#1

FLEX Course Material

Examine differential
equations analytically by
studying specialized
techniques for obtaining

SOLUTION OF
implicit and explicit
solutions

FIRST-ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

 Separable Equations
 Variable Transformation
 Exact Equations
 Non-Exact Equations
 Integrable Combinations
 Linear Equations
 Bernoulli’s Equation

Prepared by:
Joseph D. Retumban, ChE, MS EnE
Department Chair – General Engineering
Separable Equations

Separable Equations
A first-order differential equation of the form
dy
=g x h y
dx
is said to be separable or to have separable variables.

Rearranging the equation should lead to an equation separating the term g x dx from
h y dy.

dy
=g x h y
dx
dy
dx = g x h y dx
dx
dy = g x h y dx
dy g x h y dx
=
h y h y
dy
= g x dx
h y

Illustration:

dy
1. = x 2 ye3x−2y is a separable differential equation.
dx

dy Recall: Laws of Exponent

Proof: = x 2 ye3x−2y
dx
dy x a+b = x a x b
= x 2 ye3x e−2y
dx e3x−2y = e3x e−2y
dy
dx = x 2 ye3x e−2y dx 1
dx x −a =
xa
dy = x 2 ye3x e−2y dx 1
e−2y = 2y
e
dy x 2 ye3x e−2y dx 1 1
= = = e2y
ye−2y ye−2y e −2y 1
e2y
dy
= x 2 e3x dx
ye−2y
e2y dy
= x 2 e3x dx
y
2
Separable Equations
Illustration:

dy xy + 3x − y − 3
2. = is a separable differential equation.
dx xy − 2x + 4y − 8

Proof: dy xy + 3x − y − 3
=
dx xy − 2x + 4y − 8
dy x 𝑦 + 3 − 𝑦 + 3
=
dx x y − 2 + 4 y − 2
dy y+3 x−1
=
dx y−2 x+4
dy y+3 x−1
dx = dx
dx y−2 x+4
y+3 x−1
dy = dx
y−2 x+4
y−2 y+3 x−1 y−2
dy = dx
y+3 y−2 x+4 y+3

y−2 x−1
dy = dx
y+3 x+4

dy
3. = y − sin x is not a separable differential equation.
dx

Proof: dy
= y − sin x
dx
dy
dx = y − sin x dx
dx
dy = y − sin x dx

Solution of Separable Equations

After obtaining a separable equation of the form p y dy = g x dx, just integrate both
sides.

p y dy = g x dx

P y =G x +c

3
Separable Equations
Example:

Find the solution of the following separable equations.

dx t 2 − 1 Recall: Integration (Power Rule)

1. =
dt x
un+1
un du = +c
n+1
dx t 2 − 1
=
dt x
x dx = 𝑥 1 dx
2
x dx = t − 1 dt (Cross multiply)
x1+1
= +c
1+1
x dx = t 2 − 1 dt x 2
= +c
2
1 2
= x +c
2
x dx = t 2 dt − dt

1 2 1 3
x = t −t+c
2 3
1 2 1 3
6 x = t −t+c 6
2 3
c
3x 2 = 2t 3 − 6t + 6c

3x 2 = 2t 3 − 6t + c

3x 2 − 2t 3 + 6t = c

2. x + 1 dy + y dx = 0

x + 1 dy + y dx = 0 Recall: Integration (Integrals Yielding

Logarithmic Function)
x + 1 dy = −y dx
du
x + 1 dy −y dx = ln u + c
= u
x+1 y x+1 y
dy dx dx
=−
y x+1 x+1
Let u = x + 1
dy dx du = dx
=−
y x+1 du
=
u
ln y = −ln x + 1 + c
= ln u + c
= ln x + 1 + c
ln y + ln x + 1 = c

4
Separable Equations
Example:

Find the solution of the following separable equations.

