ECE

EE 8443
3512 – PatternContinuous
– Signals: Recognition
and Discrete

LECTURE 28: THE Z-TRANSFORM

AND ITS ROC PROPERTIES
• Objectives:
Relationship to the Laplace Transform
Relationship to the DTFT
Stability and the ROC
ROC Properties
Transform Properties

• Resources:
MIT 6.003: Lecture 22
Wiki: Z-Transform
CNX: Definition of the Z-Transform
CNX: Properties
RW: Properties
MKim: Applications of the Z-Transform

URL: Audio:
Definition Based on the Laplace Transform
• The z-Transform is a special case of the Laplace transform and results from
applying the Laplace transform to a discrete-time signal:


 x(n t )t 
e 
t  nt  
X (s)   x(t )e
 st
dt  lim
t 0
n  
st  n
 X(z)   x[n]z
n  
n

 x[ n ] z

• Let us consider how this transformation maps the s-plane into the z-plane:
 s = j: z  e st  e jt  z  e jt  1  j - axis maps to the unit circle
 s =  + j: z  e (  j ) t  e t    0 (LHP) maps to the inside of the unit circle
 Recall, if a CT system
is stable, its poles lie
in the left-half plane.
 Hence, a DT system is
stable if its poles are
inside the unit circle.
 The z-Transform behaves
much like the Laplace
transform and can be
applied to difference equations
to produce frequency and time domain responses.
EE 3512: Lecture 28, Slide 2
ROC and the Relationship to the DTFT
• We can derive the DTFT by setting z = rej:
z  re j
 x[n]re   
 
X(z) 
n  
j  n
  ( x[n]r
n  
n
)e - jn  F x[n]r  n


• The ROC is the region for which:  x[n]r

n

n  

 Depends only on r = |z| just like the ROC in the s-plane for the Laplace
transform depended only on Re{}.
 If the unit circle is in the ROC, then the DTFT, X(ej), exists.
 Example: x[n]  a n u[n] (a right-sided signal)
  
X(z)  a
n  
n
u[n]z n
 a z
n 0
n n
  (az 1 ) n
n 0

1  (az 1 ) 
 ?
1  az 1
 If az 1  1, or, z  a : X(z) 1
1  az 1
 The ROC is outside a circle of radius a,
and includes the unit circle, which means
its DTFT exists. Note also there is a zero
at z = 0.
EE 3512: Lecture 28, Slide 3
Stability and the ROC
1
• For a > 0: x[n]  a n u[n]  X(z)  for z  a
1  az 1

• If the ROC is x[n]  u[n] • If the ROC

outside the unit 1 includes the unit
circle, the signal X(z)  for z  1 circle, the signal
1  z 1
is unstable. is stable.

EE 3512: Lecture 28, Slide 4

Stability and the ROC (Cont.)
1
• For a < 0: x[n]  a n u[n]  X(z)  for z  a
1  az 1

• If the ROC is x[n]  u[n] • If the ROC

outside the unit 1 includes the unit
circle, the signal X(z)  for z  1 circle, the signal
1  z 1
is unstable. is stable.

EE 3512: Lecture 28, Slide 5

More on ROC
• Example: x[n]   a n u[ n  1] (left  sided signal)

  a u[n  1]z  
 1
   a 1 z
n n
X ( z)  n

n   n  

1  (a 1 z ) 
 1 ?
1  a 1 z

If: a 1 z  1, or, z  a

1 1  a 1 z 1
X(z)  1   
1  a 1 z 1  a 1 z 1  a 1 z
 a 1 z

1  a 1 z
1

1  az 1
z

za

The z-Transform is the same, but the region of convergence is different.

EE 3512: Lecture 28, Slide 6

Stability and the ROC
1
• For: x[n]   a n u[ n  1]  X(z)  for z  a
1  az 1

• If the ROC x[n]  u[n] • If the ROC

includes the unit 1 includes the unit
circle, the signal X(z)  for z  1 circle, the signal
1  z 1
is stable. is unstable.

EE 3512: Lecture 28, Slide 7

Properties of the ROC
• The ROC is an annular ring in the z-plane centered
about the origin (which is equivalent to a vertical
strip in the s-plane).
• The ROC does not contain any poles (similar to
the Laplace transform).
• If x[n] is of finite duration, then the ROC is the entire
z-plane except possibly z = 0 and/or z = :

X(z)   x[n]z
n  
n

DT : CT :
x[n]   [n]  X [ z]  1 ROC all z x(t )   (t )  X ( s)  1
x[n]   [n  1]  X [ z ]  z 1 ROC z  0 x(t )   (t  T )  X ( s )  e  sT Re( s )  
x[n]   [n  1]  X [ z ]  z ROC z   x(t )   (t  T )  X ( s )  e sT Re( s )  

• If x[n] is a right-sided sequence, and if |z| = r0 is in the ROC, then all finite
values of z for which |z| > r0 are also in the ROC.

• If x[n] is a left-sided sequence, and if |z| = r0 is in the ROC, then all finite values
of z for which |z| < r0 are also in the ROC.
EE 3512: Lecture 28, Slide 8
Properties of the ROC (Cont.)
• If x[n] is a two-sided sequence, and if |z| = r0 is in the ROC, then the ROC
consists of a ring in the z-plane including |z| = r0.

right-sided left-sided two-sided

n
• Example: x[n]  b b0
x[n]  b n u[n]  b  n u[ n]
1
b n u[n]  1
z b
1  bz
1 1
b  n u[ n  1]  z 
1  b 1 z 1 b
1 1 1
X ( z)    z b
1  bz 1 1  b 1 z 1 b
EE 3512: Lecture 28, Slide 9
Properties of the Z-Transform
• Linearity: ax1 [n]  bx 2 [n]  aX 1 [ z ]  bX 2 [ z ]
Proof:
  
Zax1 [n]  bx 2 [n]   (ax [n]  bx [n]) z
1 2
n
  ax [n]z1
n
  bx [n]z2
n
 X 1[ z ]  X 2 [ z ]
n   n   n  

• Time-shift: x[n  n0 ]  z  n0 X [ z ]
Proof:  
Zx[n  n0 ]   x[n  n 0 ]z n
  x[m]z  ( m  n0 )

n   m  
 
  x[m]z
m  
m
z  n0
z  n0
 x[m]z
m  
m
 z  n0 X [ z ]

What was the analog for CT signals and the Laplace transform?
dX [ z ]
• Multiplication by n: nx[n]   z
dz
Proof:

X(z)   x[n]z
n  
n

 
dX ( z ) dX ( z )
 n  x[n]z  n 1
 z  n  x[n]z  n  Znx[n]
dz n   dz n  

EE 3512: Lecture 28, Slide 10

Summary

• Definition of the z-Transform: X(z)   x[n]z
n  
n

• Explanation of the Region of Convergence and its relationship to the

existence of the DTFT and stability.
• Properties of the z-Transform:
 Linearity: ax1 [n]  bx 2 [n]  aX 1 [ z ]  bX 2 [ z ]
 Time-shift: x[n  n0 ]  z  n0 X [ z ]
dX [ z ]
 Multiplication by n: nx[n]   z
dz
• Basic transforms (see Table 7.1) in the textbook.

EE 3512: Lecture 28, Slide 11