CHAPTER 3:

THE Z-TRANSFORM & ITS APPLICATION TO

THE ANALYSIS OF LTI SYSTEMS

Lesson #9: The Z-transform

Lesson #10: Z-transform properties
Lesson #11: Inversion of Z-transform
Lesson #12: Analysis of LTI systems in the z-domain
 Lecture #9
The Z-transform

1. Definition of the Z-transform

2. Region of convergence
3. Examples of Z-transform
 Introduction to Z-Transform (ZT)
Recall the Laplace Transform:


 f (t )e
 st
F ( s)  dt


Z-Transform is the discrete-time counterpart of the Laplace

Transform: 
F ( z)   f [
n  
n ] z n
 From Laplace Transform to Z-Transform
Take a CT signal f(t) and sample it:

f (t )  

sampling
f s (t )
 
f s (t )   f (t ) (t  nT )   f (nT ) (t  nT )
n   n  
 From Laplace Transform to Z-Transform

Take the Laplace Transform of the sampled signal:

     st  
L[ f s (t )]     f (nT ) (t  nT )  e dt    f (nT ) (t  nT )e  st dt

 n   n 


  
 
n 
f (nT )   (t  nT )e  st dt 


n 
f (nT )e  snT

Let f(nT) = f[n] and esT = z then:

 Definition of the Z-transform

For a DT signal x[n] = …, x[-2], x[-1], x[0], x[1], x[2], …

The bilateral Z-transform of x[n] is defined to be

 Sum goes
X ( z )  ZT x[n]   x[ n ] z n over all
integer
n  
values

Assume that values of z exist such that the summation

converges. z takes values in the complex plane
 Poles and Zeros of Z-transform


X ( z )  ZT x[n]   x[ n ] z n

n  

Poles pk  X(pk) = ∞
Zeros zk  X(zk) = 0

Poles are roots of denominator polynomial

Zeros are roots of numerator polynomial
Note: find these after canceling any common factors – and do this
for polynomial in z (not in z-1)
 Lecture #9
The Z-transform

1. Definition of the Z-transform

2. Region of convergence
3. Examples of Z-transform
 Region of convergence (ROC)

ROC: set of all values of z, for which X(z) converges

We will find the ROC for these cases:
1. Right-sided signal (x[n] = 0, n<n0)
2. Left-sided signal (x[n] = 0, n>n0)
3. Two-sided signal (-∞<n<+∞)
4. Finite-duration signal
Right-sided signal

Sum goes
from n0 to
infinity
Right-sided signal

Infinite Egg White!!!

 Right-sided signal

If x[n] is not causal then X(z) will not converge at z = ∞

 we can’t include ∞ in the ROC
Ex: x[n] = u[n+1]

ROC: rmax < |z| < ∞

Left-sided signal
Left-sided signal

Egg Yolk!!!
 Left-sided signal

If x[n] has values at some times > 0, then X(z) does not
converge at z = 0  we can’t include 0 in the ROC
Ex: x[n] = u[-n+1]

ROC: 0 < |z| < rmin

 Two-sided signal

Two-sided signal = Left-sided signal + right-sided signal

Donut!!!

Note: if |a| ≥ |b| then X(z) does not exist

 Finite-duration signal

For x(n)  (n  m) X( z )   ( n
n  
 m ) z n
 z m

n2 n2
x[n]   x[k ] [n  k ]  X ( z )   x[ k ] z k

k n1 k n1

ROC: all of z, except:

z = 0 if k > 0
z = ∞ if k < 0
 Lecture #9
The Z-transform

1. Definition of the Z-transform

2. Region of convergence
3. Examples of Z-transform
 Examples of Z-transform

Find the ZT of the right-sided and the left-sided sequences

x1[n]  a nu[n] and x2 [n]  (a n )u[n 1]

 1 1
 
 | az | 1
X1 (z)   a z n n
  (az )  1  az 1
1 n

n 0 n 0  1
| az | 1

z
 , |z||a|
za
 Examples of Z-transform
Find the ZT of the right-sided and the left-sided sequences

x1[n]  a nu[n] and x2 [n]  (a n )u[n 1]

 a 1
z 1
 
  | a z | 1
X 2 (z)    a n z  n    (a z )   1  a z
1 n 1

n  1 n 1   1
z | 1
 | a
z
 , |z||a|
za

The ROC must be specified for the bilateral Z-Transform to be unique

 Examples of Z-transform

Find the ZT of the left-sided signal

x[n]  3n u[n  1]  4n u[n  1]