2. x + 1 dy + y dx = 0 Recall: Property of Logarithm

ln a + ln b = ln ab
ln y + ln x + 1 = c
ln y + ln x + 1
ln y 𝑥 + 1 =c = ln y x + 1
c
eln y 𝑥+1
= ec eln a = a

y x+1 =c eln y x+1

= y x+1

a ln b = ln ba
dy y cos x 2 ln y = ln y 2
3. =
dx y 2 − 1

dy y cos x Recall: Integration (Integrals of

= Basic Trigonometric Functions)
dx y 2 − 1
y 2 − 1 dy = y cos x dx (Cross multiply)
sin u du = −cos u + c
2
y − 1 dy y cos x
= dx
y y cos u du = sin u + c

y2 − 1
dy = cos x dx tan u du = − ln cos u + c
y
y = ln sec u + c
y2 1
− dy = cos x dx
y y cot u du = ln sin u + c

1
y− dy = cos x dx sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + c
y
1 csc u du = ln csc u − cot u + c
y dy − dy = cos x dx
y
dy sec2 u du = tan u + c
y dy − = cos x dx
y
csc2 u du = −cot u + c
2
y
− ln y = sin x + c
2 sec u tan u du = sec u + c
y2
2 − ln y = sin x + c 2 csc u cot u du = −csc u + c
2
c
y 2 − 2ln y = 2sin x + 2c

y 2 − ln y 2 − 2sin x = c

5
Separable Equations
Example:

Find the solution of the following separable equations.

dy x
4. =− , y 4 = −3
dx y

dy x
=−
dx y
y dy = −x dx (Cross multiply)

y dy = − x dx

y2 x2
=− +c
2 2
y2 x2
2 =− +c 2
2 2
c
y 2 = −x 2 + 2c

y2 + x2 = c

Solve for c:

y 2 + x 2 = c , y 4 = −3
−3 2 + 4 2 = c

9 + 16 = c

c = 25

y2 + x2 = c
y 2 + x 2 = 25

6
Separable Equations
Example:

Find the solution of the following separable equations.

dy 3x 2 + 4x + 2 , y 0 = −1
5. =
dx 2 y−1

dy 3x 2 + 4x + 2
= (Cross multiply)
dx 2 y−1
2 y − 1 dy = 3x 2 + 4x + 2 dx

2 y − 1 dy = 3x 2 + 4x + 2 dx

2y − 2 dy = 3x 2 + 4x + 2 dx

2 y dy − 2 dy = 3 x 2 dx + 4 x dx + 2 dx

y2 x3 2 x2
2 − 2y = 3 +4 + 2x + c
2 3 2
y 2 − 2y = x 3 + 2x 2 + 2x + c

y 2 − 2y − x 3 − 2x 2 − 2x = c

Solve for c:

y 2 − 2y − x 3 − 2x 2 − 2x = c , y 0 = −1
2 3 2
−1 − 2 −1 − 0 −2 0 −2 0 =c

1+2=c
c=3

y 2 − 2y − x 3 − 2x 2 − 2x = c

y 2 − 2y − x 3 − 2x 2 − 2x = 3

7
Separable Equations

Solve the given differential equations.

dx x2 y2
1. dy
= 1+x

dr 1
2. θ dθ = −2r , r − 3 = 9

3. x 2 − yx 2 dx + y 2 + xy 2 dy = 0

4. ey sin 2x dx + cos x e2y − y dy = 0

2
5. x ′ = tex−t , when t = 0, x = 0

8
Variable Transformation
In some cases, it is possible to solve differential equations by means of a
change of variable.

Homogeneous Equations
Homogeneous Functions
If a function f possesses the property f λx, λy = λk f(x, y) for some real number k, then f
is said to be a homogeneous function of degree k.

Illustration:

1. f x, y = x 3 + y 3 is a homogeneous function of degree 3.

3 3
f λx, λy = λx + λy
= λ3 x 3 + λ3 y 3

= λ3 x 3 + y 3

= λ3 f x, y

y
y
2. f x, y = sin + ex is a homogeneous function of degree 0.
x

λy
λy
f λx, λy = sin + eλx
λx
y
y
= sin + ex
x

= λ0 f x, y

3. f x, y = x 3 + 2y + 3 is not a homogeneous function.

3
f λx, λy = λx + 2 λ𝑦 + 3

= λ3 x 3 + λ 2𝑦 + 3

9
Variable Transformation

Homogeneous Equations
A first-order DE in differential form M x, y dx + N x, y dy = 0 is said to be homogeneous if
both coefficients M x, y and N x, y are homogenous functions of the same degree.

