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Why Frequency Analysis?
input LTI
output
System
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Tools for Frequency Analysis
Discrete Fourier
Fourier Transform
Transform
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What is the z-Transform?
z-Transform is the counter-part of
Laplace transform for Continuous Time
Signals.
This is an Effective Tool for the Analysis of
LTI System
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Definition:
z-Transform
x(n) X(z)
X(z) =n
= -
x(n) . z -n
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Properties of the z-Transform
1. Linearity
2. Time Shifting
3. Scaling in z-Domain
4. Time Reversal
5. Differentiation in z-Domain
Statement:
Z
a1 x1(n) + a2 x2(n)
. .
a1 . X1(z) + a2 . X2(z)
Region Of Convergence :
a1.X1(z) + a2.X2(z)
a2 Z
x2(n) Transform
Equal
x1(n) a1
Z
Transform Z [ a1.x1(n) + a2.x2(n) ]
x2(n) a2
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ROC of X1(z) ROC of X2(z)
Region of Convergence
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Statement:
If
x(n) Z
X(z)
Then,
x(n-k) Z
X(z) . z-k
Region Of Convergence :
• Delayed Sequence : ROC of X(z) EXCEPT z=0
• Advanced Sequence : ROC of X(z) EXCEPT z=
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As an example, consider Delaying the Sequence x(n)
the sequence by one sample,
x(n) = { …, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, …} x(n-1) = { …, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, …}
Then,
a x(n)
n. Z
X(z/a)
Region Of Convergence :
Region Between Two Circles of radii a.r1 and a.r2
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.(a-1.z)-n
Z[an.x(n)] = X(z/a) 20
ROC of X (z) ROC of X (z/a)
Radius r1
Radius r2 Radius a.r1
Radius a.r2
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Statement:
If
x(n) Z
X(z)
Region Of Convergence :
Region Between Two Circles of radii r1 and r2 (say)
Then,
x(-n) Z
X(z-1)
Region Of Convergence :
Region Between Two Circles of radii (1/r2) and (1/r1)
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Z[x(-n)] = n
= -
x(-n) . z-n
Let –n = m
Z[x(-n)] = n
= -
x(-n) z(z )
x(m) . m-1 -m
-n
Z[x(-n)] = X(z-1) 24
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Statement:
If
x(n) Z
X(z)
Then,
n x(n)
. Z d
-z . X(z)
dz
Region Of Convergence :
ROC is the same as that of X(z)
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X(z) =
d d [x(n) . z -n
]
dz n = -
dz
X(z) =
d [x(n) z -n
]
dz n = -
X(z) =
d [x(n) .(-n) . z -n-1
]
dz n = - 27
From the previous slide,
X(z) =
d [x(n) .(-n) . z -n-1
]
dz n = -
X(z) = n
d - [x(n) .n . z -n
. z -1
]
dz = -
d
X(z) = - z n
-1 [x(n) .n ]. z -n
dz = -
d
- zdz X(z) = Z[x(n) .n] 28
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Statement:
If
x1(n) Z
X1(z)
x2(n) Z
X2(z)
Then,
Z
x1(n) * x2(n) .
X1(z) X2(z)
Region Of Convergence :
Intersection of the individual ROCs of
x1(n) and x2(n) 30
From the convolution sum,
x1(n) * x2(n) = x1(k).x2(n–k)
k = -
Z[x1(n) * x2(n)] = n x
= - 1
(n) * x2 (n) . z-n
=
n = -
k = - x1(k) . x2(n–k) .z-n
= x1(k) x2(n–k)
.z -n
…Eq.1
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From the Time Shifting Property,
n = -
x2(n–k)
. z-n = X2(z) . z-k
From Equation 1,
= x (k) . z
k = - 1
-k
. X2(z)
= X (z) . X (z)
1 2
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ROC of X1(z) ROC of X2(z)
Region of Convergence
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