SMJM 1013 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

Review on Differentiation
DR. HAFIZAH FARHAH BINTI SAIPAN @ SAIPOL
 Definition of the derivative
Let y = f ( x ) is a function of x. The derivative of a function f
with respect to x, denotes by f ' is defined by
f ( x +  x) − f ( x)
f ' = lim
 x →0 x
when the limit exists.
Differentiation rules
1a. Derivative of a variable with respect to itself is 1
dt dx
= 1 or =1
dt dx
1b. Derivative of a constant is zero
dy d (5) dy
If y = 5 then =  =0
dx dx dx
1c. Power rule Example :
Let f is a function of x. Find the derivatives of y = 4 x9 ,
dy df
If y = f n , then = nf n −1 then
dy
= 36 x8
dx dx dx
2. Differentiation of multiples
Let y = cf + dg. If f and g are functions of x, and c and d are constants,
then
dy df dg
=c +d
dx dx dx
or we can write as y ' = cf '+ dg '
3. Differentiation of products (Product rule)
Let u and v are differentiable functions with respect to x.
If y = uv, then
dy dv du
=u +v or y ' = uv '+ vu '
dx dx dx
u
Example : Find the first derivative of y = ( x + 5 ) ( 3 x + 2 ) .
v
3

Solution :

= ( x3 + 5) ( 3x + 2 ) + ( 3x + 2 ) ( x3 + 5 )
dy d d
dx dx dx
= ( x3 + 5) 3 + ( 3x + 2 ) 3x 2
= 12 x3 + 6 x 2 + 15
4. Differentiation of quotients (Quotient rule)
Let u and v are differentiable functions with respect to x.
du dv
v −u
u dy vu '− uv '
If y = , then = dx 2 dx or y ' =
v dx v v2

dy x u
Example : Find for y = .
dx 1− x v
2

dy (1 − x 2 ) ( x ) − x (1 − x 2 )
d
dx
d
dx
Solution : =
(1 − x2 )
2
dx

=
(1 − x ) − x ( −2 x )
2

=
x +1
2

(1 − x )
2 2
(1 − x )
2 2
5. Chain rule
If y = f ( g ( x ) ) and u = g ( x ) , then
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
Example : Differentiate y = sin ( x3 − 4 x 2 + 5 ) with respect to x.
Solution : Let u = x 3 − 4 x 2 + 5 then y = sin u
du dy
= 3x 2 − 8 x and = cos u
dx du
= cos u ( 3x 2 − 8 x ) = ( 3x 2 − 8 x ) cos ( x 3 − 4 x 2 + 5 )
dy dy du
 =
dx du dx
6. Implicit function
In previous slides, all the functions y were expressed in
terms of x, that is y = f (x). This is called explicit definition.

But not all equations can be explicitly defined.

There exists equations where y cannot be expressed in terms

of x only. This is said to be implicitly defined and we write
it as F (x,y) = 0 instead of y = f (x).
Example:

dy
If y + xy = 3. Find .
dx
Solution :
dy
The usual way to find is by writing explicitly for y in terms of x,
dx
that is
y (1 + x ) = 3
3
y=
1+ x
Using the quotient rule for differentiation, we have
dy 3
=−
(1 + x )
2
dx
Example: ALTERNATIVE APPROACH
dy
If y + xy = 3. Find .
dx
Solution :
By using the implicit differentiation, we differentiate both sides of equation
with respect to x, that is
d d
( y + xy ) = ( 3)
dx dx Use product rule
d d
( y ) + ( xy ) = 0 d u v dy
 x y = x + y
dx
( uv '+ vu ')
dx dx dx   dx dx
dy dy
+x +y=0 dy
=x +y
dx dx dx
dy
(1 + x ) = − y
dx
dy y
=−
dx 1+ x
Example using implicit differentiation.
dy
If 3 y 2 − 2 x 2 = 2 xy find .
dx
Solution :
We cannot write explicitly y in term of x. Therefore, by differentiating
the expressions on both sides of the equation implicitly with respect to x,
we obtain
d d
3 y 2 − 2 x 2  =  2 xy  Product
dx dx
rule
d d d
3 y 2  −  2 x 2  =  2 xy 
dx dx dx
dy dy
6 y − 4x = 2x + 2 y
dx dx
dy
(6 y − 2x) = 2 y + 4x
dx
dy 2 y + 4 x
=
dx 6 y − 2 x
y + 2x
=
3y − x