CESTAT30 STATICS OF RIGID BODIES

COURSE MATERIAL NUMBER 2

ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ
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 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

2
 3

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
• In preparation for the topic proper,
please answer the PRETEST in your
notebook.
• Review the concept/knowledge from
previous learnings to fulfill the
requirements in this pre-entry
assessment.

PREP
• Click the links for suggested online
references for this activity.
✓ Right Triangle
✓ Sine Law
✓ Cosine Law

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or ENGR. DENNIS C.
other electronic or LOPEZ
mechanical
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 PRETEST
Solve the missing sides and angles of the following triangles.
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Triangle 2

Triangle 1 Triangle 3
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
LEARNING OUTCOMES
This module deals with fundamentals
of solving the resultant of two coplanar
and concurrent forces.
At the end of this topic, students
should be able to:
• Identify different kinds of force
systems.
• Compute resultant of force system,
magnitude, angle of inclination and
direction using different methods of
resultant.
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FORCES AND RESULTANT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Title Page … Page 1
• Pretest … Page 3
• Learning Outcomes … Page 5
• Table of Contents … Page 6
• Definition of Terms … Page 7
• Force Systems … Page 8
• Resultant … Page 16
• Methods of Resultant … Page 17
• Brain Exercise Problem 1… Page 43
• Brain Exercise Problem 2… Page 63
• Online Resources … Page 64
• References … Page 65

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ENGR.except
DENNIS C. LOPEZacademic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
for personal
 FORCES AND RESULTANT
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Force – push or pull caused by interactions of bodies.
• Rigid body – a body that does not deform.
• Force system – a body that has two or more applied forces.
This body can be a structure or a machine.
• Resultant – vector summation of forces.
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• Vector – quantity that has magnitude and direction.

• Angle of inclination – an acute angle or right angle whose
initial side is horizontal.

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT

FORCE SYSTEMS
• Coplanar
• Collinear
• Concurrent
• Parallel
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
COPLANAR FORCE
SYSTEM
• Applied forces on the
body are in one plane.
• Not all forces are in the
same plane, some are
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in other plane. Figure 1: Coplanar Force Systems

• F1, F2, F3 and F4 are
coplanar.
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
COPLANAR FORCE
SYSTEM
• If the forces in
Plane 2 are
included, the
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

seven forces are

no longer
Figure 2: Noncoplanar Force System
coplanar.
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
COLLINEAR FORCE
SYSTEM
• Applied forces on the
body are in one line.
• The line of actions of
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

the forces coincide

Figure 3: Collinear Force System
with one another.

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
COLLINEAR FORCE
SYSTEM
• In Figure 3, F1, F2, F3
and F4 are non
collinear force system.
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• F1 and F2 are collinear. Figure 4: Noncollinear Force System

• F3 and F4 are collinear.

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
CONCURRENT
FORCE SYSTEM
• All forces have a
common point of
intersection.
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Figure 5: Concurrent Force Systems

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
CONCURRENT
FORCE SYSTEM
• In case, F5 changes
orientation, the
five forces are no
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

longer concurrent.
Figure 6: Nonconcurrent Force System

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
PARALLEL FORCE
SYSTEM
• Non concurrent force
system.
• The forces are parallel
with each other.
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

• The line of actions of

the forces will never Figure 7: Nonconcurrent Force System
intersect.
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
RESULTANT
• The vector summation of the
forces in the force system.
• A force that has the same effect
to the body as the forces acting
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on the body.
Figure 8: Resultant of Forces

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 METHODS OF RESULTANT
FORCES AND 1. Parallelogram Method
RESULTANT
2. Triangle Method
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3. Component Method

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT

PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
• The diagonal from the point
of intersection of the two
forces to the intersection of
the projected lines is the
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

resultant of the two forces.

Figure 9: Two Intersecting Forces

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT

PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
• In Figure 9a, the two forces are
drawn such that the length of
F1 is 5 units (for 50 KN) and
the length of F2 is 7 units (for
70 KN).
• Projecting a horizontal line
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

(HOR.) from point A

establishes the angles of
inclination of F1 and F2, θ1 =
40° and θ2 = 15°. Figure 9a: Two Intersecting Forces

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT

PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
• Projecting parallel lines
from the heads of the forces
form a parallelogram as
shown in Figure 9b.
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• The diagonal of the

parallelogram is the
resultant of F1 and F2. Figure 9b: Parallelogram Method

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT

PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
• Measuring the length of the
resultant determines the
magnitude of the resultant.
• Measuring the angle from
the horizontal line to the
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

resultant determines the

angle of inclination of the
resultant. Figure 9c: Parallelogram Method

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT

PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
• From Figure 9c, the length of
the resultant is 10.68.
• 10.68 x 10 KN = 106.80 KN.
The resultant of F1 and F2 is
106.80 KN.
• The angle of inclination of the
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

resultant is 7.54 degrees.

