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X (re ) j
x ( n) r
n
n j n
e
Now, if r = 1 then:
j
X (e ) X ( ) x ( n) e
n
j n
Which is the Fourier transform of x(n). Thus, the z-transform of x(n) can be viewed as the
-n
Fourier transform of x(n) multiplied by an exponential sequence r , or in other words
Fourier transform of a sequence x(n) is equal to z transform of a sequence x(n) on a unit
circle in a z-plane.
X e j x n e jn
n
DTFT does not always converge, the condition for the convergence of DTFT is absolutely
summablity of x(n). i.e.
| x ( n) |
n
<
The z-transform of x(n) can be viewed as the Fourier transform of x(n) multiplied by an
-n
exponential sequence r . Hence,
X ( z ) X re j x n re j x n r e
n
n
n
n j n
x ( n) r
n
n
Region of convergence: For a given sequence, the set of values of z for which its
z-transform exists/converges is called the region of convergence (ROC) or in other words
the region of convergence is the region in the z plane where for all values of z the
z-transform of the sequence exists.
Examples of z-transform:
Since, [n] 1 only for n = 0 and [n] 0 for all other values of n, the z-transform reduces
to: X ( z ) 1. z 0 1
Here since X[z] = 1 for all values of z, its region of convergence is entire z-plane.
Since, u[n] 1 only for n0 and u[n] 0 for all other values of n, the z-transform reduces
to: X ( z ) 1.z
n 0
n
1 z 1 z 2 z 3 ......
The above equation is an infinite power series of the form : 1 x x2 x3 x4 .......x . The
1
infinite series converges to provided | x| < 1.
1 x
1
Therefore, X [ z ] 1
for | z 1 | 1 | z ||1|
1 z
1 z
Hence, for x(n) u(n) , X [ z ] 1
= and ROC : | z ||1| , Hence the ROC is the
1 z z 1
region in the z-plane outside the unit circle.
The above equation is an infinite power series of the form : 1 x x2 x3 x4 .......x . The
1
infinite series converges to provided | x| < 1.
1 x
1
Therefore, X [ z ] for | az 1 | 1 | z || a |
1 az 1
1 z
Hence for x(n) a nu (n) , X [ z ] 1
= and ROC : | z || a | , i.e the ROC is the
1 az za
region in the z-plane outside the circle of radius ‘a’.
X [ z ] (a 1 z )1 (a 1 z )2 (a 1 z)3 .....
The above equation is an infinite power series of the form : x x2 x3 x4 .......x . The
x
infinite series converges to provided | x| < 1.
1 x
a 1 z
Therefore, X [ z ] 1
for | a 1 z | 1 | z || a |
1 a z
a 1 z z z 1
Hence for x(n) a nu(n 1) , X [ z ] and ROC : | z || a |
1 a z a z z a 1 az 1
1