Solution of Homogeneous Equations

Use the substitutions y = vx

dy = vdx + xdv

or
x = vy
dx = vdy + ydv.

Note: After transformation of variables, the equation should be separable.

Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

1. y dx + x dy = 0

Check if the DE is homogeneous.

M x, y dx + N x, y dy = 0

y dx + x dy = 0

M x, y = y N x, y = x

M λx, λy = λy N λx, λy = λx

= λM x, y = λN x, y
(homogeneous, 1st degree) (homogeneous, 1st degree)

The DE is homogeneous since M x, y and N x, y are both 1st degree homogeneous

functions.

10
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

1. y dx + x dy = 0

Let y = vx

dy = v dx + x dv

y dx + x dy = 0

vx dx + x v dx + x dv = 0

vx dx + vx dx + x 2 dv = 0
vx dx + vx dx + x 2 dv = 0

2vx dx + x 2 dv = 0 (separable equation)

2vx dx = −x 2 dv
2vx dx x 2 dv
= −
vx 2x vx 2
2 dv
dx = −
x v
dx dv
2 =−
x v
2 ln x = −ln v + c

2 ln x + ln v = c

ln x 2 + ln v = c

ln x 2 v = c
x2 v c
eln = ec

x2v = c
x 2 y
x =c
x
xy = c

11
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

1. y dx + x dy = 0

Let x = vy

dx = v dy + y dv

y dx + x dy = 0

y v dy + y dv + vy dy = 0

vy dy + y 2 dv + vy dy = 0
vy dy + vy dy + y 2 dv = 0

2vy dy + y 2 dv = 0 (separable equation)

2vy dy = −y 2 dv

2vy dy y 2 dv
= −
vy 2y vy 2
2 dv
dy = −
y v
dy dv
2 =−
y v
2 ln y = −ln v + c

2 ln y + ln v = c

ln y 2 + ln v = c

ln y 2 v = c
y2 v c
eln = ec

y2 v = c

y 2 x
y =c
y
xy = c

12
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

1. y dx + x dy = 0

y dx + x dy = 0 (separable equation)
y dx = −x dy
y dx x dy
=−
xy xy
dx dy
=−
x y
dx dy
=−
x y

ln x = −ln y + c

ln x + ln y = c

ln xy = c
c
eln xy
= ec

xy = c

13
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

2. (x 2 +y 2 )dx + x 2 − xy dy = 0

 Is the DE separable? No.

 Is the DE homogeneous? Check if M(x, y) and N x, y .are both homogeneous and of the same
degree.

M x, y dx + N x, y dy = 0

(x 2 + y 2 ) dx + x 2 − xy dy = 0
M x, y = x 2 + y 2 N x, y = x 2 − xy
2 2 2
M λx, λy = λx + λy N λx, λy = λx − λx λy
= λ2 x 2 + λ 2 y 2 = λ2 x 2 − λ2 xy

= λ2 x 2 + y 2 = λ2 x 2 − xy

= λ2 M x, y = λ2 N x, y
(homogeneous, 2nd degree) (homogeneous, 2nd degree)

The DE is homogeneous since M x, y and N x, y are both 2nd degree homogeneous

functions.

Let y = vx

dy = v dx + x dv

x 2 + y 2 dx + x 2 − x y dy = 0

x 2 + vx 2
dx + x 2 − x vx v dx + x dv = 0

(x 2 +v 2 x 2 )dx + x 2 − vx 2 v dx + x dv = 0

(x 2 +v 2 x 2 )dx + x 2 − vx 2 v dx + x 2 − vx 2 x dv = 0
(x 2 +v 2 x 2 )dx + vx 2 − v 2 x 2 dx + x 3 − vx 3 dv = 0

x 2 + v 2 x 2 + vx 2 − v 2 x 2 dx + x 3 − vx 3 dv = 0

x 2 + vx 2 dx + x 3 − vx 3 dv = 0 (separable equation)

