DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS

1. LIMITS AND CONTINUITY:-

a. NOTATION: lim f(x) = l
x→a
xn −an
b. lim = n an−1
x→a x−a
sin θ
c. lim =1
θ→0 θ
tan θ
d. lim =1
θ→0 θ
1 n
e. lim (1 + n) = e
n→∞
x n
f. lim (1 + n) = ex
n→∞
1
g. lim(1 + x)x = e
x→0
1
h. lim x log( 1 + x) = 1
x→0
ax −1
i. lim = log a
x→0 x
ex −1
j. lim =1
x→0 x
dy f(x+h)−f(x)
2. Derivative of a function: = lim
dx h→0 h
d
3. (k) = 0, where k is a constant.
dx
d
4. (x n ) = n x n−1
dx
d 1
5. (√x) = 2
dx √x
d 1 1
6. ( ) = − x2
dx x
d 1 n
7. ( ) = − xn+1
dx xn
d
8. (sin x) = cos x
dx
d
9. (cos x) = − sin x
dx
d
10. dx (tan x) = sec 2 x
d
11. dx (sec x) = sec x . tan x
d
12. dx (cosec x) = −cosec x . cot x
d
13. dx (cot x) = −cosec 2 x
d
14. dx (sin ax) = a cos ax
d
15. dx (cos ax) = − a sin ax
d
16. dx (tan ax) = a sec 2 ax
d
17. dx (sec ax) = a sec ax . tan ax

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 d
18. dx (cosec ax) = −a cosec ax . cot ax
d
19. dx (cot ax) = −acosec 2 ax
d
20. dx (ex ) = ex
d
21. dx (eax ) = a eax
d 1
22. dx (log x) = x
d
23. dx (ax ) = ax log e a
24. Let y = k . u, where k is a constant and u is a differentiable a
dy du
function of x. then =k (Scalar derivative )
dx dx
25. Let y = u ± v, where u and v are differentiable function of x,
dy du dv
then = ± . (Sum and Difference derivative )
dx dx dx
26. Let y = u. v, (Product Rule) where u and v are differentiable
dy dv du
functionsof x, then = u . + v. .
dx dx dx
u
27. Let y = v , where u and v are differentable functions of x, then
du dv
dy v. −u.
= dx dx . ( Quotient Rule)
dx v2
d 1
28. (sin−1 x) = 2
dx √1− x
d −1
29. dx (cos−1 x) = √1− x2
d 1
30. dx (tan−1 x) = 1+x2
d −1
31. dx (cot −1 x) = 1+x2
d 1
32. dx (sec −1 x) =
x √x2 −1
d −1
33. dx (csc −1 x) =
x √x2 −1
34. Let y = f(u)and u = g(x)be two differentiable functions of
u and x respectivelysuch that the composite function y = f(g(x))
dy dy du
is defined. Then = . (CHAIN RULE)
dx du dx
dy dy du dv
35. If y = f(u), u = g(v), v = h(x)then dx = du . dv . dx (CHAIN RULE)
d
36. dx (sinh x) = cosh x
d
37. dx (cosh x) = sinh x
d
38. dx (tanh x) = sech2 x
d
39. dx (coth x) = −cosech2 x

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 d
40. dx (sech x) = − sech x . tanh x
d
41. dx (cosech x) = − cosech x . coth x
d 1
42. dx (sinh−1 x) = √1+x2
d 1
43. dx (cosh−1 x) = √x2 −1
d 1
44. dx (tanh−1 x) = 1−x2
d −1
45. dx (coth−1 x) = x2 −1
d −1
46. dx (sech−1 x) =
x √1− x2
d −1
47. dx (cosech−1 x) =
x √1+x2
v
48. Let y = u , where u and v are differentiable functions of x. In
such case we take logarithm on both sides and then differentiate.
(LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION)
49. The functions of the form f(x, y) = c are called explicit finctions
if x is expressed as a function of y or y is expressed as a function of x,
otherwise it is called an implicit functions. (IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS)
50. Let x = f(t)and y = g(t)be two differentiable functions of t.
dy⁄
dy dt . (PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS)
Then =
dx dx ⁄dt
51. We have to differentiate a function f(x)w. r. t another function g(x).
du dv
In such case assume u = f(x)and v = g(x), find and .
dx dx
du
du
Then = dx . (Differentiate one function w. r. t another function)
dv dv
dx
dy
52. Let y = f(x)be a differentiable function, then dx = f 1 (x), y1 or
y1 exists and is called First order derivative. The second order
d dy d2 y
derivative of y = f(x)is denoted by ( ) = dx2 , f 11 (x) or y11 or y2 .
dy dx
53. The process of differentiating the same function again and again is
called successive differentiation.

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LECTURER IN MATHEMATICS Page 3