CHAPTER 5

KE37103

Z-Transform

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 Content

5.1 Introduction.
5.2 z-Transform.
5.3 Properties of Region of Converges (ROC).
5.4 Properties of z-Transform.
5.5 Inverse of z-Transform.
5.6 Transfer Function.
5.7 Causality and Stability.
5.8 Discrete and Continuous Time Transformation.
5.9 Unilateral z-Transformation.

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5.1 Introduction
Learning Outcome:
An ability to evaluate the Laplace transform and Z-transform.

▪ In this chapter we evaluate the complex sinusoidal representation

of a discrete-time signal.

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5.2 z-Transform
Let 𝒛 = 𝒓𝒆𝒋𝛀 be a complex exponential with magnitude, r and angle, Ω.
The signal x[n] = 𝒛𝒏 is a complex exponential signal

We may write,
The imaginary part of x[n] is an
exponential damped sine

x[n] = r cos(n) + jr sin(n).

n n

The real part of x[n] is an

exponential damped cosine

r determine the damping factor and Ω is the sinusoidal frequency

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Real and imaginary parts of the complex exponential x[n]

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The z-transform of an arbitrary signal x[n] is,

X ( z) =  x[ n
n = −
] z −n

The inverse z-transform is,

1

n −1
x[n] = X ( z ) z dz
2j
The transfer function,

H ( z) =  h[ k
k = −
] z −k

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5.2.1 z-Plane
It is convenience to represent the complex frequency z as a location in
z-plane.
A point z = r𝑒 𝑗Ω is
located at a distance r–
from the origin and an
angle Ω relative to the
real axis

Unit circle: z = r𝑒 𝑗Ω describes a circle of unit radius centered on the

origin in the z-plane.

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5.2.2 Poles and Zeros.
The z-transform form, a ratio of two polynomial in 𝑧 −1 ,

b0 + b1 z −1 + ... + bM z − M
X ( z) =
a0 + a1 z −1 + ... + a N z − N
The X(z) can be rewrite as a product of terms involving the roots of
the numerator and denominator polynomial,
~ M
b k =1 (1 − ck z −1 )
X ( z) =

N −1
(1 − d z )
Where, k =1 k

~
b = b0 / a 0
ck= the roots of the numerator polynomial and the zeros (o) of X(z).
dk= the roots of the denominator polynomial and the poles (x) of X(z)

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5.2.3 Convergence.
The region of converges (ROC) is the range of r for which the below
equation is satisfied:



n = −
x[n]r − n  .

z
X(z) = A , z 
z−

A Az −1 1
X(z) = = −1 , z
1 − z z −  
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5.3 The Properties of ROC.
The relationship between the ROC and the time extent of a signal.
A right-sided signal has an ROC of the form |z| > r+.

A left-sided signal has an ROC of the form |z| < r–.

A two-sided signal has an ROC of the form r+ < |z| < r–.

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Taking a path analogous to that used the development of the Laplace
transform, the z transform of the causal DT signal is

A un ,   0
n

 
   n

X(z) = A   n un z −n = A  z = A 
n −n

n=− n=0
 
n=0 z

and the series converges if |z| > |α|. This defines the ROC as the
exterior of a circle in the z plane centered at the origin,of radius|a|.

The z transform is

z
X(z) = A , z 
z−

Causal 11
By similar reasoning, the z transform and region of convergence of the
anti-causal signal below, are

A u−n  ,   0
−n

A Az−1 1
X(z) = = −1 , z
1 − z z −  

Anti-Causal

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Example: Two-Sided Exponential Sequence
n n
 1 1
xn =  −  un -   u- n - 1 1 −1
 3 2 ROC : − z 1
Solution: Time Domain -> z Domain 3
0 
 1 −1   1 −1  1
n  − z  − − z   z

 1 −1   3   3  1 3
 
n=0 
−
3
z 

=
1
=
1
1 + z −1 1 + z −1
3 3 1 −1
ROC : z 1
− 0
2
 1 −1  1  1
n  z  −  z −1   z
−1
 1 −1  2  2  −1
  z  =
n = − 2  1
=
1
2
1 − z −1 1 − z −1 Im
2 2

 1  1
2z z −  −
1
1 1  12 
X(z ) = 3x 2
+ = oo1 x Re
1 1  1  1 12
1 + z −1 1 − z −1  z +  z − 
3 2  3  2
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5.4 Properties of z-Transform.
Most properties of z-transform are similar to the DTFT. We assumed
that,
x[n] 
⎯→z
X ( z ), with ROC Rx
⎯→ Y ( z ), with
y[n]  z
ROC Ry

The effect of an operation on the ROC is described by a change in the

radii of the ROC boundaries.