14
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

2. (x 2 +y 2 )dx + x 2 − xy dy = 0

x 2 + vx 2 dx + x 3 − vx 3 dv = 0 (separable equation)

x 2 1 + v dx + x 3 1 − v dv = 0

x 2 1 + v dx = −x 3 1 − v dv
1−v
x 2 1 + v dx x 3 1 − v dv dv
= − 1+v
3 x3 1 + v
xx 1+v Let u = 1 + v ---> u − 1 = v
dx 1−v du = dv
=− dv
x 1+v 1− u−1
= du
u
dx 1−v
=− dv 1−u+1
x 1+v = du
u

ln x = − ln 1 + v 2
−v +c 2−u
= du
u
2
ln x = −ln 1 + v +v+c 2 u
= du − du
ln x + ln 1 + v 2
−v=c u u
du
2 =2 − du
ln x 1 + v −v=c u
y 2 y = 2ln u − u + c
ln x 1 + − =c = 2ln 1 + v − 1 + v + c
x x
= ln 1 + v 2 − 1 − v + c
c
x+y 2
y = ln 1 + v 2 − v + c − 1
2
ln x − =c = ln 1 + v − v + c
x x
2
x+y y
ln x 2
− =c
xx x

2
x+y y
ln − =c
x x

15
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

3. (x − y ln y + y ln x)dx + x ln y − ln x dy = 0

 Is the DE separable? No.

 Is the DE homogeneous? Check if M(x, y) and N x, y .are both homogeneous and of the same
degree.

M x, y dx + N x, y dy = 0

(x − y ln y + y ln x)dx + x ln y − ln x dy = 0
M x, y = x − y ln y + y ln x N x, y = x ln y − ln x

M λx, λy = λx − λy ln λy + λy ln λx N λx, λy = λx ln λy − ln λ𝑥

= λ x − y ln λy + y ln λx

The DE is not homogeneous.

But, we can rewrite the DE by applying Properties of Logarithm.

M x, y dx + N x, y dy = 0

(x − y ln y + y ln x)dx + x ln y − ln x dy = 0 Recall: Property of Logarithm

(x − y ln y − ln x )dx + x ln y − ln x dy = 0 a
ln a − ln b = ln
b
y y
x − y ln dx + x ln dy = 0 ln y − ln x = ln
y
x x x

y y
M x, y = x − y ln N x, y = x ln
x x

λy λy
M λx, λy = λx − λy ln N λx, λy = λx ln
λx λx

y y
= λ x − y ln = λ x ln
x x

= λM x, y = λN x, y
(homogeneous, 1st degree) (homogeneous, 1st degree)

The DE is now homogeneous since M x, y and N x, y are both 1st degree homogeneous
functions.

16
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

3. (x − y ln y + y ln x)dx + x ln y − ln x dy = 0

y y
x − y ln dx + x ln dy = 0
x x

Let y = vx

dy = v dx + x dv

vx vx
x − vx ln dx + x ln v dx + x dv = 0
x x
x − vx ln v dx + x ln v v dx + x dv = 0

x − vx ln v dx + x ln v v dx + x ln v x dv = 0

x − vx ln v dx + vx ln v dx + x 2 ln v dv = 0

x − vx ln v + vx ln v dx + x 2 ln v dv = 0

x dx + x 2 ln v dv = 0 (separable equation)

x dx = −x 2 ln v dv
x dx x 2 ln v dv
2
= − Recall: Integration By Parts (IBP)
xx x2
dx
= −ln v dv u dw = uw − w du
x
dx
=− ln v dv *Use LIATE in determining the correct u.
x

ln x = − v ln v − v + c ln v dv

ln x = −v ln v + v + c Let u = ln v dw = dv
1
du = v dv w=v
ln x + v ln v − v = c
1
= v ln v − v dv
y y y v
ln x + ln − =c
x x x = v ln v − dv

= v ln v − v + c

17
Variable Transformation

Lines
Consider the differential equation whose form is a1 x + b1 y + c1 dx + a2 x + b2 y + c2 dy = 0.

PARALLEL LINES

a1 b c
If = b1 ≠ 𝒄1, the associated lines are parallel and the DE is reducible to
a2 2 𝟐

k a2 x + b2 y + c1 dx + a2 x + b2 y + c2 dy = 0

Solution of Parallel Lines

Use the substitution v = a 2 x + b2 y

dv = a2 dx + b2 dy

Note: After transformation of variables, the equation should be separable.

Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

1. 3x + 4y + 1 dx + 6x + 8y − 9 dy = 0
 Is the DE separable? No.

