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Week 12
Z-Transform
1
Introduction to z-
Transform
It is hard to analyze any sampled signal or data
in the frequency domain using s-plane (Laplaces
Transform). Analysis in z-plane is much
preferred.
The resulting transformation from s-domain to z-
domain is called z-transform.
The z-transform maps any point s = + j in the
s-plane to z-plane (r).
The relation between s-plane and z-plane is
described below :
z = esT
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Definition
A generalization of the Discrete-time Fourier
Transform
For a given sequence g[n], its z-transform G(z) is
G( z) g [
n
n ] z n
3
Definition
If the complex variable z is expressed in polar
form, z = rej,
j
G (re ) g [
n
n ]r n jn
e
Compared to DTFT,
G ( e j ) g [
n
n ] e j n
4
Geometrical
interpretation of z-
transform
The point z = re is a
j
Im z
vector of length r j
from origin and an z = rej
6
Can also be written in factored form
p0 1 (1 z )
M M
1
( N M ) p0
( z )
H ( z) z 1
d 0 (1 z )
N 1 d0
N
( z )
1 1
7
Example 1:
Determine the z-transform of the unit impulse :
[n] = 1, n = 0
0, n 0
Solution :
1. Use the defination of the z-transform,
{x[n]} X(z) x[n]z-n
n
1.z 0 0 1
zeros denote by o
-j
10
Region of Convergence
A set of value of z for which its z-transform converges
Converges if g[n]r-n is absolutely summable
| g
n
[ n ]r n
|
|z| > 1
-j
ROC
13
Example 3
Find the z-Transform X(z) of the sequence x[n] = n[n] and the
ROC
Solution:
Apply z-Transform
{x[n]} X ( z )
n
n
[n]z n
1 1 z 1 2 z 2 3 z 3
1 z
1 1 z 1 z a
Zeroes at z = 0, and poles at z = , ROC is |z| > || 14
Commonly used z-
Transform pairs
Sequence z-Transform ROC
[n] 1 All values of z
1
[n] |z| > 1
1 z 1
1
n[n] |z| > ||
1 z 1
z 1
n [n]
n
|z| > ||
(1 z 1 ) 2
1
(n+1) n[n] |z| > ||
(1 z 1 ) 2
1 (r cos 0 ) z 1
(r cos on) [n]
n
|z| > |r|
1 ( 2r cos 0 ) z 1 r 2 z 2
1 (r sin 0 ) z 1
(rn sin on) [n] |z| > |r|
1 (2r cos 0 ) z 1 r 2 z 2
15
Properties of z-
Transform
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Example 4:
Determine the z-transform and the ROC of the
signal
17
Example 5:
Determine the z-Transform of the signal
x[n] n [n] n
18
Inverse z-Transform
Transforming from z-domain (X(z)) to time-
domain (x[n])
x[n] = -1 {X(z)}
An integration of X(z) over a closed contour C in
the ROC of X(z), taken in the CCW direction
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Inverse z-Transform
Three method in evaluating z-Transform
Table Look-up method (Partial-fraction
expansion method)
Power series method (long division method)
Contour Integration method (Residue method)
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Table Look-up method
Inspection of z-Transform table
Example 6
Determine the inverse transform h[n] of
0.5 z
H ( z) 2 | z | 0.5
z z 0.25
21
Partial-fraction
Expansion Method
A rational z-transform can be expressed as
P( z )
X ( z)
D( z )
If M N, X(z) is an improper fraction
If M N, X(z) is a proper fraction
where M & N is the degree of the numerator, P(z) and denominator,
D(z).
22
Partial-fraction Expansion
Method
Proper fraction with simple poles
Let the poles of G(z) be at z = k, then
N
G( z)
1 1 z 1
where
(1 z 1 )G ( z ) z
23
Partial-fraction Expansion
Method
Proper fraction with simple poles
Example 7:
determine the causal sequence h[n] of
z ( z 2)
H ( z)
( z 0.2)( z 0.6)
24
Partial-fraction Expansion
Method
Proper fraction with multiple pole
If the pole at z = v is a multiplicity of L, and
the remaining poles is simple, then
N L
L
i
G( z)
1 1 z
1 1 i
i 1 (1 vz )
where
i
1
L i
d L i
1 L i
( L i )!(v) d ( z )
(1 vz 1 L
) G( z) z v 1 i L
25
Partial-fraction Expansion
Method
Proper fraction with multiple pole
Example 8:
Determine the inverse transform x[n] of
1
X ( z) 1 1 2
(1 z )(1 z )
26
Partial-fraction Expansion
Method
Improper Fraction
For an improper fraction, divide P(z) by D(z) and
re-express as
M N
P1 ( z )
G ( z ) z
1
0 D( z )
27
Partial-fraction Expansion
Method
Improper Fraction
Example 9:
Determine the inverse z-Transform of
1 2 z 1 z 2
X ( z) | z | 1
1 1.5 z 1 0.5 z 2
28
Power Series Method
Given a z-Transform X(z) with its corresponding
ROC, X(z) can be expanded into a power series of
the form
X ( z) n
c z n
29
Power Series Method
Example 10:
Evaluate the inverse z-Transform of
1
z
X ( z) 1 2
(1 z )
ROC: |z| > 1
30
Long Division Method
Example 11:
Determine the inverse z-transform of
1
1 2z
H ( z) 1 z 2
1 0.4 z 0.12
31
Contour Integration
Method
The inverse z-transform is obtained by evaluating the contour
integral :
1
x[n]
2 C
X ( z ) z n 1dz
0, If z0 is outside C
32
Contour Integration
Method
x[n] = sum of the residue of X(z) zn-1 at all
poles inside contour C.
all poles { pi } inside C
= (
i
z pi ) X ( z ) z n 1
z pi
33
Contour Integration
Method
Example 12:
Determine the inverse z-Transform of
z 1
X ( z)
1 1.5 z 1 0.5 z 2
34
Convolution Sum of
Finite Length Sequence
If x[n] an h[n] are two causal sequences of
length L+1 and M+1, then their z-Transform
are
X(z) = x[0] + x[1]z-1 + x[2]z-2 + + x[L]z-L
H(z) = h[0] + h[1]z-1 + h[2]z-2 + + h[M]z-M
if y[n] is obtained by convolution of x[n] and
h[n], then
Y(z) = X(z)H(z)
= y[0] + y[1]z-1 + y[2]z-2 + + y[L+M]z-(L+M)
35
Convolution Sum of
Finite Length
Sequence
Example 13:
Given
x[n] = {-2, 0, 1, -1, 3} 0 n 4
h[n] = {1, 2, 0, -1} 0 n 3
Find the convolution of x[n] and h[n]
using z-transform
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The Transfer Function
An LTI Discrete-time system with an
impulse response h[n]
x[n] y[n]
h[n]
Input-output relation
y[n] h[k ]x[n k ]
k
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The Transfer Function
The input-output relation in the z-domain,
Y(z) = X(z)H(z)
where H ( z ) h[ n
n
] z n
and
Y ( z)
H ( z) is the transfer function
X ( z)
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The Transfer Function
Example 14:
Find the transfer function and the unit
impulse response of the following
sequences
1. y[n] 1
2 y[n 1] 2 x[n]
2. y[n] y[n 1] x[n] x[n 1]
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