 Examples of Z-transform

n
Find the ZT of the two-sided signal x[n]  a
 Examples of Z-transform

Find the ZT of the two-sided signal

h[n]  (5) u[n  1]  3 u[n  1]

n n
 Examples of Z-transform

Find the ZT of the signal

x[n] =
 Examples of Z-transform
Find the ZT of the right-sided-sided signal

x[n]  r n sin(bn)u[n]
1 n jbn 1 n  jbn
x (n )  r e u (n )  r e u (n )
2j 2j
1 1
 (r e ) u (n )  (re  jb ) n u (n )
jb n

2j 2j
1 z z 
 X(z)     jb 
2j z  r e jb
zr e 
Z rz sin b
r sin(bn )u (n ) 
n
, |z||r|
z  2rz cos b  r
2 2
Lecture #9
Z-transform properties

1. Linearity
2. Time shifting
3. Frequency scaling
4. Multiplication by n
5. Convolution in time
6. Initial value
7. Final value
 Linearity

Z
ax[n]  by[n]  aX ( z )  bY ( z )

The new ROC is the intersection of ROC{X(z)} and ROC{Y(z)}

If aX(z) + bY(z) cancels pole then the new ROC is bigger

Lecture #9
Z-transform properties

1. Linearity
2. Time shifting
3. Frequency scaling
4. Multiplication by n
5. Convolution in time
8. Initial value
9. Final value
 Time shifting
Z
x[n  n0 ]  z  n0 X ( z )

The new ROC is the same as ROC{X(z)} except for z = 0 if

n0>0 and z = ∞ if n0<0
Proof:

Delay of k means that the Z-transform is multiplied by z-k

 Example of applying the time-
shifting property

Determine the ZT of the signal:

1
 
w[n]  (1) n  (3) n 5 u[n  5]
4
Lecture #9
Z-transform properties

1. Linearity
2. Time shifting
3. Frequency scaling
4. Multiplication by n
5. Convolution in time
6. Initial value
7. Final value
 Frequency scaling
Z
z
a x[n] 
n
X 
a
The new ROC is the scaled ROC{X(z)} with factor |a|
(bigger or smaller)
Proof: 
ZT {a n x[n ]}   a n

n  
x[ n ] z n

 n
z z
  x[n ]   X 
n   a a
Multiplication by an results in a complex scaling in the z-domain
 Example of applying the
frequency-scaling property

Determine the ZT of the signal:

x[n]  a u[n]
n
Lecture #9
Z-transform properties

1. Linearity
2. Time shifting
3. Frequency scaling
4. Multiplication by n
5. Convolution in time
6. Initial value
7. Final value
 Multiplication by n
Z dX ( z )
nx[n]   z
dz
The new ROC is the same ROC{X(z)}
Proof:

 
dX ( z ) 1 
X ( z)   x[n]z
n  
n

dz
   nx[n ]z
n  
 n 1
   nx[n ]z n
z n 

dX ( z )
 ZT {nx[n ]}   nx[n]z
n  
n
 z
dz
 Example of applying the
multiplication-by-n property

Determine the ZT of the signal:

x[n]  na nu[n]
Lecture #9
Z-transform properties

1. Linearity
2. Time shifting
3. Frequency scaling
4. Multiplication by n
5. Convolution in time
6. Initial value
7. Final value
 Convolution in time

Z
y[n]  x[n]  h[n]  X ( z ) H ( z )

The new ROC is the intersection of ROC{X(z)} and ROC{Y(z)}

If poles cancel zeros then the new ROC is bigger

Proof: Z  
y[n]  x[n]  h[n]   [  x[k ]h[n  k ]]z  n
n  k 

 
Switching the order of
the summation:
Y ( z)   
x[ k
k  
] h[ n  k ]
n  
z n

 
  x[k ]z
k  
k
 h[ n
n  k  
 k ] z ( n  k )

 X ( z ).H ( z )
 Application of the convolution property

ZT
x[n] X(z)
ZT-1
x[n]*h[n]
ZT
h[n] H(z)
 Example

Compute the convolution of the signals:

x1[n] = δ[n] - 2δ[n-1] + δ[n-2]
x2[n] = δ[n] + δ[n-1] + δ[n-2] + δ[n-3] + δ[n-4] + δ[n-5]
Lecture #9
Z-transform properties

1. Linearity
2. Time shifting
3. Frequency scaling
4. Multiplication by n
5. Convolution in time
6. Initial value
7. Final value
 Initial value theorem