3x + 4y + 1 dx + 6x + 8y − 9 dy = 0

3x + 4y + 1 dx = − 6x + 8y − 9 dy

 Is the DE homogeneous? No.

M x, y dx + N x, y dy = 0

(3x + 4y + 1)dx + 6x + 8y − 9 dy = 0

M x, y = 3x + 4y + 1 N x, y = 6x + 8y − 9

M λx, λy = 3 λx + 4 λy + 1 N λx, λy = 6 λx + 8 λy − 9

 Does the DE contain parallel lines? Yes.

3x + 4y + 1 dx + 6x + 8y − 9 dy = 0
a1 = 3 , b1 = 4, c1 = 1 a2 = 6, b2 = 8, c2 = −9

a1 b1 c1 3 4 1 1 1 1
= ≠ → = ≠ → = ≠
a2 b2 c2 6 8 −9 2 2 −9

18
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

1. 3x + 4y + 1 dx + 6x + 8y − 9 dy = 0

3x + 4y + 1 dx + 6x + 8y − 9 dy = 0
3x + 4y + 1 dx + 2 3x + 4y − 9 dy = 0

3x + 4y + 1 dx + 2 3x + 4y − 9 dy = 0

Let v = 3x + 4y

dv = 3dx + 4dy
dv − 3dx = 4dy
dv − 3dx 4 dy
=
4 4
dv − 3dx
dy =
4

3x + 4y + 1 dx + 2 3x + 4y − 9 dy = 0

dv − 3dx
v + 1 dx + 2v − 9 =0
4
dv − 3dx
4 v + 1 dx + 2v − 9 =0 4
4
4 v + 1 dx + 2v − 9 dv − 3dx = 0

4v + 4 dx + 2v − 9 dv − 2v − 9 3dx = 0
4v + 4 dx + 2v − 9 dv − 6v − 27 dx = 0

4v + 4 − 6v − 27 dx + 2v − 9 dv = 0

4v + 4 − 6v + 27 dx + 2v − 9 dv = 0

−2v + 31 dx + 2v − 9 dv = 0 (separable equation)

−2v + 31 dx = − 2v − 9 dv
−2v + 31 dx − 2v − 9 dv
=
−2v + 31 −2v + 31
− 2v − 9
dx = dv
−2v + 31

19
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

1. 3x + 4y + 1 dx + 6x + 8y − 9 dy = 0

− 2v − 9
dx = dv 2v − 9
−2v + 31 dv
2v − 31
− 2v − 9 Let u = 2v − 31 ---> u + 31 = 2v
dx = dv
− 2v − 31 du = 2dv
du
2v − 9 2
= dv
dx = dv
2v − 31 u + 31 − 9 du
= ∙
2v − 9 u 2
dx = dv 1 u + 31 − 9
2v − 31 = du
2 u
1 1 u + 22
x= 2v − 31 + 11 ln 2v − 31 + c = du
2 2 u
1
x − 2v − 31 − 11 ln 2v − 31 = c 1 u du
2 = du + 22
2 u u
1
2 x− 2v − 31 − 11 ln 2v − 31 = c 2 1 22 du
2 = du +
2 2 u
2x − 2v − 31 − 22 ln 2v − 31 = 2c c 1
= u + 11 ln u + c
2
2x − 2v + 31 − 22 ln 2v − 31 = c 1
= 2v − 31 + 11 ln 2v − 31 + c
2
2x − 2v − 22 ln 2v − 31 = c − 31 c

2x − 2 3x + 4y − 22 ln 2 3x + 4y − 31 = c

2x − 6x − 8y − 22 ln 6x + 8y − 31 = c

−4x − 8y − 22 ln 6x + 8y − 31 = c
−4x − 8y − 22 ln 6x + 8y − 31 c c
=
−2 −2
2x + 4y + 11 ln 6x + 8y − 31 = c

20
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

2. x + 2y − 1 dx + 3x + 6y dy = 0

 Is the DE separable? No.

x + 2y − 1 dx + 3x + 6y dy = 0

x + 2y − 1 dx = − 3x + 6y dy

 Is the DE homogeneous? No.

