Spring 2012

© Ammar Abu-Hudrouss -Islamic

University Gaza
Z-transform

The z-transform of discrete signal is defined as


X ( z)   x ( n) z
n  
n

The z-transform of discrete signal x(n) is denoted as

X ( z )  Z ( x(n))

The relationship between x(n) and X(z) is indicated by

X ( z) 
z
x ( n)

The region of convergence (ROC) for X(z) is the set of all values
of z for which X(z) has a finite value.

Digital Signal Processing

Slide 2
Right-Sided (Causal) Signal
Example: Find the z transform for
x(n)   nu (n)
Solution


x(n)  1. . 2 . 3 ......... n ......... 
 
X ( z)   x ( n) z
n  
n
  n z n
n 0

 
 
X ( z)   z   z 1
n n n

n 0 n 0

1
X ( z) 
1  z 1

Digital Signal Processing

Slide 3
Right-Sided (Causal) Signal
1
X ( z) 
1  z 1
Img(z)
The region of convergence is

z 1  1

or
Re(z)
z 

Digital Signal Processing

Slide 4
Left Sided (Anticausal) Signal

Example find the z-transform for the anticausal signal

Solution
x(n)   nu(n  1)
1
X ( z)   
n  
n n
z

X ( z )    l z l
l 1

   
X ( z )  ( 1 z   1 z   1 z  .......
2 3

X ( z )   1 z (1   z   z   ......
1 1 2

 1 z
X ( z)  
1   1 z
1
X ( z) 
1  z 1
Digital Signal Processing
Slide 5
Left-Sided (Anticausal) Signal

1
X ( z) 
1  z 1
Img(z)
The region of convergence is

 1 z  1 

or
Re(z)
z 

Both Causal and anticausal signals have the same z-

transform, the only difference is the region of convergence

Digital Signal Processing

Slide 6
Two-Sided (Anticausal) Signal
Example find the z-transform for the anticausal signal
x(n)  a nun  b nu(n  1)
Img(z)
Solution
1 1 b
X ( z)  
1  az n 1  bz n
a

 z  a   z  b  Re(z)

Digital Signal Processing

Slide 7
Examples

Example find the z transform for the following functions

1) x(n)   (n)

X ( z)    ( n) z
n  
n
1 Entire z-plane

2) x(n)   (n  k ) ,k is positive

X ( z)    (
n  
n  k ) z n
 z k
Entire z-plane except z = 0

3) x(n)   (n  k ) , k is positive

X ( z)   x ( n) z
n  
n
 zk Entire z-plane except z = ∞

Digital Signal Processing

Slide 8
Examples

Example find the z-transform for the following functions

x(n) = {1.2.5.7.0.1}
↑
Solution
x(n)   (n  2)  2 (n  1)  5 (n)  7 (n  1)   (n  3)

X ( z)   x ( n) z
n  
n

X ( z )  z 2  2 z1  5  7 z 1  z 3

Entire z-plane except z = ∞ and z = 0

Digital Signal Processing

Slide 9
Properties of Z-Transform
1) Linearity
If x1 n
 X1 ( z) and x2 n

z z
X 2 ( z)
Then a1 x1 n  a2 x2 ( z) 
z
a1 X1 ( z)  a2 X 2 ( z) Roc = Roc1 ∩ ROC2

Example: Determine the z-transform for the following signal

xn  (cos o n)u(n)
Solution
xn  0.5(e j0n  e jo n )u(n)

xn  0.5e j0nu(n)  0.5e jo nu(n)

0.5 0.5
X ( z)   z 1
1  e jo z 1 1  e  jo z 1
1  z 1 cos 0
X ( z)  z 1
1  2 z 1 cos 0  z 2

Digital Signal Processing

Slide 10
 Properties of Z-Transform
2) Time Delay
If xn
z
X (z ) ,then
xn  k 
z
z  k X z 
ROC of z -kX(z) is the same as X(z) except for z = 0 if k > 0 and z
= ∞ if k < 0;

Example:
If x(n) = a nu(n), find z-transform x1(n) = x(n - 2)
Solution:
1
X ( z)  z a
1  az 1
z 2
X1 ( z)  z  a and z  0
1  az 1

Digital Signal Processing

Slide 11
 Properties of Z-Transform
3) Scaling in z- domain
If xn
z
X (z ) , ROC r1  z  r2

then a n xn 
z
X a 1 z   ROC a r1  z  a r2

Example:
Find z-transform of x(n) = a ncos(0 n)u (n),

Solution:
 1
cos 0
cos0 n u n  
1 z
z
z 1
1  2 z 1 cos 0  z 2
1  az 1 cos 0
X ( z)  za
1  2az 1 cos 0  a 2 z 2

Digital Signal Processing

Slide 12
Properties of Z-Transform
4) Convolution in the time domain
If 1
x n  
z
X 1 ( z ) and 2
x n  
z
X 2 ( z)
Then x1 n* x2 (n) 
z
X1 ( z) X 2 ( z) Roc = Roc1 ∩ ROC2

Example: Compute the convolution x (n) of the signals

x1 n   (n)  2 (n 1)   (n  2)
1 0  n  5
x2 (n)  
0 elsewhere
Solution
X1 ( z )  1  2 z 1  z 2
X 2 ( z)  1  z 1  z 2  z 3  z 4  z 5
X ( z)  X1 ( z) X 2 ( z)  1  z 1  z 6  z 7
x(n) = {1,-1,0,0,0,0,-1,1}

Digital Signal Processing

Slide 13
Properties of Z-Transform
5) Time Reversal
If xn
z
X (z ) , ROC r1  z  r2

then x n

z
X z 1   ROC 1 / r2  z  1 / r1

6) Differentiation in the z domain

If x n  
z
X (z ) ,
then nxn  
dX ( z )

z
z
dz

Digital Signal Processing

Slide 14
Properties of Z-Transform
7) Correlation of two sequences
If x1 n  
z
X 1 ( z ) and x2 n  
z
X 2 ( z)

Then rx1x2 l 
z
 
RX1 X 2 z   X 1 z X 2 z 1 Roc = Roc1 ∩ ROC2

Example: Compute the autocorrelation of the signal

xn  a nun
Solution
X z  
1
1
ROC z  a
1  az
 
X z 1 
1
1  az
ROC z  1 / a

RXX z  
1 1
1
ROC a  z  1 / a
1  az 1  az

Digital Signal Processing

Slide 15
Properties of Z-Transform
8) The initial value theorem

If x(n) is causal (i.e x(n) = 0 for n < 0), then

x0  lim X z 
z 

Digital Signal Processing

Slide 16
Home study

Students are encouraged to solve the following questions from

the textbook
3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.11

Digital Signal Processing

Slide 17