REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1.1 Type Subheading Title. DO NOT DELETE NUMBER

In this section, you must discuss the literature and patent search you did with figures, diagrams,

table of specifications, etc. Then, follow it up with a thorough discussion of each. You must also

determine why these are the most appropriate prior art, etc. This section should include a

comprehensive synthesis of all researched literature and not merely a list or “copy-pasted” prior art

search. This is done to determine existing technology or solutions to the problems you have identified

beforehand and to determine what are the gaps in these existing solutions. Arrange all the researched

literature and prior art thematically, preferably based on the objectives of your research. This section

should have a cohesive flow of discussion and narrative.

REFERENCES:
OUTLINE
Alcohol (Introduction)
Alcohols play a vital role in organic chemistry. These can be made from various
compounds and then converted into another variety. Alcohols are alkyl or substituted alkyl
compounds with the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) attached to the carbon atom. The hydroxyl
group (-OH) plays a significant role in the alcohols’ physical characteristics. In healthcare,
“alcohol” is generally referred to as two water-soluble chemical molecules (ethyl and isopropyl)
with germicidal properties.   

Ethyl alcohol or ethanol is a colorless, transparent liquid with a pleasant odor and a
burning flavor. It is miscible with various organic solvents such as ethyl, water, acetone, and the
like. It is also highly flammable and can dissolve other chemical compounds, and rapidly
combines with water and various organic liquids.   

When diluted, ethanol is present in alcoholic drinks (beers and wines). It is used as a
topical agent to prevent skin infections in pharmaceutical preparations (e.g., rubbing compounds,
lotions, colognes), cosmetics, and perfumes. Ideally, ethanol is used at 60-80% concentrations –
higher concentrations make it evaporate quickly. However, lower concentrations are proven
ineffective. Although it is found in soaps and wipes, it can dry up the skin and should therefore
not be used without additional agents.   

Isopropyl alcohol is a colorless, volatile liquid with a musty odor reminiscent of rubbing
alcohol. Vapors are denser than the air, and slightly irritants affect the eyes, throat, and nose. To
name a few, soap, window cleaners, and antifreeze are some of the few products made using
isopropyl alcohols. When utilized as rubbing alcohol, it is sold in 70% solutions. 

Ethyl Alcohol (Properties/Uses/Effectiveness)

Isopropyl Alcohol (Properties/Uses/Effectiveness)
Ethyl vs Isopropyl Alcohol (Which is better to use?)
Why Ethyl Alcohol is better to use?

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID
3776, Isopropyl alcohol. Retrieved February 8, 2022
from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Isopropyl-alcohol.

Cartner T, Brand N, Tian K, Saud A, Carr T, Stapleton P, Lane ME, Rawlings AV. Effect of different
alcohols on stratum corneum kallikrein 5 and phospholipase A 2 together with epidermal
keratinocytes and skin irritation. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2017 Apr;39(2):188-196. doi: 10.1111/ics.12364.
Epub 2016 Sep 22. PMID: 27578266.

REFERENCES

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID
702, Ethanol. Retrieved February 8, 2022
from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Ethanol.‌

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016, September 8). Chemical Disinfectants |

Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control | CDC.

Retrieved February 8, 2022, from

https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-methods/

chemical.html

‌Ethanol (ethyl alcohol). National Pollutant Inventory. (2021, November 24). Retrieved February
8, 2022, from http://www.npi.gov.au/resource/ethanol-ethyl-alcohol#:~:text=Physical
%20properties,water%20and%20many%20organic%20liquids.
Yetman, D. (2021, August 26). What’s the Difference Between Ethyl and Isopropyl Alcohol?

Healthline. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://www.healthline.com/health/ethyl-

alcohol-vs-isopropyl-alcohol

Sissons, B. (2021, March 25). What to know about ethanol hand sanitizer. Medical News Today.

Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ethanol-

hand-sanitizer

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID
702, Ethanol. Retrieved February 8, 2022
from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Ethanol.‌

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016, September 8). Chemical Disinfectants |

Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control | CDC.

Retrieved February 8, 2022, from

https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-methods/

chemical.html

‌Ethanol (ethyl alcohol). National Pollutant Inventory. (2021, November 24). Retrieved February
8, 2022, from http://www.npi.gov.au/resource/ethanol-ethyl-alcohol#:~:text=Physical
%20properties,water%20and%20many%20organic%20liquids.

Yetman, D. (2021, August 26). What’s the Difference Between Ethyl and Isopropyl Alcohol?

Healthline. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://www.healthline.com/health/ethyl-

alcohol-vs-isopropyl-alcohol
‌

Sissons, B. (2021, March 25). What to know about ethanol hand sanitizer. Medical News Today.

Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ethanol-

hand-sanitizer