If x[n] is causal then x[0] is the initial value of the function x[n]

x[0]  lim X ( z )
z 

Proof:


X ( z )   x[n]z n  x[0]  x[1]z 1  x[2]z 2  ...
n 0

Obviously, as z  , z n  0
 Initial value theorem

If x[n] = 0 with n < n0 then x[n0] is the initial value, and

x[n0 ]  lim[ z X ( z )]
n0
z 
Proof:

X ( z)   x[ n
n  n0
] z n
 x[ n0 ] z  n0
 x[ n0  1] z ( n0 1)
 x[ n0  2 ] z ( n0  2 )
 ...

z n0 X ( z )  x[n0 ]  x[n0  1]z 1  x[n0  2]z 2  ...

As z  , z n0 X ( z )  x[n0 ]
 Initial value theorem

Ex 1: Find the initial value of x[n] where X(z) = z/(z-0.6)

Ex 2: Find the initial value of x[n] where X(z) = (z^3)/(z-0.6)

Lecture #9
Z-transform properties

1. Linearity
2. Time shifting
3. Frequency scaling
4. Multiplication by n
5. Convolution in time
6. Initial value
7. Final value
 Final value theorem

If this limit exists then x[n] has a final value (steady-state

value)

lim x[n]  x[]  lim[ ( z  1) X ( z )]

n z 1

Proof: Exercise
 Examples
Ex1: unit step u[n]
𝑧
𝑍𝑇 𝑢 𝑛 =
𝑧−1
𝒛
⇒ lim 𝒛 − 𝟏 . = 1=> Ok !
𝒛→𝟏 𝒛−𝟏

Ex2: sinusoidal signal

𝜋𝑛
𝑍𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛 =⋯
2
 Examples
Ex3: the impulse response of an LTI system is h[n] = anu[n], |a|<1.
Determine the value of the step response of the system as n∞

The step response of the system is:

y[n] = h[n]*u[n]  Y(z) = X(z).H(z)
 Lecture #10
Inversion of Z-transform

1. Inverse Z-transform formula

2. Using partial fraction expansion to invert the ZT
3. Using power series expansion to invert ZT
 FT formula building

Using the Cauchy theorem:

1 1 if z  0

n 1
I z dz  
2j C 0 if z  0

Z: complex variable

Counterclockwise contour integral is along a closed path in

the z plane
 FT formula building
1
Multiplying two sides of ZT definition formula by z l 1
2 j

1 1
2 j
X ( z ) z l 1   x[
2 j n 
n ] z n l 1
z

Taking the integral:

1 1 
 n l 1 

l 1
X ( z ) z dz     x[n ] z z dz Applying the
2 j C 2 j C  n    Cauchy theorem


1
  x[n ]  z ( l  n ) 1
dz
n   2 j C
 x[l ]
 Inverse ZT formula

The inverse ZT is defined by

1

n 1
x[n ]  X(z)z dz
2j C

Counterclockwise contour integral is along a closed path in

the z plane.

LTI case: can avoid integration – use easier methods

 Lecture #10
Inversion of Z-transform

1. Inverse Z-transform formula

2. Using partial fraction expansion to invert the ZT
3. Using power series expansion to invert ZT
 Partial fraction expansion

Similar to what you saw for Laplace transforms

Y ( z)
Distinct poles: rk  ( z  pk )
z z  pk
 Partial fraction expansion

Repeated poles:
 Z-Transform table

1 (n )  1
2 (n  m)  z  m
z
3 a u[n ] 
n

za
az
4 na u[n ] 
n

(z  a ) 2
az (z  a )
5 n a u[n ] 
2 n

(z  a ) 3
z ( z  a cos )
6 a cos(n)u[n]  2
n

z  2az cos   a 2
az sin 
7 a sin(n)u[n]  2
n

z  2az cos   a 2
 Examples of partial fraction expansion

2 z  5z
2
Distinct poles X ( z)   z  3
( z  2)( z  3)
Divide X(z) by z, to “save” z for later
X(z) 2z  5 (z  2)  (z  3)
 
z (z  2)(z  3) (z  2)(z  3)
1 1
  , | z | 3
z 3 z 2
 x (n )  (3n  2 n )u (n )
 Examples (cont)
2z
Repeated poles X( z )  , z 2
(z  2)(z  1) 2

