REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION
MEREFS30-REFRIGERATING SYSTEMS
ENGR. CHRISTIAN ALDWIN D. CANLAPAN

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Learning Outcomes
• Familiarize with the concept of refrigeration
• Analyze problem solving in ice refrigeration and refrigeration capacity
• Recall prior knowledge on heat transfer
• Solve problems in Reversed Carnot Cycle or Carnot Refrigerator

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Contents
• Concept
• Ice Refrigeration & Refrigerating Capacity
• Sample Problem Set 1
• Reversed Carnot Cycle
• Sample Problem Set 2
• Activity 2
• Review

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 Refrigeration?

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Concept
Refrigeration is the process of
removing heat from matter
which may be a solid, a liquid, or
a gas. Removing heat from the
matter cools it or lowers its
temperature.

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Methods of Refrigeration
• Natural Refrigeration • Mechanical Refrigeration

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Review – Heat Transfer
Please be reminded of the following approach in computing heat:
a. Energy Balance ( Q = ΔH);
b. Sensible Heat Transfer (Q = mCΔT); due to change in temperature
c. Latent Heat (Q=mL); due to change in phase

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Review- Heat Transfer

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Ice Refrigeration
Principle
Heat given off by the Heat gain, Heat absorbed by
substance to cool, ice,
Qs Qg Qi
Qs = Ms Cps ( ts – te), kJ or kW
wherein Ms – mass of substance, kg or kg/s
Cps – specific heat of the substance, kJ/kg-K
ts – initial temperature of substance, C or K
te – equilibrium temperature, C or K
Qg = percentage of Qs
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Refrigerating Capacity of a Machine
Principle
Heat to be removed
Heat gain, Refrigerating
from the substance
Capacity,
to be cooled,
Qs Qg Ref. Cap.
a) Qs to be subjected to below freezing:
Ms Ms Ms Ms
@ ts @ tf @ tf @ te
Sensible Latent Sensible
Qs = Ms Cpa (ts – tf) + MsL + M Cpf (tf – te)
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Refrigerating Capacity of a Machine
Principle
Heat to be removed
Heat gain, Refrigerating
from the substance
to be cooled, Capacity,

Qs Qg Ref. Cap.
b) Qs to be subjected to above freezing:
Qs = Ms Cps ( ts – te)

Note: Refrigerating Capacity must be in Tons of Refrigeration, TOR

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Refrigerating Capacity of a Machine
• Ton of Refrigeration
1 TOR = 12000 BTU/Hr
1 TOR = 3.516 KW
1 TOR = 12 MBH
1 TOR = 3025.9 Kcal/Min
1 TOR = 200 BTU/Min
1 KW = 3412 BTU/Hr
1 horsepower = 0.746 kW

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SAMPLE PROBLEM SET 1
1. A mass of ice at 250F is needed to cool 250 lbs of vegetables in a
bunker for 24 hours. Initial Temperature of vegetables is 850F. It is
assumed that the temperature average temperature inside the
bunker is 450F within 24 hour-period. If the heat gained per hour
in the bunker is 30% of the heat remove from vegetables, what
would be the required mass of ice?
2. How much ice would be required to chill 100 gallon of water from
70 F to 50 F if the latent heat of fusion of ice is 144 BTU//lb. Ice
and water do not mix.

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Review on Carnot Cycle

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Reversed Carnot Cycle
Reversing the Carnot cycle does reverse the directions of heat and work interactions.