M x, y dx + N x, y dy = 0

(x + 2y − 1)dx + 3x + 6y dy = 0

M x, y = x + 2y − 1 N x, y = 3x + 6y

M λx, λy = λx + 2 λy − 1 N λx, λy = 3 λx + 6 λy
= λ 3x + 6y

 Does the DE contain parallel lines? Yes.

x + 2y − 1 dx + 3x + 6y dy = 0

a1 = 1 , b1 = 2, c1 = −1 a2 = 3, b2 = 6, c2 = 0
a1 b1 c1 1 2 −1 1 1 −1
= ≠ → = ≠ → = ≠
a2 b2 c2 3 6 0 3 3 0

x + 2y − 1 dx + 3x + 6y dy = 0

x + 2y − 1 dx + 3 x + 2y dy = 0

x + 2y − 1 dx + 3 x + 2y dy = 0

Let v = x + 2y

dv = dx + 2dy

dv − 2dy = dx

x + 2y − 1 dx + 3 x + 2y dy = 0

v − 1 dv − 2dy + 3v dy = 0

v − 1 dv − v − 1 2dy + 3v dy = 0

v − 1 dv − 2v − 2 dy + 3v dy = 0

v − 1 dv + 3v − 2v − 2 dy = 0

21
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

2. x + 2y − 1 dx + 3x + 6y dy = 0

v − 1 dv + 3v − 2v − 2 dy = 0
v − 1 dv + 3v − 2v + 2 dy = 0

v − 1 dv + v + 2 dy = 0 (separable equation)

v − 1 dv = − v + 2 dy
v − 1 dv − v + 2 dy
=
v+2 v+2 v−1
dv
v−1 v+2
dv = −dy Let u = v + 2 ---> u − 2 = v
v+2
du = dv
v−1
dv = − dy u−2 −1
v+2 = du
u
v + 2 − 3 ln v + 2 = −y + c u−3
= du
u
v + 2 − 3 ln v + 2 + y = c
u du
= du − 3
x + 2y + 2 − 3 ln x + 2y + 2 + y = c u u
du
x + 2y + 2 − 3ln x + 2y + 2 + y = c = du − 3
u
c
x + 3y − 3 ln x + 2y + 2 = c − 2 = u − 3 ln u + c
= v + 2 − 3 ln v + 2 + c
x + 3y − 3 ln x + 2y + 2 = c

22
Variable Transformation

Lines
Consider the differential equation whose form is a1 x + b1 y + c1 dx + a2 x + b2 y + c2 dy = 0.

INTERSECTING LINES

a1 b
If ≠ b1 , the associated lines are intersecting and the DE is reducible to a homogeneous
a2 2
DE.

Solution of Intersecting Lines

Use the substitution x=a+h and y=b+k

dx = da dy = db

where h, k is the point of intersection of the two lines.

Note: After transformation of variables, the equation should be homogeneous.

Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

1. 2x + 3y − 8 dx + 3x + 4y − 11 dy = 0
 Is the DE separable? No.

2x + 3y − 8 dx + 3x + 4y − 11 dy = 0

2x + 3y − 8 dx = − 3x + 4y − 11 dy

 Is the DE homogeneous? No.

M x, y dx + N x, y dy = 0

(2x + 3y − 8)dx + 3x + 4y − 11 dy = 0

M x, y = 2x + 3y − 8 N x, y = 3x + 4y − 11

M λx, λy = 2 λx + 3 λy − 8 N λx, λy = 3 λx + 4 λy − 11

 Does the DE contain intersecting lines? Yes.

2x + 3y − 8 dx + 3x + 4y − 11 dy = 0
a1 = 2 , b1 = 3, c1 = −8 a2 = 3, b2 = 4, c2 = −11

a1 b1 2 3
≠ → ≠
a2 b2 3 4

23
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

1. 2x + 3y − 8 dx + 3x + 4y − 11 dy = 0

2x + 3y − 8 dx + 3x + 4y − 11 dy = 0

Solve for the point of intersection, h, k , of the two lines.

l1 : 2x + 3y − 8 = 0

l2 : 3x + 4y − 11 = 0

Eliminate x:

3 2x + 3y − 8 = 0 3 6x + 9y − 24 = 0
−
2 3x + 4y − 11 = 0 2 6x + 8y − 22 = 0

y−2= 0

y=2
Solve for x:

2x + 3y − 8 = 0 , y = 2

2x + 3 2 − 8 = 0

2x + 6 − 8 = 0

2x − 2 = 0

2x = 2
2x 2
=
2 2
x=1
The point of intersection h, k is 1, 2 .