• The direction of the resultant
is upward, going to the right. Figure 9c: Parallelogram Method

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT

TRIANGLE METHOD
• Rearrange the forces in head-tail fashion. The line from
the tail of 1st force to the head of the 2nd force completes
the side of a triangle.
• This 3rd line is the resultant of the forces.
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• Use Cosine Law to solve the magnitude of the resultant.

• Use Sine Law and geometry to solve the angle of
inclination of the resultant.
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT

TRIANGLE METHOD
• Consider again F1 and F2 in
Figure 9 and Figure 9a.
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

Figure 9: Two Intersecting Forces

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT

TRIANGLE METHOD
• F2 is moved without changing
its orientation. Its tail connected Figure 9a: Two Intersecting Forces
to the head of F1.
• Then the resultant is drawn,
from the tail of F1 to the head
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of F2.
• This is now Triangle ABC shown
in Figure 9d.
Figure 9d: Triangle Method

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT

TRIANGLE METHOD
• Drop a vertical from Point
B as shown in Figure 9e.
• Angle B1 = 90° - 40° = 50°.
• Angle B2 = 90° - 15° = 75°.
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

Figure 9e: Triangle Method

• Angle B = B1 + B2.
• Angle B = 50° + 75° = 125°.
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT
TRIANGLE METHOD
• Apply Cosine Law in the oblique triangle
ABC shown in Figure 9f.

𝑅2 = 𝐹12 + 𝐹22 − 2(𝐹1) 𝐹2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵

𝑅2 = (50)2 +(70)2 −2 50 70 cos 125°
𝑅 = (50)2 +(70)2 −2 50 70 cos 125°
𝑅 = 106.84 𝐾𝑁
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

Figure 9f: Triangle Method

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT
TRIANGLE METHOD
• Apply Sine Law in the oblique triangle
ABC shown in Figure 9f.
• R = 106.84 KN

sin 𝐶 sin 𝐵
=
𝐹1 𝑅
sin 𝐶 sin(125°)
=
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

50 106.84
sin(125°)
sin 𝐶 = 50 ∙
106.84
sin(125°) Figure 9f: Triangle Method
𝐶 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 50 ∙
106.84
𝐶 = 22.54°
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT

TRIANGLE METHOD
• In Triangle BCD, Angle C = 75°
𝐶 = 90° − 15° = 75°
• In Triangle ACE, Angle C =
82.46°
𝐶 = 180° − 75° − 22.54°
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= 82.46°
• In Triangle ACE, Angle A = Figure 9g: Triangle Method

7.54°
𝐴 = 90° − 82.46° = 7.54°
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT

TRIANGLE METHOD
• The resultant of F1 and F2 is
106.84 KN.
• The angle of inclination of
the resultant is 7.54
degrees.
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

• The direction of the Figure 9g: Triangle Method

resultant is upward, going
to the right.

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT

COMPONENT METHOD
• Solve the x and y components of the forces.
• FY = Fsinθ and FX = Fcosθ.
• Apply the sign convention for vertical and horizontal forces.
Upward is positive, downward is negative, sideward to the
right is positive and sideward to the left is negative.
• The y-component of the resultant is summation of all vertical
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

forces, RY = ΣFV.
• The x-component of the resultant is summation of all
horizontal forces, RX = ΣFH.