X( z ) 1 A B C
    , | z | 2
2z (z  2)(z  1) 2
z  2 z  1 (z  1) 2

A(z  1) 2  B(z  1)(z  2)  C(z  2)  1

A  1; B  1; C  1;
 z z z 
X( z)  2    2
, | z | 2
 z  2 z  1 (z  1) 
x(n)  2(2  1  n)u(n)
n
 Examples (cont)
z
Complex poles X( z )  2 |z| > 0.5
z  0.5z  0.25
az sin 
a sin(n)u[n]  2
n

z  2az cos   a 2


(0.5)z sin
4 3
X(z)  x | z | 0.5
3 z 2  2(0.5)z cos   (0.5) 2
3
4  
x (n )  (0.5) sin n u (n )
n

3 3 
 Examples (cont)

z 4
Time-shift W ( z)  2  z  3
property z  2z  3

Divide W(z) by z, to “save” z for later

W(z) z 5 z 5   14 1
 5
 2    4
z
z z  2z  3 (z  1)(z  3)  z  1 z  3 

1 n 5 1 n 5
w[n ]   (1) u[n  5]  (3) u[n  5]
4 4
 Examples (cont)

Given h(n) = anu(n) (|a|<1) and x(n) = u(n).

Find y(n) = x(n)*h(n)

1  a n 1
y[n ]  u[n ]
1 a
 Examples (cont)
Find the output y(n) to an input x(n) = u(n) and an LTI
system with impulse response h(n) = -3nu(-n-1)

1 3 n
y[n]   u[n]  (3) u[n  1]
2 2
 Lecture #10
Inversion of Z-transform

1. Inverse Z-transform formula

2. Using partial fraction expansion to invert the ZT
3. Using power series expansion to invert ZT
 Power series expansion

If you can expand X(z) as a series in z-1


X ( z)   x[ n
n  
] z n
 ...  x[ 2] z 2
 x[ 1] z 1
 x[ 0] z 0
 x[1] z 1
 x[ 2] z 2
 ...

1 2
X ( z)  ...  a2 z  a1 z  a0 z  a1 z  a2 z  ...
2 1 0

you can pick off x(n) as the coefficients of the series

an  x[n]
Examples of power series expansion

Find the inverse Z-transform of

1 2
X ( z )  1  2 z  3z ROC : | z | 0

x (0)  1
x (1)  2
x (2)  3
x (n )(n  0,1,2)  0
 Examples (cont)

1
X( z)  1
, ROC : z  a
1  az
1 2 2 3 3
Long division X(z)  1  az  a z  a z  ...
x (0)  1
x (1)  a
x ( 2)  a 2
x (3)  a 3

...
x (n )(n  0)  0
Lecture #11
Analysis of LTI systems in the Z-domain

1. Transfer function
2. LTI system properties from transfer function
3. Unilateral Z-transform
4. Using unilateral Z-Transform to solve the difference
equations
 Transfer function

For system impulse response h(n), its ZT is often called

Transfer Function H(z)

Consider H(z) = N(z)/D(z)

The roots of N(z): system zeros

The roots of D(z): system poles

D(z) = 0: characteristic equation

 Determination of transfer function
1. From impulse response h(n): Just take Z-Transform

2. From difference equation:

- Take Z-Transform for both side

- Put the Y(z) on left side

- Divide both side by X(z)

3. From block diagram:

(1) Find the difference equation, then find H(z) from equation

(2) Put X(z) as input, then directly find Y(z) from block diagram
Transfer function from difference equation

N M

a
k 0
k y[n  k ]  b r x[n  r ]
r 0
ZT
N M

-Linear
a
k 0
k z Y( z )  b r z X( z )
k

r 0
r

-Time-shift M

Y(z)  r
b z r

Y(z) = X(z) . H(z) H(z)   r 0

N

a
X(z) k
k z
k 0
Transfer function from difference equation

Suppose M = N

Multiply num. and den. by zN:

M N

Y ( z) b z r
r
b z r
r

H ( z)   r 0
N
 r 0
N

 k k
X ( z) k k
a z a z
k 0 k 0
 Example
For the α-filter:
y(n)  (1   ) y(n  1)   x(n)
M
Its transfer function: r
b z r

H ( z)  r 0

N
1  (1   ) z 1
 k
a
k 0
z k

For example: y[n] – 0.9y[n-1] = 0.1x[n]  α = 0.1

0.1z
H ( z) 
z  0.9
 Transfer function from block diagram

Find the transfer function of the delay unit

D
x[n] y[n]

y[n] = x[n-1]  Y(z) = z -1X(z)  H(z) = z -1

Z-1
X(z) Y(z)
 Transfer function from block diagram
Find the transfer function of this feedback system
w[n]
x[n] H1(z) y[n]