Let x = a + 1 y=b+2

dx = da dy = db

2x + 3y − 8 dx + 3x + 4y − 11 dy = 0

2 a + 1 + 3 b + 2 − 8 da + 3 a + 1 + 4 b + 2 − 11 db = 0

24
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

1. 2x + 3y − 8 dx + 3x + 4y − 11 dy = 0

2x + 3y − 8 dx + 3x + 4y − 11 dy = 0

2 a + 1 + 3 b + 2 − 8 da + 3 a + 1 + 4 b + 2 − 11 db = 0

2a + 2 + 3b + 6 − 8 da + 3a + 3 + 4b + 8 − 11 db = 0

2a + 3b da + 3a + 4b db = 0 (homogeneous equation)

Let b = va
db = v da + a dv

2a + 3 va da + 3a + 4 va v da + a dv = 0

2a + 3va da + 3a + 4va v da + 3a + 4va a dv = 0

2a + 3va da + 3va + 4v 2 a da + 3a2 + 4va2 dv = 0

2a + 3va + 3va + 4v 2 a da + 3a2 + 4va2 dv = 0

2a + 6va + 4v 2 a da + 3a2 + 4va2 dv = 0

a 2 + 6v + 4v 2 da + a2 3 + 4v dv = 0 (separable equation)

a 2 + 6v + 4v 2 da = −a2 3 + 4v dv

4v + 3
a 2 + 6v + 4v 2 da −a2 3 + 4v dv 4v 2+ 6v + 2
dv
= 2
a2 2 + 6v + 4v 2 a 2 + 6v + 4v 2 Let u = 4v2 + 6v + 2
a
du = 8v + 6 dv
da 3 + 4v du = 2 4v + 3 dv
=− dv du
a 2 + 6v + 4v 2 = 4v + 3 dv
2
da 4v + 3 du
=− dv 2
a 4v 2 + 6v + 2 =
u
1 du
ln a = − ln 4v 2 + 6v + 2 + c =
2 2u

1 1 du
2 ln a = − ln 4v 2 + 6v + 2 + c 2 =
2 u
2
c 1
2 ln a = −ln 4v 2 + 6v + 2 + 2c = ln u + c
2
1
= 2 ln 4v 2 + 6v + 2 + c

25
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

1. 2x + 3y − 8 dx + 3x + 4y − 11 dy = 0

c
2 ln a = −ln 4v 2 + 6v + 2 + 2c

ln a2 = −ln 2 2v 2 + 3v + 1 +c
c
ln a2 = −ln 2v 2 + 3v + 1 − ln 2 + c

ln a2 + ln 2v 2 + 3v + 1 = c

ln a2 2v 2 + 3v + 1 =c
a2 2v2 +3v+1 c
eln = ec
a2 2v 2 + 3v + 1 = c
Recall: b = va
b
=v
a
2
2
b b
a 2 +3 +1 =c
a a

2
b2 b
a 2 2 +3 +1 =c
a a

2
2b2 + 3ab + a2
a =c
a2
2b2 + 3ab + a2 = c
Recall: x=a+1 and y=b+2

x−1 =a y−2=b

2 2
2 y−2 +3 x−1 y−2 + x−1 =c

26
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

2. y − 2 dx − x − y − 1 dy = 0

 Is the DE separable? No.

y − 2 dx − x − y − 1 dy = 0

y − 2 dx = x − y − 1 dy

 Is the DE homogeneous? No.

M x, y dx + N x, y dy = 0

y − 2 dx − x − y − 1 dy = 0

M x, y = y − 2 N x, y = − x − y − 1

M λx, λy = λy − 2 N λx, λy = − λx − λy − 1

 Does the DE contain intersecting lines? Yes.

y − 2 dx − x − y − 1 dy = 0
a1 = 0 , b1 = 1, c1 = −2 a2 = 1, b2 = −1, c2 = −1

a1 b1 0 1
≠ → ≠
a2 b2 1 −1

Solve for the point of intersection, h, k , of the two lines.

l1 : y − 2 = 0 y=2

l2 : x − y − 1 = 0

Solve for x:

x−y−1= 0

x−2−1= 0

x=3
The point of intersection h, k is 3, 2 .