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT

COMPONENT METHOD
• The resultant (R) is the square root of the summation of
the squares of RY and RX,
𝑅= 𝑅𝑌 2 + 𝑅𝑋 2
• The angle of inclination (θ) of R is the arctangent of the
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

ratio of RY and RX,

𝑅𝑌
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑅𝑋

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT

COMPONENT METHOD
• Consider once more F1 and
F2 in Figure 9 and Figure 9a.
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

Figure 9: Two Intersecting Forces

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT

COMPONENT METHOD
• These forces can be placed Figure 9a: Two Intersecting Forces

on a Cartesian Coordinate
System as shown in Figure
9h.
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

Figure 9h: Component Method

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT
COMPONENT METHOD
• Isolate F1 along with its x and y components as
shown in Figure 9i.
• Compute F1Y and F1X:
𝐹1𝑌 = 𝐹1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1
𝐹1𝑌 = 50 sin 40°
𝐹1𝑌 = +32.14 𝐾𝑁
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𝐹1𝑋 = 𝐹1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1
𝐹1𝑋 = 50 cos 40°
𝐹1𝑋 = +38.30 𝐾𝑁
• The components F1Y and F1X are both positive
since they are going up and going to the right Figure 9i: Component Method
respectively.
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT
COMPONENT METHOD
• Isolate F2 along with its x and y components as
shown in Figure 9j.
• Compute F2Y and F2X:
𝐹2𝑌 = 𝐹2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
𝐹2𝑌 = 70 sin 15°
𝐹2𝑌 = −18.12 𝐾𝑁
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

𝐹2𝑋 = 𝐹2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2
𝐹2𝑋 = 70 cos 15°
𝐹2𝑋 = +67.61 𝐾𝑁
• F2Y is positive because the component is going Figure 9j: Component Method
down and F2X is positive because the
component is going to the right.
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT
COMPONENT METHOD
• So far,
𝐹1𝑌 = +32.14 𝐾𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹1𝑋 = +38.30 𝐾𝑁

𝐹2𝑌 = −18.12 𝐾𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2𝑋 = +67.61 𝐾𝑁

• Solve the components of the resultant, RY and RX.

𝑅𝑌 = Σ𝐹𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑋 = Σ𝐹𝐻
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

𝑅𝑌 = Σ𝐹𝑉
𝑅𝑌 = 32.14 − 18.12 = 14.02 𝐾𝑁

𝑅𝑋 = Σ𝐹𝐻 Figure 9h: Component Method

𝑅𝑋 = 38.30 + 67.61 = 105.91 𝐾𝑁

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT
COMPONENT METHOD
𝑅𝑌 = 14.02 𝐾𝑁 and 𝑅𝑋 = 105.91 𝐾𝑁

• Compute the resultant:

𝑅 = 𝑅𝑌 2 + 𝑅𝑋 2
(14.02)2 +(105.91)2
𝑅 =
𝑅 = 106.83 𝐾𝑁
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

• Compute the angle of inclination (θ) of R:

𝑅
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑌
𝑅𝑋
14.02 Figure 9h: Component Method
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
105.91
𝜃 = 7.54°
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
METHODS OF RESULTANT

COMPONENT METHOD
• The resultant of F1 and F2 is
106.83 KN.
• The angle of inclination (θ) of R is
equal to 7.54 degrees.
• The direction of the resultant is
going upward, to the right, based
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

on the sign of the components of

the resultant:
𝑅𝑌 = +14.02 𝐾𝑁 Figure 9h: Component Method
𝑅𝑋 = +105.91 𝐾𝑁
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF METHODS OF RESULTANT
PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
ADVANTAGES:
• Works for 2 forces even if there is no calculator.
• Does not rely on geometry and trigonometry.
• With the proper and reliable tools, the quickest way to determine the resultant.
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

DISADVANTAGES:
• Instrument limitations.
• Prone to human error and limitations.
• To complicated if forces are more than two.
• Not applicable to non-coplanar forces and parallel forces.
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF METHODS OF RESULTANT
TRIANGLE METHOD
ADVANTAGES:
• Works best for 2 forces.
• More accurate than Parallelogram Method
• Does not rely on instruments such as ruler and protractor.
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

DISADVANTAGES:
• Prone to human error.
• To complicated if forces are more than two.
• Requires concepts in Trigonometry and Geometry.
• Not applicable to non-coplanar forces and parallel forces.
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methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. 41
 FORCES AND RESULTANT
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF METHODS OF RESULTANT
COMPONENT METHOD
ADVANTAGES:
• Less complicated even if forces are more than two.
• Applicable to all force systems.
• More accurate than Parallelogram Method.
• Does not rely on instruments such as ruler and protractor.
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

• Systematic solution.
• Requires basic concepts in Trigonometry and Geometry.

