x – x sin x)
(ii) (sec x + tan x) sec x.
3
8. 6 – 2 2 . 9. .
2

EXERCISE 6.3

1. (i) – 1 (ii) 2. 2. (i) log 7 (ii) 2 2 log 3.

log a 2 9
3. (i) 2 (ii) . 4. (i) 0 (ii) . 5. (i) log (ii) 1.
log b 3 8