H2(z)

y[n] =( x[n]+y[n]*h2[n] ) * h1[n]

Y (z) = [X(z)+Y(z).H2(z)].H1(z)

Y ( z) H1 ( z )
H ( z)  
X ( z ) 1  H1 ( z ).H 2 ( z )
Lecture #11
Analysis of LTI systems in the Z-domain

1. Transfer function
2. LTI system properties from transfer function
3. Unilateral Z-transform
4. Using unilateral Z-Transform to solve the difference
equations
 Causality

 Recall:
Causal system  h[n]  0 n  0
 h(n) is right-sided signal  ROC of transfer function is

| z | rmax
 An LTI system is causal if and only if the ROC of the transfer
function is the exterior of a circle of radius rmax < ∞
including the point z = ∞
 Causality (cont)

 Consider the system:

z 2  0.4 z  0.9 z  0.9

H ( z)   z
z  0.6 z  0.6

Unit advance y[n]=x[n+1]

 noncausal

 For the causal system, the numerator of H(z) can not be of

higher order than the denominator
 If the numerator order is less equal to the denominator
order then the system is causal??? NOT SURE!!!
 Example

 Consider this system:

h[n ]  u[n  1]
z
H ( z)  ROC :| z | 1
z 1

 Numerator order is 1; denominator order is 1; but it is non-

causal!!!
 Stability

 Recall:

Stable system   h[n]
n  
 

 Its transfer function:

  
H( z )   h[
n 
n ]z n
| H(z) |  | h
n 
[ n ]z n
|   | h
n 
[ n ] | | z n
|

Unit circle |z| = 1  | H(z) | | h[n] |
n  
The ROC includes |z| = 1

 An LTI system is BIBO stable if and only if the ROC of the

transfer function includes the unit circle.
 Causality and Stability

 The conditions for causality and stability are different and

one does not imply the other
 4 cases:
- Causal and stable system
- Non-causal and stable system
- Causal and unstable system
- Non-causal and unstable system
 A causal system is BIBO stable, provided that all poles of
H(z) lie inside the unit circle.
 Examples

Ex1: Given an LTI system:

2 z 2  1.6 z  0.9
H ( z)  3
z  2.5 z  1.96 z  0.48
2

The poles of H(z):

den = [1 -2.5 1.96 -0.48];  p = 1.2 0.8 0.5

p = roots(den)
1. |z|>1.2: causal, unstable
2. 0.8<|z|<1.2: non-causal, stable
3. 0.5≠|z|<0.8: non-causal, unstable
 Examples
Ex2: A LTI system is characterized by:

3  4 z 1 z ( 3 z  4) z 2z
H ( z)  1 2
 2  
1  3.5z  1.5z z  3.5z  1.5 z  0.5 z  3

Specify the ROC of H(z) and find h[n] for the following conditions:
1. The system is stable
2. The system is causal
3. The system is anticausal
 Examples
Ex2: A LTI system is characterized by:

3  4 z 1 z ( 3 z  4) z 2z
H ( z)  1 2
 2  
1  3.5z  1.5z z  3.5z  1.5 z  0.5 z  3
 Invertibility

The inverse of a system H(z) is a second system Hi(z) that,

when cascaded with H(z), yields the identity system

H(z).Hi(z) = 1
Hi(z) = 1/H(z)

X(z) X(z)
H(z) Hi(z)
 Invertibility

H(z) = N(z)/D(z)  Hi(z) = D(z)/N(z)

H(z) is causal  M≤N and if Hi(z) is causal  N≤M.

Hence, for both systems to be causal  M = N

H(z) is stable: all poles lie inside the unit circle.

Hi(z) is stable: all poles (zeros of H(z)) lie inside the unit circle.