DISADVANTAGES:
• Prone to human error.
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
BRAIN EXERCISES
PROBLEM 1
F1 and F2 are forces intersecting
at Point A as shown in Figure 10.
Determine the magnitude of the
resultant of F1 and F2, direction
of the resultant and the angle of
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

inclination of the resultant. Use

Parallelogram Method, Triangle
Method and Component
Method. Figure 10: Concurrent Force System

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
• Determine the angle of
inclination of F2 as shown in
Figure 10a.
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

Figure 10a: Concurrent Force System

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methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. 44
 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
• Draw parallel lines using ruler
and protractor to form a
parallelogram as shown in
Figure 10b.
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

• The angles of inclination of

F1 and F2 are 50 degrees and Figure 10b: Parallelogram Method
25 degrees respectively.
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methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. 45
 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
• The sides of the
parallelogram is based on the
magnitude of the forces. In
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

Figure 10c, F1 as a side, has a

length of 6 cm and F2 has a
length of 4.5 cm. Figure 10c: Parallelogram Method

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methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. 46
 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
• Draw the diagonal R shown in Figure 10d is the
resultant of F1 and F2.
• Using a ruler, the measure of R is 2.70 cm.
Thus,
𝑅 = 2.70 10
𝑅 = 27 𝐾𝑁
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

• Using a protractor, the angle of inclination of R

is 85.30 degrees.
𝜃 = 85.30°
• The direction of R is upward, to the right as
shown in the figure. Figure 10d: Parallelogram Method
Back to Problem
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
TRIANGLE
METHOD
• Based on Figure
10a, arrange the
forces in head-
tail fashion as
shown in 10e.
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

• The third side (R),

is drawn from the
tail of F1 to the
head of F2. Figure 10a: Concurrent Force System Figure 10e: Triangle Method

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
TRIANGLE METHOD
• Enclosed Triangle ABC by Rectangle BDEF
as shown in Figure 10f. With Rectangle
BDEF, the angles are easily determined
using concepts in Geometry.
• Angle B of Triangle ABF,
𝐵 = 90° − 50° = 40°
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

• Angle B of Triangle BCD,

𝐵 = 25°
• Angle C of Triangle BCD,
𝐶 = 90° − 25° = 65°
Figure 10f: Triangle Method
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
TRIANGLE METHOD
• Angle B of Triangle ABF,
𝐵 = 90° − 40° − 25° = 25°
• Apply Cosine Law in Triangle ABC.
𝑅 2 = 𝐹12 + 𝐹22 − 2(𝐹1) 𝐹2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
𝑅 2 = (60)2 +(45)2 −2 60 45 cos 25°
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

𝑅 = (60)2 +(45)2 −2 60 45 cos 25°

𝑅 = 27.04 𝐾𝑁

Figure 10f: Triangle Method

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
TRIANGLE METHOD
𝑅 = 27.04 𝐾𝑁
• Apply Sine Law in Triangle ABC.
sin 𝐶 sin 𝐵
=
𝐹1 𝑅
sin 𝐶 sin(25°)
=
60 27.04
sin(25°)
sin 𝐶 = 60 ∙
27.04
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

sin(25°)
𝐶 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 60 ∙
27.04
𝐶 = 69.68°
• Based on Figure 10f, Angle C of Triangle ABC is greater
than 90°. This means that this is an ambiguous case for
Sine Law. Figure 10f: Triangle Method
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
TRIANGLE METHOD

𝐶 = 69.68°
• Ambiguous case happens because acute angle
and obtuse angle have the same sine if these
angles are supplementary.
• If the computed angle (C = 69.68°) does not
conform to what is in the diagram, then the
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

angle must be the obtuse angle (C = 110.32°).

• Proof:
sin(69.68°) = sin(110.32)°
0.93777 = 0.93777
Figure 10f: Triangle Method
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methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. 52
 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
TRIANGLE METHOD
𝑅 = 27.04 𝐾𝑁
𝐶 = 110.32°
• Proof using Sine Law in Triangle ABC in
Figure 10g.
sin 𝐶 sin 𝐵
=
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

𝐹1 𝑅
sin(110.32°) sin(25°)
=
60 27.04
0.01563 = 0.01563
Figure 10g: Triangle Method
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
TRIANGLE METHOD
• Angle C of Triangle ACE in
Figure 10g.
𝐶 = 180° − 65° − 110.32
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