(1) Linearity
ax[n] + by[n] ⎯→
zu
aX (z ) + bY (z ), with ROC atleast Rx  R y

(2) Time Reversal.

1 1
x[−n] 
⎯→ X  , with ROC
z
.
z Rx
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(3) Time Shift.

x[n − n0 ] 
⎯→ z z − n0
X (z )
with ROC Rx, except possibly z=0 or |z|= infinity.
(4) Multiplication by an Exponential Sequence.

z
 x[n] 
n
⎯→ X  , with
z
ROC |  | Rx
 
(5) Convolution.

x[n] * y[n] 
⎯→z
X (z )Y (z ), with ROC atleast Rx  R y

(6) Differentiation in the z-Domain.

X (z,), with
d
nx[n] 
⎯→ − zz
ROC Rx
dz
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5.5 The Inverse Z-Transform.
Example: Inversion by Partial-Fraction Expansion.
Find the inverse z-transform of, X ( z) =
1 − z −1 + z −2
1 −1
with ROC 1<|z|<2. (1 −
2
z )(1 − 2 z −1 )(1 − z −1 )

Locations of poles and ROC.

Solution:
Step 1: Use the partial fraction expansion of Z(s) to write
A B C
X ( z) = + +
1 −1 (1 − 2 z −1 ) (1 − z −1 )
(1 − z )
2
Solving the A, B and C will give 1 2 2
X ( z) = + −
1 −1 (1 − 2 z −1 ) (1 − z −1 )
(1 − z ) 16
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Step 2: Find the Inverse z-Transform for each Terms.
The ROC has a radius greater than the pole at z=1/2, it is the right-
sided inverse z-transform.
n
1 1
  u[ n ] 
⎯→z

2 1 −1
(1 − z )
2
The ROC has a radius less than the pole at z=2, it is the left-sided
inverse z-transform.
2
− 2(2) u[−n − 1] 
n
⎯→z

(1 − 2 z −1 )
Finally, the ROC has a radius greater than the pole at z=1, it is the
right-sided inverse z-transform.

2
− 2u[n] 
⎯→ − z

(1 − z −1 ) 17
Step 3: Combining the Terms.
1 2 2
X ( z) = + −
1 −1 −1
(1 − 2 z ) (1 − z −1 )
(1 − z )
2

n
1
x[n] =   u[n] − 2(2) u[−n − 1] − 2u[n].
n

2

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Example: Inversion of Improper Rational Function.
Find the inverse z-transform of,
z 3 − 10 z 2 − 4 z + 4
with ROC |z|<1. X ( z) = 2
2z − 2z − 4

Locations of poles and ROC.

Solution:
Step 1: Convert X(z) into Ratio of Polynomial in z-1.
Factor z3 from numerator and 2z2 from denominator.
z3  1 − 10 z −1 − 4 z −2 + 4 z −3 
X ( z) = 2  −1 −2

2z  1 − z − 2z 

z  1 − 10 z −1 − 4 z −2 + 4 z −3 
X ( z ) =  −1 −2

2 1 − z − 2z  19
Step 2: Use long division to reduce order of numerator
polynomial.
− 2 z −1 + 3 __________
− 2 z −2 − z −1 + 1 4 z −3 − 4 z − 2 − 10 z −1 + 1

4 z −3 + 2 z − 2 − 2 z −1
− 6 z − 2 − 8 z −1 + 1
− 6 z − 2 − 3z −1 + 3
− 5 z −1 − 2
Factorize the denominator,

1 − 10 z −1 − 4 z −2 + 4 z −3 −1 − 5 z −1
−2
−1 −2
= −2 z + 3 +
1 − z − 2z 1 − z −1 − 2 z − 2
−1
−1 − 5 z −2
= − 2z + 3 +
(1 + z −1 )(1 − 2 z −1 ) 20
Partial fraction;

− 5 z −1 − 2 1 3
−1 −2
= −
1 − z − 2z −1
(1 + z ) (1 − 2 z −1 )
z
X ( z) = W ( z)
We define, 2
1 3
W ( z ) = −2 z −1 + 3 + −
Where, 1 + z −1 (1 − 2 z −1 )

With ROC|z|<1
Step 3: Find the Inverse z-Transform for each Terms.
w[n] = −2 [n − 1] + 3 [n] − (−1) n u[−n − 1] + 3(2) n u[−n − 1]
1
x[n] = w[n + 1]
2
3 1
x[n] = − [n] +  [n + 1] − (−1) n +1 u[− n − 2] + 3(2) n u[− n − 2]
2 2 21
Reference Table.

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