4
PH 3
3

PL 1 2

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Reversed Carnot Cycle
• Cycle Analysis @ T-s plane
1. QL – heat absorbed at the evaporator.
Using Q = △T △s and considering isothermal process
QL = TL (s2 – s1); let △s = s2 – s1
QL = TL △s

2. QH – heat rejected at the condenser.

Using Q = △T △s and considering isothermal process
Wherein:
TL = temperature at evaporator
QH = TH △s
TH = temperature at condenser
3. Work net of the cycle
Wnet = QH – QL
=anyTform
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Tmeans,
L △sincluding
= (Tphotocopying,
H – TL) recording,
△s or other electronic or mechanical
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Reversed Carnot Cycle
• Cycle Analysis @ T-s plane
4. Coefficient of Performance
The coefficient of performance or COP (sometimes CP or CoP) of a
heat pump, refrigerator or air conditioning system is a ratio of useful
heating or cooling provided to work (energy) required. Higher COPs
equate to higher efficiency, lower energy (power) consumption and
thus lower operating costs.

Wherein: *Ideal:
TL = temperature at COP = QL / Wnet ; for cooling
evaporator COP = QH/Wnet ; for heating
TH = temperature at
condenser

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Reversed Carnot Cycle
• Cycle Analysis @ P-h plane
1. QL – heat absorbed from the substance.
- Ref. Cap., Cooling Load.
QL = h2 – h1

2. QH – heat removed in the condenser.

QH = h3 – h4

Wherein:
PL = pressure at evaporator
3. Work net of the cycle
PH = pressure at condenser Wnet = Wcompression - Wexpansion
= (h3 – h2) - (h4 – h1) = QH - QL

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Reversed Carnot Cycle
• Cycle Analysis @ P-h plane

4. Coefficient of Performance
*Ideal:
COPc = QL / Wnet
= (h2 – h1) / [(h3 – h4) – (h2 – h1)]

COPh = QH/Wnet
Wherein: = (h3 – h4) / [(h3 – h4) – (h2 – h1)]
PL = pressure at evaporator
PH = pressure at condenser

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Reversed Carnot Cycle
• Cycle Analysis @ T-s plane

5. Enthalpies
h3 = hg @ PH ; h4 = hf @ PH

h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2 wherein hf2 which is hf @ PL &

hfg2 = hg2 – hf2 @ PL

x2 : s2 = sf2 + x2 sfg2 wherein sf2 which is sf @ PL

Wherein:
PL = pressure at evaporator sfg2 = sg2 – sf2 @ PL &
PH = pressure at condenser s2 = s3 which is sg @ PH

h1 = hf2 + x1 hfg2
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1 = s4 which is sfby@
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SAMPLE PROBLEM SET 2
1. A Refrigeration system operates on the reverse carnot cycle, the
minimum temperature are -25 0C and 72 0C respectively. If the heat
rejected in the condenser is 6000 kJ/min. Draw the T-s diagram and
find: i. COP; ii. Cycle work &; iii. TOR developed.
2. A Carnot Refrigerator operates with freon-12 (R12) as refrigerant,
condensing at 500C and evaporating at -150C. Find the COP using the
Carnot expression as well as the properties of R12. Also, determine
the power consumed per ton of refrigeration. Use this R12 property
table.
https://www.egr.msu.edu/classes/me201/somerton/R12Tables.pdf

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Activity 2

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Review – Conversion of Properties’ Units
• Mass & Mass Flow

Resource: International Society of Automation

https://www.isa.org/

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Review – Conversion of Properties’ Units
• Volume & Volumetric/Fluid Flow

Resource: International Society of Automation

https://www.isa.org/

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Review – Conversion of Properties’ Units
• Pressure

Resource: International Society of Automation

https://www.isa.org/

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Review – Conversion of Properties’ Units
• Temperature

Resource: International Society of Automation

https://www.isa.org/

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Review – Conversion of Properties’ Units
• Energy

1 BTU = 4.1868/3.968 = 1.05514 kJ = 0.252 kcal

1 kJ = 0.94774 Btu = 0.238846 kcal
1 ft-lbf = 1.35565 N-m = 0.0138237 m-kgf
1 m-kgf = 9.80665 N-m = 7.2339 ft-lbf
1 N-m = 0.73765 ft-lbf = 0.10197 m-kgf

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References
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methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
References
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