Hence, for both systems to be stable, both the poles and

zeros of H(z) must lie inside the unit circle
Lecture #11
Analysis of LTI systems in the Z-domain

1. Transfer function
2. LTI system properties from transfer function
3. Unilateral Z-transform
4. Using unilateral Z-Transform to solve the difference
equations
 Unilateral Z-Transform

 In control applications, causal systems are interested in:

h[n] = 0 with all n < 0
 When considering CT causal systems, the Unilateral
Laplace Transform is used
Similarly, when considering DT causal systems, the
Unilateral Z-transform is used

 In difference equations, the initial conditions are non-zero

 the Unilateral Z-Transform is used
 Unilateral ZT

X  ( z )   x[n ]z n
n 0
Z

Notation : x[n ]  X ( z)

1. It does not contain information about the signal x[n] for n<0

2. Unilateral X+(z) is identical to the bilateral X(z) of the signal

x[n].u[n]

3. ROC of X+(z) is always outside a circle  no need to refer to

ROC
 Time shifting property of unilateral ZT
Z

If x[n ]  X ( z)
Z 1
then k 
x(n  k )  z X ( z )  z k
 x[i ]z
i  k
i
,k  0

Ex.: x(n-1)  x(-1) + z-1X+(z)

x(n-2)  x(-2) + z-1x(-1) + z-2X+(z)
Lecture #11
Analysis of LTI systems in the Z-domain

1. Transfer function
2. LTI system properties from transfer function
3. Unilateral Z-transform
4. Using unilateral Z-Transform to solve the
difference equations
 Using Z-transform to solve the
difference equation

N M

a
k 0
k
y[n  k ]   br x[n  r ]
r 0

1. Take the unilateral ZT of equation

2. Find the output in the Z-domain, Y(z)
3. Use inverse ZT to get the output y(n) from Y(z)
 Example

Find the output, y[n], n  0

of the system

y[n]  3y[n  1]  2y[n  2]  x[n]

in two cases:
a) n 2
x[n]  3 u[n], y[2]  0, y[1]  0
b)
n 2 4 1
x[n ]  3 u[n ], y[2]   , y[1]  
9 3
 Example

a) Take the bilateral ZT of the equation:

y[n ]  3y[n  1]  2 y[n  2]  x[n ]

 Y(z)  3z 1Y(z)  2z  2 Y(z)  X(z)
1 z
 Y(z)(1  3z  2z ) 
1 2

9 z3
1 z 1
 Y(z) 
9 z  3 1  3z  2z
1 2

1 z z2
 Y(z) 
9 z  3 z 2  3z  2
 Example

b) Take the unilateral ZT of the equation:

y[n ]  3y[n  1]  2 y[n  2]  x[n ]

 Y(z)  3[z 1Y(z)  y(1)]  2[z 2 Y(z)  z 1y(1)  y(2)]  X(z)
1 z
 Y(z)(1  3z  2z ) 
1 2
 3y(1)  2z 1y(1)  2 y(2)
9 z3
1 z 2 1 8  1 
 Y(z)    1  z   2 
9 z 3 9  1  3z  2z 
1
3
z2 z2
 Y(z) 
z(z  3) (z  3z  2)
2
 Homework 3

E1. Find x(n)*h(n) using the Z-transform

a) x[n ]   4 u[n  1] ,
1 n
h[n ]  [1  ( ) ]u[n ]
1 n
2

b) x[n ]  u[n ] , h[n ]   [n ]  ( 12 )n u[n ]

c) x[n ]  nu[n ] , h[n ]  2n u[n  1]

 Homework 3
E2
We want to design a causal LTI system with the property that if
the input is x[n] = (0.5)nu[n] -0.25(0.5)n-1u[n-1]
then the output is y[n] = (1/3)nu[n]
a) Find H(z) and then h(n) of a system that satisfies the
foregoing conditions
b) Find the difference equation that characterizes this system
c) Determine a realization of the system that requires the
minimum possible amount of memory
d) Determine if the system is stable
 Homework 3

E3. Use the Z-transform to evaluate the following

series:
∞ 𝑛
a) 𝑥 = 𝑛=0 0.2

∞ 𝑛
b) 𝑥 = 𝑛=4 0.2

∞ 𝑛 cos(0.2n)
c) 𝑥 = 𝑛=0 0.2
 Homework 3

E4. A causal linear, time-invariant system is

described by this difference equation:
𝑦 𝑛 =𝑥 𝑛 +𝑦 𝑛−1
a) Find the system impulse response
1 𝑛
b) Find y[n] for an input 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢 𝑛 . Label
2

the natural and forced responses in y[n]

c) Is the system BIBO stable ?
 Homework 3

E5. Find the inverse of the bilateral Z-transform:

1.5𝑧 2 − 1.3
𝐹 𝑧 =
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 9)
for the following regions of convergence.
a) 𝑧 < 0.9
b) 𝑧 > 1
c) 0.9 < 𝑧 < 1
d) Find the final values of the functions of parts (a)
through (c)