Let x = a + 3 y=b+2

dx = da dy = db

y − 2 dx − x − y − 1 dy = 0

b + 2 − 2 da − a + 3 − b + 2 − 1 db = 0

27
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

2. y − 2 dx − x − y − 1 dy = 0

b + 2 − 2 da − a + 3 − b + 2 − 1 db = 0

b + 2 − 2 da − a + 3 − b − 2 − 1 db = 0

b da − a − b db = 0 (homogeneous equation)

Let a = vb

da = v db + b dv

b v db + b dv − vb − b db = 0

vb db + b2 dv − vb − b db = 0

vb − vb − b db + b2 dv = 0

vb − vb + b db + b2 dv = 0

b db + b2 dv = 0 (separable equation)

b db = −b2 dv
b db b2 dv
2
=− 2
bb b
db
= −dv
b
db
=− dv
b

ln b = −v + c

ln b + v = c
Recall: a = vb
a
=v
b
a
ln b + =c
b
Recall: x=a+3 and y=b+2

x−3 =a y−2 = b

x−3
ln y − 2 + =c
y−2
28
Variable Transformation

Substitution Suggested by the Equation

When a differential equation is not a homogeneous equation and is not associated with either
parallel or intersecting lines, the solution might still be variable transformation as suggested by
the equation.

Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

dy
1. = x+y
dx

 Is the DE separable? No.

dy
= x+y
dx
dy
dx = x + y dx
dx

dy = x + y dx

 Is the DE homogeneous? No.

M x, y dx + N x, y dy = 0
dy = x + y dx
x + y dx − dy = 0

M x, y = x + y N x, y = −1

M λx, λy = λx + λy N λx, λy = −1
= λ x+y

 Does the DE contain equations of lines? No.

dy
= x+y let v = x
dx
let v = y
dy = x + y dx
let v = x + y

Let v= x+y
2
v2 = x+y

v2 = x + y

2v dv = dx + dy
2v dv − dx = dy

29
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

dy
1. = x+y
dx

Let v= x+y
2v dv − dx = dy

dy = x + y dx

2v dv − dx = v dx

2v dv = v dx + dx
2v dv = v + 1 dx (separable equation)
2v dv v + 1
= dx
v+1 v+1
2v v
dv = dx dv
v+1 v+1

v Let u = v + 1 ---> u − 1 = v
2 dv = dx du = dv
v+1
u−1
= du
2 v − ln v + 1 = x+c u
u du
2v − 2ln v + 1 = x + c = du −
u u
2v − 2ln v + 1 − x = c du
= du −
u
2 x + y − 2ln x+y+1 −x = c = u − ln u + c
= v + 1 − ln v + 1 + c
= v − ln v + 1 + 1 + c c
= v − ln v + 1 + c

30
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

2. y ′ = x + y − 2 2
let v = x
let v = y
 Is the DE separable? No. let v = x + y
dy
= x+y−2 2
let v = x + y - 2
dx let v = (x + y - 2)2
dy = x + y − 2 2 dx
dv = 2 (x + y - 2) (dx + dy)
 Is the DE homogeneous? No.

M x, y dx + N x, y dy = 0
Goal: Simplify the DE!
dy = x + y − 2 2 dx

x + y − 2 2 dx − dy = 0
2
M x, y = x + y − 2 N x, y = −1

M λx, λy = λx + λy − 2 2 N λx, λy = −1
= λ x+y −2 2

 Does the DE contain equations of lines? No.

Let v= x+y−2
dv = dx + dy
dv − dx = dy

y′ = x + y − 2 2

dy 2
= x+y−2
dx
dv − dx
= v2
dx
dv − dx
dx = v 2 dx
dx
dv − dx = v 2 dx

dv = v 2 dx + dx

dv = v 2 + 1 dx (separable equations)

dv v 2 + 1 dx
=
v2 + 1 v2 + 1

31
Variable Transformation
Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

2. y ′ = x + y − 2 2

dv
= dx
v2 +1
dv
= dx
v2+1

tan−1 v = x + c

tan−1 x + y − 2 = x + c
tan−1 x + y − 2 − x = c

x − tan−1 x + y − 2 = c

32