𝐶 = 4.68°
• Angle A of Triangle ACE.
𝐴 = 90° − 4.68° = 85.32° Figure 10g: Triangle Method
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
TRIANGLE METHOD
• The magnitude of the resultant
R is 27.04 KN.
• The angle of inclination θ is
85.32°.
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

• The direction of the resultant,

based on Figure 10g, is upward,
going to the right.
Figure 10g: Triangle Method
Back to Problem
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
COMPONENT
METHOD
• Based on Figure
10a, place the
forces on a
Cartesian
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

Coordinate
System with
intersection A
at the origin. Figure 10a: Concurrent Force System Figure 10h: Component Method

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
COMPONENT METHOD
• Express the forces by x and y
components as shown in
Figure 10i.
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

• Use the formula:

𝐹𝑌 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐹𝑋 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Figure 10i: Component Method
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methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. 57
 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
COMPONENT METHOD
• Compute the components
𝐹1𝑌 = 𝐹1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1
𝐹1𝑌 = 60 sin 50°
𝐹1𝑌 = +45.96 𝐾𝑁 (𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑)
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

𝐹1𝑋 = 𝐹1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1
𝐹1𝑋 = 60 cos 50°
𝐹1𝑋 = −38.57 𝐾𝑁 (𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡) Figure 10i: Component Method
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
COMPONENT METHOD
• Compute the components
𝐹2𝑌 = 𝐹2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
𝐹2𝑌 = 45 sin 25°
𝐹2𝑌 = −19.02 𝐾𝑁 (𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑)
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

𝐹2𝑋 = 𝐹2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2
𝐹2𝑋 = 45 cos 25°
𝐹2𝑋 = +40.78 𝐾𝑁 (𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) Figure 10i: Component Method
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
COMPONENT METHOD
• Another way to make the solution systematic is
by tabulating the components.
NO FORCE THETA Fy U/D Fx R/L
1 60 50 45.96 U -38.57 L
2 45 25 -19.02 D 40.78 R
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

26.94 2.21
Table 1: Component Method

𝑅𝑌 = +26.94 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝑅𝑋 = +2.21 (𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
Figure 10i: Component Method
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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
COMPONENT METHOD
𝑅𝑌 = +26.94 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝑅𝑋 = +2.21 (𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
• Compute the resultant: NO FORCE THETA Fy U/D Fx R/L
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑌 2 + 𝑅𝑋 2 1 60 50 45.96 U -38.57 L
(26.94)2 +(2.21)2
𝑅 = 2 45 25 -19.02 D 40.78 R
𝑅 = 27.03 𝐾𝑁 26.94 2.21
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

• Compute the angle of inclination (θ) of R:

𝑅𝑌 Table 1: Component Method
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑋
26.94
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
2.21
𝜃 = 85.31°

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
SOLUTION
COMPONENT METHOD
• The direction of the resultant is upward,
going to the right as shown in Figure 10j.
𝑅𝑌 = +26.94 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝑅𝑋 = +2.21 (𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
• Compute the resultant:
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

𝑅 = 27.03 𝐾𝑁
• Compute the angle of inclination (θ) of R:
𝜃 = 85.31°

Back to Problem Figure 10j: Component Method

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
PROBLEM 2
F1 and F2 are forces intersecting
at Point A as shown in Figure 11.
Determine the magnitude of the
resultant of F1 and F2, direction
of the resultant and the angle of
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

inclination of the resultant. Use

the three methods of resultant.
Figure 11: Concurrent Force System

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
ONLINE RESOURCES
• https://www.mathsisfun.com/
• https://x-engineer.org/undergraduate-engineering/physics/solid-
mechanics/calculate-resultant-force-object/
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2EjsnxYNWVU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqFybu5kVjk
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43HN6bzZY28
• https://pixabay.com/
• https://unsplash.com/

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 FORCES AND RESULTANT
REFERENCES
• Pytel, Andrew and Kiusalaas, Jaan; 2013; Understanding
Engineering Mechanics: Statics; Pasig City; Cengage
Learning Asia Pte Ltd (Philippine Branch)
• Beer, Ferdinand; 2013; Vector Mechanics for Engineers:
Statics; New York; Mc Graw-Hill Education
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

• Hibbeler, R.C.; 2018; Engineering Mechanics: Statics 13th

Edition; New Jersey; Pearson Prentice Hall Pearson
Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River.

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methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. 65
 FORCES AND RESULTANT

END
Prepared by ENGR. DENNIS C. LOPEZ

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